williamshakespeare

WilliamShakespeare(1564-1616)

ILife

Fromthreesources,weknowShakespeare'slife:thechurchandlegalrecords,thefolktraditions,

andthecommentsofhiscontemporaries.

Shakespearewasbornonthe23rdofApril,1564,inStratford-on-Avon,Warwickshire(沃里克郡艾

汶河畔的斯特拉福镇).

epickedupthe“smallLatinand

lessGreek".

WhenShakespearewasaboutfourteenyearsold,heleftschoolandbecameacountryschoolmaster

tohelpsupporthisfamily.

In1582ShakespearemarriedAnneHathawaywhowaightyearsolderthanherhusband.

Afewyearslater,ShakespearewenttoLondon,aidthathe

1592,hebecameanactorandawriter.

In1593-1594,Shakespearepublishedhistwonarrativepoems,VenusandAdonisandTheRapeof

Lucrece.

In1612heretiredfromthestageandreturnedtohishometown,whereheboughtaconsiderable

estateandliveduntilhisdeathonApril23,1616,whichwashis52ndbirthday.

IILiterarycareer

Duringthetwenty-twoyearsofhisliterarycareer,heproduced37plays,154sonnetsandtwolong

peare‟sliterarycareermaybedividedintofourmajorphraswhichreprentrespectively

hiarly,mature,flourishing,andlateperiods.

stperiod(1590-1594)

kinthisperiodreliesnotsomuchon

characterasonfineorwittyspeechandsituationandbearsthemarkofyouth,butofyouthwith

ediesarechieflyconcernedwiththeaffairsofyouth

oricalplays,thedramatisttriedtohandlepoliticalthemesandgive

s,Shakespeare‟arlyplaysshowanextraordinaryfacilityinexpressionanda

nkverdevelopedbyhimintoahappyvehicleto

expressallkindsofthoughtandemotionfreely.

1)historicalplay:

1590，HenryVI,part2《亨利六世，中》

1590，HenryVI,part3《亨利六世，下》

1591，HenryVI,part1《亨利六世，上》

1592，RichardIII《查理三世》

2）comedy:

1592，TheComedyofErrors《错误的喜剧》

1593，TamingoftheShrew《驯悍记》

1594，TwoGentlemenofVerona《维洛那二绅士》

1594，Love'sLabour’sLost《爱的徒劳》

3)tragedy:

1593，TitusAndronicus《泰特斯·安德洛尼克斯》

1594，RomeoandJuliet《罗密欧与朱丽叶》

4)narrativepoems:

1593，VenusandAdonis《维纳斯与安东尼斯》

1594，TheRapeofLucrece《鲁克丽丝受辱记》

ondperiod(1595-1600)

Itisaperiodof“greatcomedies”matistmadeanadvanceinevery

istoricalplaysofthisperiod,differentphrasofEnglish

sagreatliftincharacterization(人物创造)andsourcesthedramatist

le,thisperiodisShakespeare‟ssweetand

joyfultime,inwhichhesucceedsinportrayingamagnificentpanoramaofthemanifoldpursuitsof

peopleinreallife.

1)SixComedies:

1595，AMidsummerNight'sDream《仲夏夜之梦》

1596，TheMerchantofVenice《威尼斯商人》

1598，TheMerryWivesofWindsor《温莎的风流娘儿们》

1598，MuchAdoAboutNothing《无事生非》

1599，AsYouLikeIt《皆大欢喜》

1600，TwelfthNight《第十二夜》

2)Fivehistoricalplays:

1595，RichardII《查理二世》

1596KingJohn《约翰王》

1597，HenryIV,part1《亨利四世，上》

1597，HenryIV,part2《亨利四世，下》

1598，HenryV《亨利五世》

3)ARomantragedy:

1599，JuliusCaesar《裘力斯·凯撒》

SomeSonnets

rdperiod(1601-1607)

Itisaperiodof“greattragedies”and“darkcomedies”.Intheplaysofthisperiod,thetragicnoteis

e

comedieswritteninthisperiodareknownas“dark”

cauofsuchachangeshouldbesoughtfromShakespeare‟schangeofmoodsasinfluencedbythesocial

1604,theEarlof

Southampton,Shakespeare‟spatron,wasarrestedbyJamesI.

