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美国总统选举制度

美国实行总统制;总统选举每四年举行一次..美国总统选举制度复杂;

过程漫长..选举的主要程序包括预选、各党召开全国代表大会确定总统候选

人、总统候选人竞选、全国选民投票选出总统“选举人”、“选举人”成立选举

人团投票表决正式选举总统和当选总统就职典礼等几个阶段..

预选是美国总统选举的第一阶段;通常从大选年的年初开始;到年中结

束..预选有两种形式;分别是政党基层会议和直接预选..前者是指两党在各州

自下而上;从选举点、县、选区到州逐级召开代表会议;最终选出本党参加全

国代表大会的代表..后者在形式上如同普选;一个州的两党选民同一天到投

票站投票选出本党参加全国代表大会的代表;这是大多数州目前采用的预选

方式..

预选结束后;两党通常将分别在七、八月份召开全国代表大会..会议的主

要任务是最终确定本党总统、副总统候选人;并讨论通过总统竞选纲领..

全国代表大会之后;总统竞选活动便正式拉开帷幕..这一过程一般要持

续８至９周..在此期间;两党总统候选人将耗费巨资;穿梭于全国各地;进行广

告大战、发表竞选演说、会见选民、召开记者招待会以及进行公开辩论..此

外;候选人还将通过多种形式阐述对国内外事务的政策主张;以赢得选民信任;

争取选票..

全国选民投票在选举年１１月份的第一个星期一后的第一个星期二举

行２００８年是１１月４日;这一天被称为总统大选日..所有美国选民都到

指定地点进行投票;在两个总统候选人之间作出选择在同一张选票上选出各

州的总统“选举人”..一个党的总统候选人在一个州的选举中获得多数取胜;他

就拥有这个州的全部总统“选举人”票;这就是全州统选制..全国选民投票日也

叫总统大选日..由于美国总统选举实行“选举人团”制度;因此总统大选日的投

票结果;产生的实际上是代表５０个州和哥伦比亚特区的５３８位“选举人”..

另外;在总统大选日;选民还要在联邦范围内进行参议院和众议院选举..根据

美国１７８７年宪法;两院议员由各州选民直接选举产生..

选举人票的数量;体现州权平等原则;根据各州在国会的议员数量而定..

例如;每个州都在国会有２名参议员和至少１名众议员;所以;任何州都至少

有３票..但人口多的大州;除了这３票以外;众议员人数越多;选举人票数也就

越多..１９６１年;美国宪法修正案批准华盛顿特区可以像州一样有总统选

举人..这样;美国国会有１００参议员任期６年;每两年改选三分之一、４３５

名众议员任期两年;期满后全部改选;加上华盛顿哥伦比亚特区的３票;总统

选举人票总共为５３８票..一位候选人赢得的选举人票超过总数的一半２７

０张;即当选总统..

真正的总统选举是在１２月第二个星期三之后的第一个星期一举行２

００８年是１２月１５日..届时;各州和哥伦比亚特区被推选出的“选举人”将

前往各州的首府进行投票..获２７０张选票以上的候选人将当选总统;并于

次年１月２０日宣誓就职..AmericanpresidentialelectionsystemTheUS

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Congress;thisisthepreelectionwaywhichmajoritystatesuatprent.

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JulyandAugusttheNationalPeople'ence'sprimarymission

isdeterminedfinallythispartypresident;vicepresidentthecandidate;and

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processmustcontinuegenerallyfrom8to9weeks.;Twopartypresidential

candidatewillconsumethelargeamountofmoney;shuttlesbackandforthin

theland;carriesontheadvertimentwar;thepublicationcampaignspeech;

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etheAmericanpresidential

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ssible

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就职典礼是美国总统选举的最后一道程序;只有到当选总统于次年１月

２０日手抚圣经;宣誓就职时;美国的总统选举才告结束..

在美国政治中;副总统不担任实际工作..他的公务是担任国会参议院主

席;但这主要是礼仪性的;因为他只有在参议院表决时赞成票和反对票相等情

况下才投票..副总统的日常工作通常根据总统的要求而定;一般无足轻重;如

代表总统参加外国领导人的葬礼活动等..

根据美国宪法;如果总统去世或失去工作能力;副总统接任总统职位..先

当副总统是登上美国总统宝座的途径之一..第二次世界大战以来;有三位副

总统在总统任期内接任总统职务..杜鲁门因罗斯福去世;约翰逊因肯尼迪遇

剌;福特因尼克松下台而分别继任总统..此外;有几位副总统还当过总统候选

人;其中包括尼克松、汉弗莱、蒙代尔和布什..

美国副总统不是由美国公众直接选出的;而是由民主党和共和党的总统

候选人挑选并经两党全国代表大会选举产生..总统候选人在选择副总统候选

人时首先要考虑此人的政治资历和条件;但主要看他在党内代表哪部分势力

以便取得平衡;尽可能争取最大多数选民的支持..

