pendulum

Designation:D1424–09

StandardTestMethodfor

TearingStrengthofFabricsbyFalling-Pendulum

(Elmendorf-Type)Apparatus1

ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationD1424;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearof

originaladoptionor,inthecaofrevision,rinparenthesindicatestheyearoflastreapproval.A

superscriptepsilon(´)indicatesaneditorialchangesincethelastrevisionorreapproval.

ThisstandardhasbeenapprovedforubyagenciesoftheDepartmentofDefen.

1.1Thistestmethodcoversthedeterminationoftheforce

requiredtopropagateasingle-riptearstartingfromacutina

fabricandusingafalling-pendulum(Elmendorf-Type)appa-

ratus.

1.2Thistestmethodappliestomostfabricsincluding

woven,layeredblankets,nappedpile,blanket,andairbag

fabrics,providedthefabricdoesnottearinthedirection

crosswitothedirectionoftheforceapplicationduringthe

ricsmaybeuntreated,heavilysized,coated,

resin-treated,ctionsareprovidedfor

testingspecimenswith,orwithout,wetting.

1.3Thistestmethodissuitableonlyforthewarpdirection

tsuitedforthecour

directionofwarpknitfabricsoreitherdirectionofmostother

knittedfabrics.

ary

unitsaretoberegardedasstandard,butmustbeud

aryunitsmaybe

approximate.

1.5Thisstandarddoesnotpurporttoaddressallofthe

safetyconcerns,ifany,e

responsibilityoftheurofthisstandardtoestablishappro-

priatesafetyandhealthpracticesanddeterminetheapplica-

bilityofregulatorylimitationspriortou.

ncedDocuments

2.1ASTMStandards:2

D123TerminologyRelatingtoTextiles

D629TestMethodsforQuantitativeAnalysisofTextiles

D1776PracticeforConditioningandTestingTextiles

D2261TestMethodforTearingStrengthofFabricsbythe

Tongue(SingleRip)Procedure(Constant-Rate-of-

ExtensionTensileTestingMachine)

D2904PracticeforInterlaboratoryTestingofaTextileTest

MethodthatProducesNormallyDistributedData

D2906PracticeforStatementsonPrecisionandBiasfor

Textiles3

D4848TerminologyRelatedtoForce,Deformationand

RelatedPropertiesofTextiles

D4850TerminologyRelatingtoFabricsandFabricTest

Methods

D5587TestMethodforTearingStrengthofFabricsby

TrapezoidProcedure

ology

3.1ForallterminologyrelatingtoD13.59,FabricTest

Methods,General,refertoTerminology

D4850.

3.2ForallterminologyrelatingtoForce,Deformationand

RelatedPropertiesinTextiles,refertoTerminologyD4848.

3.2.1Thefollowingtermsarerelevanttothisstandard:

cross-machinedirection,CD,lengthoftear,machinedirection,

MD,tearingenergy,tearingforce,tearresistance,tearing

strength,fabric.

3.3Forallotherterminologyrelatedtotextiles,referto

Terminology

D123.

yofTestMethod

4.1Aslitiscentrallyprecutinatestspecimenheldbetween

twoclampsandthespecimenistornthroughafixeddistance.

Theresistancetotearingisinpartfactoredintothescale

readingoftheinstrumentandiscomputedfromthisreading

andthependulumcapacity.

ficanceandU

5.1Thistestmethodforthedeterminationoftearing

strengthbythefallingpendulumtypeapparatusisudinthe

tradefortheacceptancetestingofcommercialshipmentsof

fabrics,butcautionisadvidsincetechniciansmayfailtoget

a-

tivetestsasdirectedin

5.1.1maybeneeded.

1ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD13onTextiles

andisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeD13.60onFabricTestMethods,

Specific.

CurrenteditionapprovedJan.15,ally

tinuedJanuary1995andreinstatedasD1424–

previouditionapprovedin2007asD1424–07a.

2ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,,or

contactASTMCustomerServiceatrvice@ualBookofASTM

Standardsvolumeinformation,refertothestandard’sDocumentSummarypageon

theASTMwebsite.

tapprovedversionofthishistoricalstandardisreferenced

.

1

Copyright©ASTMInternational,100BarrHarborDrive,POBoxC700,WestConshohocken,PA19428-2959,UnitedStates.

