in other words

跨文化交际期末

-CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-CompanyOne1

2

定义题

“interculturalcommunication”P6

refertocommunicationbetweenpeoplewhoculturalbackgroundsare

distinctenoughtoaltertheircommunicationevent.

Therearethreekindsofthingsyouneedtolearnifyouwanttobeableto

,youneedtolearnaforeign

language,,youshouldlearnasmuchaspossibleabout

r,studyingEnglishlanguageandWesterncultureisnot

uldalsolearnsomethingaboutwhathappenswhenpeoplefrom

differentculturestrytocommunicatewitheachother—inotherwords,

"interculturalcommunication."

acultureP13

Acultureisntiallyagroupofpeoplewhocarrymanyofthesameideasintheir

heads.

Culture:canbeenenassharedknowledge,whatpeopleneedtoknowinorder

toactappropriatelyinagivenculture.

Culture:alearnedtofsharedinterpretationsaboutbeliefs,values,andnorms,

whichaffectthebehaviorofarelativelylargegroupofpeople

estereotypes?P13

4.

Stereotypesmeansverybroadgeneralizationssuchas“Britishpeoplearepolite,”“Americans

arefriendly”,andsoforth.

sthatimage,idea,characterthathasbecomefixed

orstandardizedinaconventionalformwithoutindividualityandisthereforefal

typesmayhaveabasisinfact,buttheyaretoobroadand

shallow,andtheygiveusthemistakenideathatapeople’sculturecanbesummed

upeasilyinafewshort,typesarealsodangerousbecau

theymaytrickusintobelievingthatknowingafewstereotypesisthesamethingas

understandinganotherculture.

es“interpretation”means?P24

6.

Averyimportantaspectofinterculturalcommunicationis“interpretation”,the

processofdecidingwhatforeigners’

example,whenXiaoLitriestounderstandwhythetaxidriveraskedforsomuchmoney,sheis

“interpreting”hisbehavior.

dualistp32

Individualistcultureisoneinwhichpeopletendtoviewthemlvesas

ral,Westernculture

ewthemlvesasindependentofcollectives;are

primarilymotivatedbytheirownpreferences,needs,rights,andthecontactsthey

haveestablishedwithothers;giveprioritytotheirpersonalgoalsoverthegoalsof

3

others;andemphasizerationalanalysoftheadvantagesanddisadvantagesto

associatingwithothers.

tivistP32

Collectivistcultureisoneinwhichpeopletendtoviewthemlvesasmembers

ofgroups(families,workunits,tribes,nations),andusuallyconsidertheneedsofthe

iancultures,

includingChina's,ethemlvesaspartsofoneor

morecollectives;areprimarilymotivatedbythenormsof,anddutiesimpodby,

thocollectives;arewillingtogiveprioritytothegoalsofthecollectivesover

theirownpersonalgoals;andemphasizetheirconnectednesstomembersofthe

cultures.

“hierarchy”P50

10.

ocietyhashierarchytosome

rwords,somepeoplehavehigherrankandmorepowerthanothers,

perhapsbecautheyareolder,stronger,wealthier,orhavesomekindofofficial

position.

“cultureshock”P58

12.

“Cultureshock”isoftenudtodescribewhathappenswheneveraperson

mcultureshockdescribes

whathappenswhenasojournerfromcultureAgoestoliveincultureB,andneeds

toadapttolifethere.

Theconstanteffortanduncertaintyofdealingwithaforeignlanguageandculture

canleadtoaconditioncalled“cultureshock”.Itisafeelingofbeingconfudand

whoexperiencecultureshockoften

feelfatigued,yalsobegintryingtoavoidinteraction

withforeigners,andevenbecomeincreasinglycriticalandhostiletowardthem.

ForeignersinChinasometimexperiencecultureshock—andsodoChinewho

gotoliveinothercountries.

textP66

rwords,

’sgenerally

consideredagoodthingto“getthepoint”and“saywhatyoumean”,anditislargely

thespeaker’sresponsibilitytoensurethathis/hermessageisstatedinawaythatis

clearandeasytounderstand.

ntextP66

Highcontextismoreindirectandsubtleandlistenersareexpectedtotake

areexpectedtopay

muchattentiontothecontextinwhichcommunicationtakesplaceandwhenpeople

interpretwhatothersmean,theyoftengivemoreweighttothecontextthantothe

,peopleinhighcontextculturesoftenviewdirect,explicit

communicationasunsophisticatedorevenrude.

“projectedculturalsimilarity”P74

4

16.