1)Fivetragedies:

1601，Hamlet《哈姆莱特》

1604，Othello《奥赛罗》

1605，KingLear《李尔王》

1605，Macbeth《麦克白》

1607，TimonofAthens《雅典的泰门》

2)Threecomedies:

1602，TroilusandCressida《特洛勒斯与克里西达》

1603，All'sWellThatEndsWell《终成眷属》

1604，MeasureforMeasure《一报还一报》

3)TwoRomantragedies:

1606，AntonyandCleopatra《安东尼与克丽奥佩特拉》

1607，Coriolanus《克利奥兰纳斯》

rthperiod(1608-1612)

isperiodweturnfromthestorm,thegloom,andthewhirlwind

ofthethirdperiodto“agreatpeacefulnessoflight”,andaharmonyofearthandheaven.

1)Fourromanticcomedies:

1608，Pericles,PrinceofTyre《泰尔亲王配力克里斯》

1609，Cymbeline《辛伯林》

1610，Winter'sTale《冬天的故事》

1611，TheTempest《暴风雨》

2)Ahistoricalplay:

1612，HenryVIII《亨利八世》

IIIHisgreatComedies

AMidsummerNight'sDream，TheMerchantofVenice，AsYouLikeIt，TwelfthNight

areShakespeare’sgreatcomedies.

Intheplaysheportr

sangoftheiryouth,oesandheroinesweresonsanddaughtersof

ustnotinGodorKingbutinthemlves.

edgreatrespect

forthedignity,honesty,wit,courage,ngheroines

inShakespeare'enolongercontrolledby

ewitty,bold,loving,laughingandfaithful.

peare's

comediesareimbuedwithbourgeoisideasandshowprogressivesignificance.

IVHisgreatTragedies

Hamlet,Othello,KingLear,andMacbethareShakespeare'eassociatedwith

thisperiod,Englandwitnesdageneralunrest,and

heplayxpressaprofounddissatisfactionwithlife.

Theyshowthestruggleandconflictsbetweengoodandevilofthetune,

theplays,thewriterShakespearecondemnsthedarkandevilsociety.

VHistoricalPlays

Shakespeare'ncipalideaoftheplaysisthenecessityfor

nationalunityunderonesovereign.

Shakespeare'shistoricalplaysreflectthehistoricaleventsoftwocenturiesfromRichardⅡtoHenry

owthehorrorsofcivilwar,thenecessityfornationalunity,theresponsibilitiesofefficient

ruler,andtheimportanceoflegitimatesuccessiontothethrone.

InShakespeare‟shistoricalplaysthereisonlyoneidealkingHenryV,thoughhisrealprototype

hakespeare's10historicalplays,HenryIVandHenryVare

playsdealwiththeeventsofthe

15thcenturyandgivethepictureofatroubledreign.

VIShakespeare'sPoeticalWorks

VenusandAdonisandTheRapeofLucrecearetwolongnarrativepoemswrittenbyShakespeare:

susthatVenuswoostheyouthAdonis,butshe

can‟yVenusfindstheyoungmankilledbyaboar.

susasadstoryaboutaladycalledLucrece,

whohasbeenoutragedbyalustfulprince,andthenshekillsherlfbecauofshame.

ThebulkofShakespeare'neofasonnetisin

iambicpentameter,154sonnetsemtofallintotwo

ries:oneriesareaddresdtoW.H,evidentlyapatron,andtheotheraddresdto"darklady"who

thofntiment,formasteryofdiction,forperfectionoffinish,theyare

amongthemostexcellentofElizabethanpoetry.