5.1.1Incaofadisputearisingfromdifferencesin

reportedtestresultswhenusingthistestmethodforacceptance

testingofcommercialshipments,thepurcharandthesup-

pliershouldconductcomparativeteststodetermineifthereis

ticalassis-

minimum,thetwopartiesshouldtakeagroupoftestspeci-

mensthatareashomogeneousaspossibleandthatarefroma

tspecimensshould

thenberandomlyassignedinequalnumberstoeachlaboratory

rageresultsfromthetwolaboratories

shouldbecomparedusingappropriatestatisticalanalysisand

anacceptableprobabilitylevelchonbythetwopartiesbefore

sisfound,eitheritscaumustbe

foundandcorrectedorthepurcharandthesuppliermust

agreetointerpretfuturetestresultswithconsiderationtothe

knownbias.

5.2Microprocessorsystemsforautomaticcollectionofdata

canprovideeconomicalandreliableresultswhenproperly

tMethods

D2261andD5587.

tus

6.1Falling-Pendulum(Elmendorf-Type)Tester4—The

testerincludes:astationaryclamp,aclampcarriedona

pendulumthatisfreetoswingonabearing,meansforleveling

asapplicable,meansforholdingthependuluminaraid

position,meansforinstantlyreleasingthependulum,and

meansformeasuringtheforcetotearthetestspecimen.

6.1.1Aknifecanbemountedonastationarypostforinitial

slittingofthespecimenscenteredbetweentheclampsand

adjustedinheighttogiveatearingdistanceof43.060.15mm

(1.6960.005in.);thatis,thedistancebetweentheendofthe

slitmadebytheknifeandtheupperedgeofthespecimenis

43.060.15mm(1.6960.005in.)whentheloweredgeofthe

63.0-mm(2.560.005in.)widespecimenrestsagainstthe

bottomoftheclamp.

6.1.2Withthependuluminitsinitialpositionreadyfora

test,thetwoclampsareparatedbyadistanceof2.560.25

mm(0.160.01in.)andarealignedsuchthattheclamped

specimenliesinaplaneparalleltotheaxisofthependulum,

theplanemakinganangleof0.480rad(27.560.5°)withthe

perpendicularlinejoiningtheaxisandthehorizontalline

tance

betweentheaxisandthetopedgesoftheclampingjawsis

10360.1mm(4.05560.004in.).Theclampingsurfacein

eachjawisatleast25mm(1.0in.)wideand15.960.1mm

(0.62560.004in.)deep.

6.1.3Thetestermayhaveapointermountedonthesame

axisasthependulumtoregisterthetearingforce,oritmaybe

substitutedbymeansofcalculatinganddisplayingtherequired

resultswithouttheuofapointer,suchasdigitaldisplayand

ablytheclampsmaybeair

actuated,butmanualclampingispermitted.

6.1.4Thetestinstrumentshouldbeequippedtoprovide

lfullscale

rangesareshowninTableA3.1.

6.2CalibrationWeight(s)forgraduationof50%ofthefull

scaleforcerange,orothermeansasdescribedbythemanu-

facturerofthetestapparatus.

6.3CuttingDiehavingesntiallytheshapeanddimen-

sionsshownin

Fig.1(a)or(b).Eitherdieprovidesthebasic

rectangulartestspecimen10062mm(460.05in.)longby

6360.15mm(2.560.005in.)wide,alongwithadditional

fabricatthetopedgeofthespecimentohelpensurethebottom

tical

dimensionofthetestspecimenisthedistance43.060.15mm

(1.6960.005in.)whichistobetornduringthetest.

NOTE1—TheimproveddiemodelshowninFig.1(a)hastwonew

featuresnotfoundintheoriginalmodel,

Fig.1(b),namelyacutoutforthe

bottomofthespecimentoaidincenteringitintheclamps,and(optional)

provisionforcuttingthe20.0mm(0.75in.)slitpriortoinrtingthe

iescanbemadetoorderbymostdie

manufacturers.

6.4AirPressureRegulator,capableofcontrollinggageair

pressurebetween410kPaand620kPa(60psiand90psi),

whenapplicable,forairclamps.

6.5SettingGageforCuttingBladethatwillprovideacut

slitthatleavesa4360.15mm(1.6960.005in.)specimen

tearingdistancefora6360.15mm(2.560.005in.)wide

specimen,orequivalent.

6.6JawSpacingGage2.560.25mm(0.160.01in.)

width,orequivalent.

6.7Oil,lightweight,non-gummingclocktype.

6.8SiliconeGrea,whenapplicable,forairclamplubri-

cation.