Projectedculturalsimilarityisaphenomenonwhichisthetendencytoassume

tha

otherwords,wesometimesassumethatwhileforeignersmaylookdifferent,dress

differently,andspeakdifferentlanguages,"insideweareallmoreorlessthesame".

17.“Loo”culturesP83

“Loo”ecultures,

peoplehavearelativelywiderangeofviewsastowhatisconsiderednormal

,suchcultureshavesomeconnsusonwhatisandisnot

consideredappropriatebehavior,buttheconnsusisnotverystrongandthereis

inlooculturesalsotendtoberelativelytolerant

ofbehaviorthatdoesnotconformtoculturalnorms.

13.“Tight”culturesP83

saclear

connsusastowhatisandisnotacceptablebehavior,andthereismorepressure

onpeopletoconformtothenormsoftheculture.

“ethnocentrism”P93

15.

"Ethnocentrism"isthetendencytothinkofone’sowncultureasbeingatthe

centeroftheworldinotherwords,toassumethatone’sownculture'swayof

thinkingandactingismorenatural,normal,andcorrectthanthewaypeoplefrom

otherculturesthinkandact.

e“in-groups”and“out-groups”P107

17.

In-Groups:“In-groups”arethepeoplewehavethemostincommonwithand

identifymostclolywith,suchasourfamily,classmates,

havelargerin-groupssuchaspeoplewhoarefromourownregion,religiousgroup,

ethnicgroup,ornation.

Out-groups:outgroupsarethogroupsofpeoplewhowedonotidentifywith---

peoplefromotherfamilies,regions,ethnicgroups,outsiders,we

tendtobemorecritical,suspicious,andwillingtopassharshjudgments.

tivistcultures

Collectivistgenerallyhaveahighnofloyaltyandobligationtotheirin-

groups,andwilloftengotogreatlengthstohelppeopletheyconsidermembersof

r,ndistinction

peopleusuallymakeisbetween“us”and“them”.

dualistwesternculturesP114

Whileindividualistwesternersalsotreatoutsidersdifferentlyfrommembersof

theirout-groups,thedifferenceisgenerallynotsogreat;forexample,individualists

generallyassistmembersoftheirin-groupsasmuchascollectivistswould,butthey

ndistinction

peopleusuallymakeisbetween“me”and“others”.

e“warstories”P125

21.

5

Theterm“warstories”originallyreferredtothekindsofstoriessoldierswould

“warstories”refersmoregenerallytoany

storiespeopletellafterstrangeorstressfulexperiences,includingstoriesabout

riesnaturallytendtobebiadagainst

outsiders,’smore,

negativeviewsbadonanexperiencewithoneforeignerareoftenudas

evidencetodrawconclusionsaboutforeignersingeneral.

givingthebenefitofthedoubtP142

Whenyouencounteraforeignerwhobehavioremsunusualorhardto

understand,youshouldkeepanopenmindandtrytodelayorsuspend

thebenefitofthedoubtislesslikelytocauustothinkoract

inwaysthatwillunnecessarilydamageourrelationshipswithforeigners.

简答题(定义+评论）

etheproblemsininterculturalcommunication/Whyisitsohardto

communicatewithforeignersP9

refertocommunicationbetweenpeoplewhoculturalbackgroundsaredistinct

boutwhathappenswhenpeople

fromdifferentculturestrytocommunicatewitheachother—inotherwords,

"interculturalcommunication."

Partoftheproblemisthattherearemanydifferentlanguages,soitisveryhardto

,culturesaredifferentandit’sdifficultfor

rpartofthe

Chinedoorsaythingsthatemstrangetothem,foreignerstendtojumpto

conclusionsandtheyaremorelikelytojumptonegativeconclusionsinsteadof

consideringotherpossibleexplanationsfortheChinestudents’behavior.

ethecharacteristicsofChinecultureP17

定义“culture”

tivism----------emphasisonthedoctrineofthemean

owerdistance--hierarchy

-group(in-group)harmonyandavoidanceofovert(covert)conflictin

interpersonalrelations

itical

isy

inthe“naturalness,necessity,andinevitabilityofhierarchy.”