VIIFeaturesofShakespeare'sDramaticWorks

ribedthedecaying

ofthefeudalsocietyandtherisingofthebourgeoisspirit.

peareborrowedhisplotsfromoldstoriesofGreekandRoman,ItalianandEnglish

peare‟iondevelopsfreely,withoutbeing

hinderedbytheclassicalrulesofthreeunities(softime,place,andaction)

pearewasskilledinmanypoeticforms:theSong,thesonnet,thecouplet,andthe

dramaticblankver.

rama,heudabout16,000words.

ManyofhisnewcoinagesandturnsofexpressionhavebecomeeverydayusageinEnglishlife.

LastclasswehavealreadylearnedaboutShakespeare‟slife,literarycareer,hisgreatcomedies,great

tragediesandpoeticalworksaswellasthefeaturesofShakespeare‟s,wehave

enjoyedsomeofShakespeare‟tillremember?Wesay

rtotemper

yourcreativityandtoneupyourteamspirit,Ihavegivenyouataskofpreparingtheperformanceof

Shakespeare’rready?Ok,let’swelcomethefirstgroupofclassone.

ShallICompareTheetoasummer’sDay

ShallIcomparetheetoasummer’sday?

Thouartmorelovelyandmoretemperate:

RoughwindsdoshakethedarlingbudsofMay,

Andsummer’sleahathalltooshortadate:

Sometimestoohottheeyeofheavenshines,

Andoftenishisgoldcomplexiondimmed;

Andeveryfairfromfairsometimesdeclines,

Bychance,ornature’schangingcour,untrimm’d;

Butthyeternalsummershallnotfade,

Norloposssionofthatfairthouow’st;

NorshallDeathbragthouwander’stinhisshade,

Whenineternallinestotimethougrow’st.

Solongasmencanbreatheoreyescane,

Solonglivesthis,andthisgiveslifetothee.

能否把你比作夏日璀璨？

你却比炎夏更可爱温存；

狂风摧残五月花蕊娇妍，

夏天匆匆离去毫不停顿。

苍天明眸有时过于灼热，

金色脸容往往蒙上阴翳；

一切优美形象不免褪色，

偶然摧折或自然地老去。

而你如仲夏繁茂不凋谢，

秀雅风姿将永远翩翩；

死神无法逼你气息奄奄，

你将永生于不朽诗篇。

只要人能呼吸眼不盲，

这诗和你将千秋流芳。

注释:

Compare···to把什么比做什么。

Thou,thee第二人称单数代词，前者主格，后者宾格。现已为you所取代。其所有格是thy，或thine,即现代英

语的your。

Art=are.16、17世纪时与thou连用。

Shake：shakeoff。

Lea租借期限，此处指夏天的长度。

Hath与第三人称单数连用，相当于现代英语的has。

Dimmed:clouded.

Fairformfair:beautifulthingfrombeauty.前后fair意义不同。Declinesfrombeauty。

Chance：极缘，时运，命运。

Andeveryfairfromfairsometimesdeclines,/Bychance,ornature’schangingcour,untrimm’d：每

一个美人总要失去美貌，即使没有突发的以外事件，也逃不过自然界生老病死的变迁。

Sometimes:有的版本作“sometime”:atsomeunspecifiedtime.

Untrimm’d:untrimmed.本意为剥去美观的衣服等，此处隐喻夺去美貌等。

Fairthouow’st:beautyyouown.莎士比亚时代，owe与own通用。古英语第二人称单数后加-st或-est

Hisshade：shadowofdeath.