6.9VacuumCleaner,whenapplicable,forcleaningdustand

fiberfromnsor,orequivalent.

ngandTestSpecimens

7.1LotSample—Asalotsampleforacceptancetesting,

randomlylectthenumberofrollsorpiecesoffabricdirected

inanapplicablematerialspecificationorotheragreement

ertherollsor

abnceofsuchanagreement,takethenumberoffabricrolls

orpiecesspecifiedin

Table1.

NOTE2—Anadequatespecificationorotheragreementbetweenthe

purcharandsupplierrequirestakingintoaccountthevariabilitybetween

rollsorpiecesoffabricandbetweenspecimensfromaswatchfromaroll

orpieceoffabrictoprovideasamplingplanwithameaningfulproducer’s

risk,consumer’srisk,acceptablequalitylevel,andlimitingqualitylevel.

.1DieDiagramforCuttingNotchedSpecimens

D1424–09

2

7.2LaboratorySample—Foracceptancetesting,takea

swatchextendingthewidthofthefabricandapproximately1

m(1yd)alongthemachinedirectionfromeachrollorpiecein

lsoffabric,takeasamplethatwill

excludefabricfromtheouterwrapoftherollortheinnerwrap

aroundthecoreoftherolloffabric.

7.3TestSpecimens—Fromeachlaboratorysamplingunit,

takefivespecimensfromthemachinedirectionandfive

specimensfromthecross-machinedirection,foreachtest

conditiondescribedin

9.1and9.2,asapplicabletoamaterial

specificationorcontractorder.

7.3.1DirectionofTest—Considerthelongdirectionofthe

specimenasthedirectionoftest.

7.3.2CuttingTestSpecimens—Takethespecimenstobe

udforthemeasurementofmachinedirectionwiththelonger

especi-

menstobeudforthemeasurementofthecross-machinewith

thelongerdimensionparalleltothecross-machinedirection.

Uthecuttingdiedescribedin

6.3andshowninFig.1(a)or

(b),ecimensaretobetestedwet,cut

o

maintainspecimenidentity.

7.3.2.1Incuttingthewovenfabricspecimens,takecareto

aligntheyarnsrunningintheshortdirectionparallelwiththe

diesuchthatwhentheslitiscut,thesubquenttearwilltake

ecaution

ismostimportantwhentestingbowedfabrics.

7.3.2.2Cutspecimensreprentingabroaddistribution

acrossthewidthandlength,andpreferablyalongthediagonal

ofthelaboratorysample,andnonearertheedgethanone-tenth

specimensarefreeoffolds,creas,or

ettingoil,water,grea,pecimens

whenhandling.

NOTE3—Thereadingobtainedisdirectlyproportionaltothelengthof

thematerialtorn,therefore,itisntialthatthespecimenbepreparedto

theexactsizespecified.

ationofApparatusandCalibration

8.1Selecttestinstrumentforcerange,suchthatthetear

occursbetween20and80%or20and60%ofthefull-scale

theclampsarespacedasdirected

inA1.4.

NOTE4—Forstandardtestapparatus,theuableportionofthefull

scaleforcerangeis20to80%.Forthehighcapacitytestinstrument,the

uableportionofthefullscaleforcerangeis20to60%.

8.2Whenequippedwitharegisteringnsor,examinethe

scaleandthecomplementarynsor,are

andwithouttouchingthensor,vacuumawayanyloofibers

anddust.

8.3Examinetheknifeedgeforsharpness,wear,andcentral

alignmentasdirectedin

A1.5-A1.7.

8.4Forairclamps,ttheairgagepressuretotheclampsto

about550kPa(80psi).

8.4.1Maximumgagepressureshouldbenomorethan620

kPa(90psi)andminimumgagepressurenolessthan410kPa

(60psi).

8.5Whenusingmicroprocessorautomaticdatagathering

systems,ttheappropriateparametersasdefinedinthe

manufacturer’sinstructions.

8.6Verifythecalibrationofthelectedpendulumfullscale

forcerangeusingtheproceduredescribedin

AnnexA2,unless

otherwispecified.

ioning

9.1Condition1,StandardTestingConditioning:

9.1.1Preconditionthespecimensbybringingthemtoap-

proximatemoistureequilibriuminthestandardatmospherefor

preconditioningtextilesasdirectedinPracticeD1776,unless

otherwidirectedinamaterialspecificationorcontractorder.

9.1.2Afterpreconditioning,bringthetestspecimensto

moistureequilibriumfortestinginthestandardatmospherefor

testingtextilesasdirectedinPracticeD1776or,ifapplicable,

inthespecifiedatmosphereinwhichthetestingistobe

performed,unlessotherwidirectedinamaterialspecification

orcontractorder.