但大选结果不取决于总统候选人对副总统的选择;而是取决于总统候选

人..１９８８年美国大选期间;许多美国人认为共和党总统候选人布什的竞

选伙伴奎尔太年轻、不老练、不值得考虑;而认为民主党总统候选人杜卡基

斯的竞选伙伴本特森经验丰富、深孚众望..但大选结果;布什获胜当上了总统;

奎尔自然也成为副总统..

副总统候选人通常是国会议员;但参议员被挑选为副总统候选人的机会

较大..原因是参议员一旦当选副总统;就担任参议院主席;这可加强总统与参

议院的联系..

另外;在总统大选日;选民还要在联邦范围内进行参议院和众议院选举..

根据美国１７８７年宪法;两院议员由各州选民直接选举产生..参议院有议

员１００名;任期６年;每两年改选三分之一..众议院议员４３５名;任期两年;

期满后全部改选..

美国总统选举第一阶段——预选

四年一度的美国总统选举过程漫长而复杂;主要包括预选、各党召开全

国代表大会确定总统候选人、总统候选人竞选、全国选举、选举人团投票表

决和当选总统就职..

预选是美国总统选举的第一阶段;被视为美国大选的前奏..该阶段通常

于大选年２月开始;至６月结束..党内预选绝大多数是在星期二举行..在预选

阶段;美国民主、共和两大政党将分别在全国大多数州选出参加本党全国代

表大会的代表..少数不举行预选的州;则由两党的州委员会或州代表大会选

拔参加本党全国代表大会的代表..这些代表将在党代会上提出本党的总统候

选人..因此;预选实际上是对总统候选人资格的争夺..Theinaugurationisthe

Americanpresidentialelectionlastprocedure;onlythenJanuary20willcaress

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各州的预选制度是１９０２年以后才逐渐发展起来的..预选有两种形式;

分别是政党基层会议或译为“党团会议”和直接预选..前者是指两党在各州自

下而上;从选举点、县、选区到州逐级召开代表会议;最终选出本党参加全国

代表大会的代表..后者在形式上如同普选;一个州的两党选民同一天到投票

站投票选出本党参加全国代表大会的代表;这是大多数州目前采用的预选方

式..

“初选”在形式上如同普选;一个州的两党选民在同一天到投票站投票选

出各自出席本党全国代表大会提名大会的“承诺代表”或译为“宣誓代表”;须在

全国党代表大会即提名大会前宣誓;以地方意愿作为投票依归;并表示支持本

党的某一竞选人..“初选”这种形式比较正规..目前;美国大多数州都采用这种

形式的预选..

各州总统预选将产生本州参加全国代表大会的“承诺代表”;他们以预选

结果为依据;承诺支持本党的某一竞选人..两党“承诺代表”的名额和分配机制

有所不同..民主党一般根据预选中各竞选人的支持率来分配代表数额..共和

党在一部分州按竞选人支持率来分配代表数额;在其他州则执行“胜者全得”

的规定..除“承诺代表”外;参加党代会的还包括少数“未承诺代表”民主党称“超

级代表”..他们主要是党内知名人士;如党的全国委员会成员、参议员或州长

以及党派领导人等；他们并非经由初选表决推举;可以在党代会前不承诺支

持某位候选人..

衡量竞选人在预选中的表现;主要是看竞选人获得的本党“承诺代表”支

持的比例;而不取决于其获得支持率的高低..两党竞选人如要确保赢得总统

候选人提名;至少需要获得全国党代会半数以上代表的支持..

在民主党方面;各州都有一定的代表名额;参选者可根据在预选中的选民

支持率分得相应代表数额..在２００８年４０４９个代表名额中;３２５３

个产生于州预选;其余７９６个“超级代表”则由民主党全国委员会成员、民主

党参议员或州长以及党派领导人自动获得..在８月底于丹佛举行的提名大会

上;获得２０２５名以上代表支持的竞选人将代表民主党竞选总统..After

variousstates'preelectionsystemwas1902;onlythengraduallydeveloped.

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conferenceortranslatesis“politicalorganizationconference”andthedirect

merisreferstotwopartiesinvariousstatesfrombottomtotop;

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Atprent;s

statespresidentwillchooinadvancewillproduceHonshutoparticipateinthe

NationalPeople'sCongress“thepledgetoreprent”;theytakewillchooin

advancetheresultasthebas;pledgedthatwillsupportthisparty'ssome

ties“thepledgereprent”thequotaofpeopleand

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preelectioncampaignsforperson'ssupportleveltoassignrespectively

icanPartyaccordingtocampaignsforthe

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out“thevictorinotherstatentire”s“thepledge

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reprent”theDemocraticPartysayingthat“superreprents”.Theyare

mainlytheinner-partycelebrities;likeparty'sNationalcommitteemembers;

natororgovernoraswellaspartiesandgroupsleaderandsoon;Theyby

wayoftheprimaryelectionvoterecommendation;maybeforeparty

weightcampaignsforperson'sinpreelectionperformance;ismainlylooked

thatcampaignsforthispartywhichthehumanobtains“thepledgeto

reprent”thesupportproportion;butisnotdecidedinitobtainsthesupport

tiescampaignforthehumanliketoguaranteethat

winsthepresidentialnomination;needstoearnthenationalpartyconvention

morethanhalfreprentative'emocraticParty

aspect;variousstateshavecertainreprentativethequotaofpeople;the

candidatemayactaccordingtothepreelectionthevotersupportlevelobtain

correspondingreprentativetheamount.4049reprentinthequotaof

peoplein2008;3253produceinthestatepreelection;other796“super

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ndofAugustatthenominationcongresswhichholdsin

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behalfofDemocraticPartypresidentialbid.