6

litybadonachievement,especiallyacademic,moral,andfinancial

achievement

that“thejudgmentofwipeople”isabetterwaytoregulatelifethan

rigid,artificiallaws

exist“inandthroughrelationshipwithothers.”

icemphasisonmemory,attentiontodetail,andlengthyhomework

ethevirtuesofChinecultureP31

定义“culture”

ity

chy

riousness/diligent/assiduous

ilial

rk

y(modest)---humility(humble)

y—economical---frugal—frugality

ton:“Neveraborrowerorlenderbe”P32

定义“individualist”

Individualistcultureisoneinwhichpeopletendtoviewthemlvesas

ral,Westernculture

ewthemlvesasindependentofcollectives;are

primarilymotivatedbytheirownpreferences,needs,rights,andthecontactsthey

haveestablishedwithothers;giveprioritytotheirpersonalgoalsoverthegoalsof

others;andemphasizerationalanalysoftheadvantagesanddisadvantagesto

associatingwithothers.

“Neveraborroweroralenderbe”,thisntencemeansthatitisbesttonotlend

lend

somethingwerisklosingboththethingwelendandthefriendshipwiththatother

nwith,itisbecauwesternersareinIndividualistCultures.

Individualiststendtoviewthemlvesasindividualsandtoemphasizetheneedsof

dualistsfeellessobligationtoothers,whethertheyarein-groupsor

ly,becauoftheircharacteristics,theirindividualism,western

llalwayssolvetheir

don’twantotherstorelyonthem,either.

esomedifferencesbetweenanindividualistcultureandacollectivist

oneP35

定义：individualistandcollectivist

Therearetwobasicdifferencebetweencultures.

Oneillustrationofthedifferencebetweencollectivistandindividualistcultures

estudentsgenerallyfunction

eorganizedintoclassgroupsandhavethesamecourswith

rast,NorthAmericanstudentsareexpectedto

nerallychoocoursaccordingtotheirown

interestsandhavedifferentclassmatesindifferentcours.

7

epartiesoftenhaveagroupfocus.

Westernpartiesaredifferent,forexample,thecocktailpartyinwhichpeoplechat

togetherinpairsorsmallgroupsandmaychangeconversationpartnersduringthe

party.

esomewaysinwhichWesternsocietiesdifferinhowtheyviewthe

issueofequalityP51

定义：equality和hierarchy

Mostmodernsocietiesbelievethatequalityisavirtue,

otherwords,peoplethesocietiestrytominimizerankandpowerdifferences,and

trytoplacelimitsonthepowerofpeopleinauthority.

ocietyhashierarchytosome

rwords,somepeoplehavehigherrankandmorepowerthanothers,

perhapsbecautheyareolder,stronger,wealthier,orhavesomekindofofficial

position.

InUSculture,“equality”almostalwaysmeans“equalityofopportunity”,notequal

anstendtobelievethat,asmuchaspossible,allpeopleshouldbe

givenanequalchance,

contrast,WesternEuropeans,especially,Scandinavians,tendtofeelthatequalityof

ecultures

placemoreemphasisonmaterialequality,andtheirtaxandsocialwelfaresystems

aredesignedtoensurethatdifferenceinwealthbetweencitizensisnotlarge.

riptionforcultureshock.P61

“Cultureshock”isoftenudtodescribewhathappenswheneveraperson

mcultureshockdescribes

whathappenswhenasojournerfromcultureAgoestoliveincultureB,andneeds

toadapttolifethere.

theoccurrenceofcultureshockasnatural

boutthehostculture

ogicalreasonforeverythingstrangeorbadaboutthehostculture

rthepositivethingsinthehostculture

oreignerswhoarecriticalofthehostcountry

lwayssaycriticalthingsabouthostculture

oodnofhumor

otherforeignerwhoknowsthehostculture

iendswithpeoplefromthehostculture

’tloyourownculture

syandactive

eelfatigued,takealittlevacation

eaprentationaboutyourownculture

sPCScauinterculturalcommunicationproblemsP74

Projectedculturalsimilarityisthetendencytoassumethatpeoplefromother

rwords,we

sometimesassumethatwhileforeignersmaylookdifferent,dressdifferently,and

speakdifferentlanguages,"insideweareallmoreorlessthesame".

8

fromdifferentcultureassumetheyunderstandeachotherinsteadof

etheyeachexpecttheotherpersonto

reactmoreorlessthesamewaytheywould,theydon'tchecktoewhetherornot

s

reason,themisunderstandingbecomeworovertimeratherthangettingbetter.2.

typesand

tebeforereallyunderstanding.

denrules-Dountootherswhatyouwouldhavethemdountoyou.P77

定义Projectedculturalsimilarity

Thentencemeansthatit’sbetternottodothingstootherswhatyoudon’twant

haviorshowsthephenomena“Projectedculturalsimilarity”.