9.2Condition2,WetSpecimenTestingConditioning:

9.2.1Whendesizingtreatmentsarespecifiedpriortowet

testing,udesizingtreatmentsthatwillnotaffectthenormal

physicalpropertyofthefabricasdirectedinTestMethod

D629.

9.2.2Submergethespecimensinacontainerofdistilledor

deionizedwateratambienttemperatureuntilthoroughly

soaked(e8.2.1.1).

9.2.2.1Thetimeofimmersionmustbesufficienttowetout

thespecimens,asindicatedbynosignificantchangeintearing

t

ricsnot

readilywetoutwithwater,suchasthotreatedwithwater-

repellent,orwaterresistantmaterials,adda0.1%solutionof

anonionicwettingagenttothewaterbath.

ure

10.1Testtheconditionedspecimensinthestandardatmo-

spherefortestingtextiles,whichis2161°C(7062°F)and

6562%relativehumidity,unlessotherwidirectedina

materialspecificationorcontractorder.

10.2Positionthependulumtothestartingpositionandthe

forcerecordingmechanismtoitszero-forceposition.

10.3ForTester-SlitSpecimens:

10.3.1Placethelongsidesofthespecimencentrallyinthe

clampswiththebottomedgecarefullytagainstthestopsand

he

clamps,curingthespecimenwithapproximatelythesame

cimenshouldliefreewithits

upperareadirectedtowardthependulumtoensureashearing

action.

TABLE1NumberofRollsorPiecesofFabricintheLotSample

NumberofRollsorPieces

inLot,Inclusive

NumberofRollsorPiecesinLot

Sample

1to3all

4to244

25to505

over5010%toamaxof10rollsorpieces

D1424–09

3

10.3.2Usingthebuilt-inknifebladecuta20mm(0.787in.)

slitinthespecimenextendingfromthebottomedgeand

leavingabalanceoffabric43.060.15mm(1.6960.005in.)

remainingtobetorn.

10.4ForDie-CutorManuallySlitSpecimens:

10.4.1Ifadiewithoutaslitisud,manuallycuta20mm

(0.787in.)longslitinthecenterofoneedgeofthelong

thatthebalanceofthefabric

remainingtobetornis4360.15mm(1.6960.005in.).

NOTE5—Thelengthofthecutisimportant,eNote3.

10.4.2Placetheparallel,unslitsidesofthespecimeninthe

clampswiththebottomedgecarefullytagainstthestops,the

upperedgeparalleltothetopoftheclampandtheslitcentrally

heclamps,curingthe

specimenwithapproximatelythesametensiononbothclamps.

Thespecimenshouldliefreewithitsupperareadirected

towardthependulumtoensureashearingaction.

10.5ForWetSpecimenTesting:

10.5.1Removeaspecimenfromthewaterandimmediately

m

thetestwithin2minafterremovalofthespecimenfromthe

i,discardthespecimenandreplacewith

anotherone.

10.6Depressthependulumstopdownwardtoitslimitand

holdituntiltheteariscompletedandthependulumhas

hependulumjustafterthe

thresholdofitsbackwardswingandreturntoitslockedstarting

uipped,becarefulnottodisturbtheposition

thescalereadingrequiredtocompletely

tearthetestspecimen.

10.6.1Thedecisiontodiscardtheresultsofatearshallbe

badonobrvationofthespecimenduringatestandupon

bnceofother

criteria,suchasinamaterialspecification,ifanunusualcau

isdetected,thevaluemaybediscardedandanotherspecimen

tested.

10.6.2Rejectreadingsobtainedwherethespecimenslipsin

thejaworwheretheteardeviatesmorethan6mm(0.25in.)

en

puckeringoccursduringthetest.

10.6.3Formicroprocessorsystems,followthemanufactur-

er’sdirectionsforremovingvaluesfrommemorywhenthe

i,for

sometestinstrumentsmanualcalculationoftheaverageis

required.

10.6.4If,duringthetest,thescalereadingdoesnotreach

20%orreachesover80%(60%whenapplicable,eTable

A3.1)offullscalerange,changetothenextlowerorhigher

fullscalerange,

8.6.

10.6.5Recordifthetearwascross-witothenormal

(parallel)directionoftearandreportthatspecimen,orthat

sample,asapplicable,asuntearable.