在共和党方面;有的州像民主党一样按参选者的支持率来分配代表数额;

有的则是执行“胜者全得”的规定如新泽西、纽约、弗吉尼亚等１５个州..在

共和党于２００８年９月初在明尼阿波利斯举行的提名大会上;共有２３８

０名代表投票选举总统候选人;其中包括１９１７名“承诺代表”;即在会前就

表明他们支持哪位参选者的代表..还有４６３名“未承诺代表”;其中１２３人

属于共和党全国委员会成员;最终获得１１９１名以上代表支持的参选者将

获胜..

数十年来;艾奥瓦州和新罕布什尔州一直分别是美国大选年举行首个政

党基层会议和首次初选的州..在预选阶段;一个州的面积大小和人口多寡与

该州对整个选情的影响力并不成正比;而最重要的是预选日期——往往日期

越早;影响越大..因此;尽管艾奥瓦和新罕布什尔是小州;但对整个预选阶段具

有“风向标”和“晴雨表”的作用;受到两党竞选人和各路媒体的高度关注..

预选结束后;两党通常将分别在７、８月份召开全国代表大会确定本党

总统候选人..在两党全国代表大会上;哪位竞选人得到最多出席者支持;就能

被推举为该党总统候选人..

美国总统选举——选举人团制度

根据美国宪法;美国总统选举实行选举人团制度..选举人团制度自１７

８８年第一次实行以来;已经经历了２００多年的发展与演变..

选举人团制度规定;美国总统由各州议会选出的选举人团选举产生;而不

是由选民直接选举产生..总统候选人获得全国５０个州和华盛顿特区总共５

３８张选举人票的一半以上２７０张以上即可当选..

根据法律规定;全国选民投票是在选举年１１月份的第一个星期一后的

第一个星期二举行..所有美国选民都到指定地点进行投票;在两个总统候选

人之间作出选择在同一张选票上选出各州的总统“选举人”..一个党的总统候

选人在一个州的选举中获得多数取胜;他就拥有这个州的全部总统“选举人”

票;这就是全州统选制..全国选民投票日也叫总统大选日..由于美国总统选举

实行选举人团制度;因此总统大选日实际上是选举代表选民的“选举人”..>>

美国各个州拥有的选举人票数目同该州在国会拥有的参、众议员人数相

等..根据规定;美国国会参议院由每个州选举出的２名议员组成;而众议院议

员人数则根据各州人口比例来确定..因此;人口多的州产生的众议院议员人

数就多;同时在总统选举时拥有的选举人票也多..如人口最多的加利福尼亚

州的选举人票多达５５张;而人口较少的阿拉斯加州只有３张选举人票..鉴

于这种情况;在历届总统竞选中;人口众多的州都成为总统候选人争夺的重要

目标..

选举人票的数量;体现州权平等原则;根据各州在国会的议员数量而定..

例如;每个州都在国会有２名参议员和至少１名众议员;所以;任何州都至少

有３票..但人口多的大州;除了这３票以外;众议员人数越多;选举人票数也就

越多..１９６１年;美国宪法修正案批准华盛顿特区可以像州一样有总统选

举人..这样;美国国会有１００参议员、４３５名众议员;加上华盛顿哥伦比亚

特区的３票;总统选举人票总共就是５３８票..

选举人团制度还规定;除了缅因和内布拉斯加两个州是按普选票得票比

例分配选举人票外;其余４８个州和华盛顿特区均实行“胜者全得”制度;即把

本州的选举人票全部给予在该州获得相对多数普选票的总统候选人..由于各

州选举人票的数量相差较多;这样就可能出现在全国普选中累计得票多的总

统候选人不能赢得总统选举的情况..美国历史上曾多次发生上述情况;一些

总统候选人虽然在大选中获得的普选票少于竞争对手;但却因得到的选举人

票多而当选..

美国宪法还规定;如果所有候选人都未能获得半数以上的选举人票;则由

国会众议院从得票最多的前三名候选人中选出总统..１８２４年;约翰·昆

西·亚当斯就是在这种情况下;最后由众议院投票表决后被指定为总统的..

选举人团制度是美国共和制、联邦制和分权与制衡原则结合的产物;同

时也是多种利益间妥协与协调的结果;因此必然存在着自身难以克服的缺陷

与弊端..近年来;美国要求改革选举人团制度的呼声不断;但由于多种因素阻

碍;改革始终无法进行..

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e

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;theUnited

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