Inourculturalsystem,ifyoudon’tlikethingdonetoyou,youjustdon’timpoon

’mtheaspectofPCS,peoplejustassumepeople

thinkisright,we

considerotherswillthinkitisright,r,itjustdoesn’tworkoutlikethat.

Becauofdifferentculturalbackground,wehavedifferentinterpretationsof

otexpectotherstothinkoractthesameaswedo.

ton:conformityinWesterncultures.P83

定义：”looculture”and“tightculture”

Chinecultureistightculture,

conformityinwesternculturesislessthanthatinChineculture.

Westernindividualistculturestendtobe“loor”

lectionisa

r

reflectioncanbeeninWesternadvertising.

ton:Whatfactorsleadto/contributetoloonessortightnessin

culture？P86

定义：”looculture”and“tightculture”

reeofchangeinthepopulation---themorepeoplemove,theloorand

individualistasocietytendstobe“acountryonthewheels”

sityofthepopulation—smalldensocietytendtobecollectivist,hence

ensocietytendtobemorecomplex,hencenotquitesotight---“a

meltingpot”

berofchoicesavailableinsociety---themorechoicesavailable,the

moreroomthereisforindividualism--loor

ton:ethnocentrismandprojectedculturalsimilaritiesP93

定义：”ethnocentrism”and“projectedculturalsimilarities”

"Ethnocentrism"isthetendencytothinkofone’sowncultureasbeingatthe

centeroftheworldinotherwords,toassumethatone’sownculture'swayof

thinkingandactingismorenatural,normal,andcorrectthanthewaypeoplefrom

otherculturesthinkandact.

“Projectedculturalsimilarity”isaphenomenonwhichisthetendencyto

assumethatpeoplefromotherculturesbasicallythinkandfeelmorethesameway

9

rwords,wesometimesassumethatwhileforeignersmaylook

different,dressdifferently,andspeakdifferentlanguages,"insideweareallmoreor

lessthesame".

Bothofthemcannotbeavoidedorovercameininterculturalcommunication.

Thetwophenomenashowthateverycountryornationconsidertheirownculture

asthecenter.

Ethnocentrismistakingone’sownculturalnormsasthestandardbywhichto

’swor,itmayleadto

manslaughter.

PCSisassumingthatpeopleofotherculturesviewthingsthesamewayyoudo---

culturalassumptionanditisnotpurpoful.

in/out-groupsaproblemininterculturalcommunicationP107

定义：”in-groups”and“out-groups”

rallyhavemorepositivefeelingstowardmembersofourin-groups

tinsidersmore.

tohaveastrongernofobligationtoinsidersthantooutsiders.

Wefeelit’srighttohelpinsidermore…

nerous,tooutsiders,morecritical,suspicious,moreharsh

judgments

Sothetiesofgoodwillandtrustbetweenin-groupsandout-groupsareoften

relativelyweak,andtheybreakeasilywhenthereisconflictormisunderstanding.

hinepeopletreatin/out-groupbadontheirowncultureP117

定义：”in-groups”and“out-groups”

ThedistinctionChineusuallymakeisbetween“us”and“them”.Inotherwards,

te

oftenviewoutsiderswhocometoChinaasguests,andgivethemmuchspecial

,thisisbecauChineviewguestsasakindofin-groupandtend

totreatin-groupmembersverywell.

teristicsofwarstories.P128

定义：warstories

rallytellwarstoriestopeoplewhoarelikelyto

sympathizewithus,usuallypeoplefromourowncultureratherthanoutsiders

togetreassurancethatourinterpretationof

theencountermakesn.

toemphasizehowunreasonablethe

behavioroftheforeignerwas,andhowreasonableourownbehaviorwas.

mericansknowlessaboutothercountriesP149

定义：”culture”and“ethnocentrism”

olsdonotteachasmuchworldhistoryasschoolsinmanyother

countries.

ordersonrelativelyfewothernations,andisparatedfrommostby

largeoceans.

10

eroftheUSmeansthatithasmoreimpactonothernationsthanother

nationshaveontheUSaffairs.

sofgeographicsizeandpopulation,theUSasaverylargenation,hence

generatessuchavolumeoflocalnewsthattheimportanceofinternationalnews

diminishesbycomparison.

eroftheUStemptsAmericanstobelievethatlearningaboutother

countriesisn’tsoimportant.

ernationalspreadoftheEnglishlanguageandWesternculture

diminishestheneedofAmericanstolearnotherlanguagesandcultures.