10.7Removethetornspecimenandcontinueuntilfivetears

havebeenrecordedforeachtestdirectionandtestcondition,as

required,fromeachlaboratorysamplingunit.

ations

11.1TearingForce,IndividualSpecimens:

11.1.1StandardTestInstrument—Determinethetearing

forceforindividualspecimenstothenearest1%offull-scale

rangeusingEq1.

F

t

5R

s

3C

s

/100(1)

where:

F

t

=tearingforce,cN(gf)orlbf,

R

s

=scalereading,

C

s

=fullscalecapacity,cN(gf)orlbf.

11.1.2HeavyDutyTestInstrument—Determinethetearing

forceforindividualspecimenstothenearest1%offull-scale

rangeusingEq2.

F

t

5R

s

3100(2)

where:

F

t

=tearingforce,cN(gf)orlbf,and

R

s

=scalereading,cN(gf)orlbf.

11.2TearingStrength—Calculatethetearingstrengthasthe

averagetearingforceforeachtestdirectionandtesting

conditionofthelaboratorysamplingunitandforthelot,tothe

nearest1%offull-scalerangeincN,(gf)orlbf.

11.3StandardDeviationandCoeffıcientofVariation—

Calculatewhenrequested.

11.4Computer-ProcesdData—Whendataareautomati-

callycomputer-procesd,calculationsaregenerallycontained

valuesasreadfromthe

directreadingscaletothenearestmN(gf).Inanyevent,itis

recommendedthatcomputer-procesddatabeverifiedagainst

knownpropertyvaluesanditssoftwaredescribedinthereport.

12.1ReportthattheElmendorftearingstrengthwasdeter-

bethefabric

orproductsampledandthemethodofsamplingud.

NOTE6—Someinstrumentsmayrequiredifferentcalculationsthan

ecas,refertomanufacturer’srecommended

calculations.

12.2Reportthefollowinginformationforeachlaboratory

samplingunitandforthelotasapplicabletoamaterial

specificationorcontractorder.

12.2.1Elmendorftearingstrengthforeachtestdirectionand

testingcondition,asrequested.

12.2.2Conditionoftest(withorwithoutwetting).

12.2.3Puckering,ifitoccursduringthetest.

12.2.4Numberoftestsrejectedbecauofcrosswitear-

ing.

12.2.5Whencalculated,thestandarddeviationorthecoef-

ficientofvariation.

12.2.6Forcomputer-procesddata,identifytheprogram

(software)ud.

12.2.7Make,modelandcapacityoftestingmachine.

12.2.8Typeofclampsud,manualorpneumatic(includ-

ingpressure).

12.2.9Anymodificationofthetestmethod.

ionandBias

13.1Summary—Incomparingtwoaverages,thedifferences

shouldnotexceedthesingle-operatorprecisionvaluesshown

in

Table2fortherespectivenumberoftests,andforfabrics

D1424–09

4

havingaveragessimilartothoshowninTable2,in95outof

100caswhenalltheobrvationsaretakenbythesame

well-trainedoperatorusingthesamepieceofequipmentand

specimensarerandomlydrawnfromthesampleoffabric.

Largerdifferencesarelikelytooccurunderallothercircum-

stances.

13.2ElmendorfTearingStrength,StandardEquipment,In-

terlaboratoryTestData—Aninterlaboratorytestwasrunin

1994–1995inwhichrandomly-drawnsamplesofthreefabrics

ratorsin

eachlaboratoryeachtestedeightspecimensofeachfabric

theeightspecimenswere

testedononedayandfourspecimensweretestedonacond

isofthedatawasconductedusingthePractice

ponentsofvariancefor

Elmendorftearstrengthexpresdasstandarddeviationswere

eewoven

fabrictypeswere:

(1)Material2—S/1016H,2/1basketplainweavesheeting,

withspunyarns,

(2)Material4—S/0008H,plainweavesheeting,withspun

yarns,

(3)Material5—S/2438,plainweave,oxford,spunyarns.

13.3ElmendorfTearingStrength,HeavyDutyEquipment,

InterlaboratoryTestData—Aninterlaboratorytestwasrunin

1994inwhichrandomly-drawnsamplesofthreefabricswere

ratorsineachlaboratory

eachtestedeightspecimensofeachfabricusingTestMethod

theeightspecimensweretestedononeday

isof

thedatawasconductedusingPractice

D2904andPractice

ponentsofvarianceforElmendorftear

strengthexpresdasstandarddeviationswerecalculatedtobe

eewovenfabrictypeswere:

(1)Material1—S/179B,twillweave,withspunyarns,

(2)Material3—S/1008H,plainweavesheeting,withspun

yarns,

(3)Material9—Denin,twillweave,withspunyarns.