“NorshallDeathbragthouwander’stinhisshade”：“死神无从夸口，说你在他的阴影里徘徊”。

Totimethougrow’st:yougrowaslongastimelasts.与时间同寿。

Tobe,ornottobe:thatisthequestion:Whether'tisnoblerinthemindtosufferTheslingsandarrowsofoutrageous

fortune,Ortotakearmsagainstaaoftroubles,Andbyopposingendthem?Todie:tosleep;Nomore;andbyasleep

tosayweendTheheart-acheandthethousandnaturalshocksThatfleshisheirto,'tisaconsummationDevoutlytobe

wish',tosleep;Tosleep:perchancetodream:ay,there'stherub;Forinthatsleepofdeathwhatdreamsmay

comeWhenwehaveshuffledoffthismortalcoil,Mustgiveuspau:there'stherespectThatmakescalamityofsolong

life;Forwhowouldbearthewhipsandscornsoftime,Theoppressor'swrong,theproudman'scontumely,Thepangsof

despidlove,thelaw'sdelay,TheinsolenceofofficeandthespurnsThatpatientmeritoftheunworthytakes,Whenhe

himlfmighthisquietusmakeWithabarebodkin?whowouldfardelsbear,Togruntandsweatunderawearylife,But

thatthedreadofsomethingafterdeath,Theundiscover'dcountryfromwhobournNotravellerreturns,puzzlesthewill

AndmakesusratherbearthoillswehaveThanflytoothersthatweknownotof?Thusconsciencedoesmake

cowardsofusall;AndthusthenativehueofresolutionIssickliedo'erwiththepalecastofthought,Andenterprisof

greatpithandmomentWiththisregardtheircurrentsturnawry,Andlothenameofaction.-Softyounow!Thefair

Ophelia!Nymph,inthyorisonsBeallmysinsremember'd.

•生存还是毁灭？这是个问题。

究竟哪样更高贵，去忍受那狂暴的命运无情的摧残,还是挺身去反抗那无边的烦恼，把它扫一个干净。去

死，去睡就结束了，如果睡眠能结束我们心灵的创伤和肉体所承受的千百种痛苦，那真是生存求之不得

的天大的好事。去死，去睡，去睡，也许会做梦！唉，这就麻烦了，即使摆脱了这尘世可在这死的睡眠

里又会做些什么梦呢？真得想一想，就这点顾虑使人受着终身的折磨,谁甘心忍受那鞭打和嘲弄，受人压

迫，受尽侮蔑和轻视，忍受那失恋的痛苦，法庭的拖延，衙门的横征暴敛，默默无闻的劳碌却只换来多

少凌辱。但他自己只要用把尖刀就能解脱了。谁也不甘心，呻吟、流汗拖着这残生，可是对死后又感觉

到恐惧，又从来没有任何人从死亡的国土里回来，因此动摇了，宁愿忍受着目前的苦难而不愿投奔向另

一种苦难。顾虑就使我们都变成了懦夫，使得那果断的本色蒙上了一层思虑的惨白的容颜，本来可以做

出伟大的事业，由于思虑就化为乌有了，丧失了行动的能力。你是多么软弱！美丽的奥菲利亚，请在你

祈祷时一定记着为我的罪恶祈祷。

•Toliveornottolive

•„tis=itisNoble‟scomparativedegree.

•Slings,投石器

•Violentfate暴虐的命运

•Endthembyfighting

•通过斗争把他们扫清

•Onlythat

•

•Thatfleshcannotavoid.血肉之躯所不能避免

的

•completionofone’slife

•Inadevoutmanner衷心地

•Perhaps

•Theobstacle

•Thethoughtofwhatdreamsmaycome

•Getridof

•Humanbeings’confudtrouble

•Hesitationconsideration

•Agreatmisfortune

•Afeelingthatapersonislow

•theworldorthecontemporaries.

•Insult，凌辱

•Insultingcontempt辱慢

•Bitterfeeling

•Ofbeingscorned

•傲慢

•Scorn

•费尽心血换来的

•Death

•Aknife

•Bundle捆。谁愿付这样的负担？

•Groan

•Tedious

•担心，恐惧

•Boundary

•Otherworld

•Personwholackscourage

•Simplecolor

•Makesickish使有病容

•Thegreatplan

•Heightandimportance

•Turntooneside

•YourPray

•crime