13.4Precision—Forthecomponentsofvariancereportedin

Table3,twoaveragesofobrvedvaluesshouldbeconsidered

significantlydifferentatthe95%probabilitylevelifthe

differenceequalsorexceedsthecriticaldifferenceslistedin

Table2for“Elmendorf”eresufficient

differencesrelatedtothefabrictypeandstructuretowarrant

listingthecomponentsofvarianceandthecriticaldifferences

uentlynomulti-fabriccomparisonswere

made.

NOTE7—Thetabulatedvaluesofthecriticaldifferencesshouldbe

consideredtobeageneralstatement,particularlywithrespecttobetween-

ameaningfulstatementcanbemadeabout

twospecificlaboratories,theamountofstatisticalbias,ifany,between

themmustbeestablished,witheachcomparisonbeingbadonrecent

dataobtainedonspecimenstakenfromalotoffabricofthetypebeing

evaluatedsoastobeasnearlyhomogeneousaspossibleandthen

randomlyassignedinequalnumberstoeachofthelaboratories.

13.5Bias—ThevalueofElmendorftearstrengthcanonly

bedefithislimitation,Test

MethodD1424hasnoknownbias.

ds

14.1Elmendorf;fabric;strength;tear

TABLE2ElmendorfTearStrength,g

CriticalDifferencesfortheConditionsNotedA

MachineTypeand

MaterialsB

Numberof

Obrvations

inEach

Average

Single-

Operator

Precision

Within-

Laboratory

Precision

Between-

Laboratory

Precision

StandardMachine

Plain,spunyarns,

MAT2

1556556632

2393393495

5249249391

1

Plain,spunyarns,

MAT4

1135146184

295111158

56083140

104372133

Plain,cont.fi,

MAT5

1538557765

2380407664

5240281595

1

HeavyDutyMachine

Twill,spunyarns,

MAT1

1405482497

2286387406

5181317340

1

Plain,spunyarns,

MAT3

26606601097

5418418970

1

Denintwill,spunyarns,

MAT9

23975191224

52514181390

1

AThecriticaldifferenceswerecalculatedusingt=1.960,whichisbadon

infinitedegreesoffreedom.

BSee13.2and13.3foradditionalmaterialdescription.

TABLE3ElmendorfTearStrength,g

MachineTypeand

MaterialsA

GrandAverage

ComponentsofVarianceExpresdas

StandardDeviationsB

Single-

Operator

Component

Within-

Laboratory

Component

Between

Laboratory

Component

StandardMachine

Plain,spunyarns,

MAT2

Plain,spunyarns,

MAT4

1246492140

Plain,cont.fi,

MAT5

3

HeavyDutyMachine

Twill,spunyarns,

MAT1

47071469444

Plain,spunyarns,

MAT3

51863370316

Denintwill,spunyarns,

MAT9

5264202120478

ASee13.2and13.3foradditionalmaterialdescription.

BThesquarerootsofthecomponentsofvariancearebeingreportedtoexpress

thevariabilityintheappropriateunitsofmeasureratherthanasthesquaresof

thounitsofmeasure.

D1424–09

5

ANNEXES

(MandatoryInformation)

MENTOFAPPARATUS:USETHEFOLLOWINGINFORMATIONASAPPLICABLE

A1.1InstrumentMounting—Placethetesteronasturdy,

levelbench(ortable).Ensurethatthereisnoperceptible

movementofthetesterbaorbenchduringtheswingofthe

ntoftheinstrumentduringtheswingingof

thependulumisasignificantsourceoferror.

A1.2InstrumentBalance—Leveltheinstrumentsuchthat,

withthectorfree,thelineonthectorindicatingthat

verticalfromthepointofsuspensionisbictedbytheedgeof

thisbyholdingdownthe

thependulumcomestorest,thepositioninglineatthecenterof

thependulumshouldbedirectlyabovetheedgeofthe

,ifnecessary,byturningtheleveling

thumbscrewattheleftendofthetesterba.

A1.3ClampAlignment—Raithependulumandposition

lycheckthealignmentof

lampsarenotinalignment,replacethe

pendulumstoporthependulumbearingandshaftasmbly,or

both,followingthemanufacturer’sinstructions.

A1.4ClampSpaceSetting,InterchangeablePendulums—

Setthejawspacingto2.560.25mm(0.160.01in.).Loon

bothclampsintheopenposition,gentlypullthependulumout

untilthejawspacergagewillfipushthe

penduluminuntilthejawspacergagehasjustenough

ejawspacer

inplace,tightentheshoulderheadscrewonthependulum

thejawspacergage.

A1.5KnifeSharpness—Checkthesharpnessoftheknife

byinrtingasparespecimenintheclampsandcuttingaslit

nifeisdull

itwillproduceaV-notchnearthetopofthecutandpushthe

eknifeisdeterminedtobedull,

sharpenitwitharoughstone,alternately,continuingspecimen

knifecuts,etheknife

bladeifnecessary.

A1.6KnifeAlignment—Checkthattheknifepositionis

nifecannotbe

positionedcentrally,replaceoneoranycombinationof:the

pendulumbearingandshaftasmbly,thecutterhandle,the

cutterhandlebearingpin,knifeblade.

A1.7SpecimenTearingDistance—Checkthespecimen

hegagein

thestationaryspecimenclampintheusualmannerfortesting

thegageispositionedwiththewidedimension

upwardsandtheprojectionextendingovertheedgeofthe

stationaryclampfarenoughsuchthattheknifecanbeadjusted

theknifepositionsuch

thatthehighestpointofthebladejusttouchesthebottomedge

etheknifewhen

itnolongercanbeadjustedtothegage,oroptionally.

A1.7.1Checkthetearingdistancebyusingthedietocuta

specimenfromcoordinatepapergraduatedinmillimetres.

Applyasmallamountofgraphite(fromanordinarylead

pencil)tothecuttingknifeortheedgeofthedieudfor

cuttingtheslitsothatwhenthecutismadesomeofthe

graphitetransferstothepaper;thisrvestocontrastthecut

fromtheuncutportionofthepaperandfacilitatesthemea-

ismeasurementeitherwithaprecisionsteel

rulegraduatedin0.2mm(0.01in.)orbetterand,under

magnification,oralternatively,byuofago-no-gogage

ssary,

adjusttheheightoftheknife.

A1.7.2Donotchangethespecimendimensionstoadjust

theteardistance.

A1.8MainBearingFriction—Clean,oilandadjustthe

equipped,ndholddown

thependulumisfreeswingingandthecalibrationcanbe

verified.

A1.9ScaleInspection—Whensoiled,orcalibrationcannot

beattained,cleanthewhiteareaatthebottomofthependulum

themirroreddivisionsofthe

theblack

nsingstriponthependulumiscleanoffibersandnot

ffibersanddustfromtheblackstripusing

ratchesareevident,touchup

withflatblackpaintenamel.

A1.10PendulumStopRelea—Checkthependulumor

thependulumstopreleaforanywear,suchasanotch,when

theheightofthependulum

othrelea

cannotbeobtainedbythisadjustmentthependulumorthe

pendulumstopheightischanged,verifyclampalignmentand

zeroposition.

A1.11ZeroPointerStop—Operatetheleveledinstrument

veraltimeswithnothingintheclamps,themovableclamp

isnotregistered,adjustthepointerstop

hangethelevelto

adjustthezero.

A1.12PointerFriction—Setthepointeratthezeroreading

onthescalebeforereleasingthector,andaftertherelea,

D1424–09

6

ensurethatthepointerisnotpushedmorethanthreescale

divisions(4mm)orlessthantwoscaledivisions(2.5mm)

ointerfrictiondoesnotliebetweentwo

andthreedivisions,removethepointer,wipethebearingclean,

andapplyatraceofclockoiltothegrooveofthebearing.

kzeroand

readjustthepointerstopifnecessary.

A1.13OilandGrea—Applyaverysmallamountof

notoiltheflatsurfacesofthebearingandsleeveasmbly.

Applyasmallamountofsiliconegreatotheairclamp

plungerrods.

CATIONOFPENDULUMFULLSCALEFORCERANGE

A2.1Insomecasverificationofthescalereadingofthe

testinstrumentcanbeaccomplishedbyweighingthependulum

weightsfollowingthemanufacturer’r

cas,theprocedureoutlinedin

A2.2hasbeenudinthe

industryforsometestapparatus.

A2.1.1Forothermethodsofverificationofthescale,refer

tothemanufacturer’sinstructions.

A2.2Uacalibratedmassforavalueof50%ofthe

pacityscalerequiresits

mple,at800gramsofthe1600

ibratedmassshallbeconstructedsuchthat

themasscanbeinrtedintheclampsinthesamemanneras

llythebulkofthecalibrated

massfacesdownward.

A2.2.1Positionthependuluminitscockedpositionagainst

itsstop,tthedigitalreadout,orpointer,tozero(0).

A2.2.2Depressthependulumstopdownwardtoitslimit

andholdituntilthependulumhascompleteditsforward

hependulumjustafterthethresholdofits

backwardswingandreturnittoitslockedstartingposition.

Thepointer,orwhenequipped,thedigitalreadoutshouldread

vent,donotchangetheleveloftheinstrumentto

adjustthezero.(See

AnnexA1,ifadjustmentisrequired.)

A2.2.2.1Forthepointersystem,thepointershouldnotbe

pushedlessthan2.5mmnormorethan4.0mmbeyondzero.

Ifzeroisnotregistered,thepointerstopshouldbeadjusted

untilthezeroreadingisobtained,otherwirviceasdirected

in

AnnexA1.

A2.2.3Withthependulumintheraidposition,openthe

clampofthependulum,slidethe50%checkweight,generally

withthebulkofthemassdownward,intopositionandfasten

itcurelyintheclamp.

A2.2.4Depressthependulumstopdownwardtoitslimit

andholdituntilthependulumhascompleteditsforward

hependulumjustafterthethresholdofits

pointer,orwhenequipped,thedigitalreadoutshouldread506

0.5%.(See

AnnexA1,ifadjustmentisrequired.)

A2.2.5Removethe50%calibrationmass,clotheclamp,

andwhenequipped,tthepointertozero(0).

A2.2.6Forpointersystem,ifzero(00.0)and50%readings

arenotobtained,cleanandoilbearingandsleeveasmblyas

directedinA1.12–A1.3.

A2.2.7Fordigitalreadoutsystems,ifzero(00.0)and50%

readingsarenotobtained,adjusttheopticalnsorasdirected

bythemanufactureruntilthetargetvaluesof00.0and50%are

obtained.

A2.2.8Ifzero(0.00)and50%readingscannotbeobtained,

conductmaintenancedescribedin

AnnexA1asappropriate

untilthedesignatedreadingsareobtainedandcalibrationis

verified.

D1424–09

7

LFULL-SCALERANGESFORELMENDORFTEARTESTERS

SeeTableA3.1.

ASTMInternationaltakesnopositionrespectingthevalidityofanypatentrightsasrtedinconnectionwithanyitemmentioned

fthisstandardareexpresslyadvidthatdeterminationofthevalidityofanysuchpatentrights,andtherisk

ofinfringementofsuchrights,areentirelytheirownresponsibility.

Thisstandardissubjecttorevisionatanytimebytheresponsibletechnicalcommitteeandmustbereviewedeveryfiveyearsand

ifnotrevid,mmentsareinvitedeitherforrevisionofthisstandardorforadditionalstandards

mmentswillreceivecarefulconsiderationatameetingofthe

responsibletechnicalcommittee,eelthatyourcommentshavenotreceivedafairhearingyoushould

makeyourviewsknowntotheASTMCommitteeonStandards,attheaddressshownbelow.

ThisstandardiscopyrightedbyASTMInternational,100BarrHarborDrive,POBoxC700,WestConshohocken,PA19428-2959,

dualreprints(singleormultiplecopies)ofthisstandardmaybeobtainedbycontactingASTMattheabove

addressorat610-832-9585(phone),610-832-9555(fax),orrvice@(e-mail);orthroughtheASTMwebsite

().

TABLEA3.1TypicalPendulumFullScaleForceRanges

NOTE1—Heavy-dutycapacityandhighcapacitytermsareudsyn-

onomouslyinthetextileindustry.

ElmendorfTear

Tester

Capacity,

gf

Capacity,

cN

UableTestRange,

gf(cN)

20to80%

Standardcapacity200...40to160

Standardcapacity400...80to320

Standardcapacity800...160to640

Standardcapacity1600...320to1280

Standardcapacity3200...640to2560

Standardcapacity6400...1280to5120

Standardcapacity...150(30to120)

Standardcapacity...350(70to280)

Standardcapacity...800(120to640)

20to60%

Heavy-dutycapacity6400...1280to5120

Heavy-dutycapacity12800...2560to10240

Heavy-dutycapacity25600...5120to20480

Heavy-dutycapacity...1800(360to1080)

Heavy-dutycapacity...4200(840to2520)

Heavy-dutycapacity...9600(1920to5760)

D1424–09

8