outcome

Outcome1

nsourcesofScotsLaw苏格兰法律的两大主要来源

A:StatutorySourcesoflaw成文法法源

ActsofParliament议会立法:lawspasdbytheUKandScottishparliamentknownasActs

DelegatedLegislation授权立法:lawspasdbybodiesauthorizedbyparliament

EuropeanUnionLaw欧盟法:pasdbytheEuropeanUnion

B:CommonLawSources非成文法法源:

JudicialPrecedent司法判例:themostinfluentialofthecommonlawsources,alsoknownas

StareDecisis(遵循先例）.

Custom习惯法:Acustomisapracticewhichhasbeenlongandconsistentlyrecognizedand

isnowrarelyasourceofnewlaw.

Equity衡平法:basicallymeansfairnessornaturaljustice(自然公正).

InstitutionalWritings法学著作:havelessauthoritythanlegislationorjudicialprecedent.

Institain

importanceliesinthefactthattheycontributedtotheorderlydevelopmentofScotslaw.

2.(a)Whatismeantbythedoctrineofjudicialprecedent?什么是司法先例原则？

JudicialPrecedentisthemostinfluentialofthecommonlawsources,alsoknownasStare

Decisis.

Ifalegaldispute(争论)oranyotherlegalsituationoccursandthereisnoprovisioninanyAct

ofParliamentoranypieceofdelegatedlegislationtocoverit,thenthejudgedealingwith

asituationtherefore,

eatingaprecedentandtheirdecisionwillbe

r,iflegislationispasdlater

whichiscontrarytothejudicialdecision,andthenthelegislationthatispasdlaterwill

rationofjudicialprecedentresultsinthecreationof‘calaw’(判例法).A

groupofcaxistwhichhaveestablishedaparticularpointoflaw.

(b)Giveanexampleofajudicialprecedent.

SimwasthebossofMontro’nt

turnoverprovidedbySmithbadonposssion，Smithcost£21600topurchathe

etimeafterSmithgottheproperty，SmithstatedthathebelievedthatSim

wasguiltyoffraudandliedabouttwicetheactualturnoveronthebasisoftheturnover

rnsout,it'strue.

SmithmayterminatethecontractbecauSim'smisreprentationresultedinamaterialerror

(relatedtothesubjectmatter).Hecanalsoapplyforjeopardizecompensationbecauthe

adecisiontocontinuethecontractandclaimedfor£10000.

Thecourtofjusticedeemedthatwaquitable.

3.(a)Whichisthesuperior(上级)legislativebody:theWestminsterParliamentorScottish

Parliament?

Thesuperiorlegislativebody:TheWestminsterParliament

(b)Explainyourchoiceofanswerinpart(a)above.

BytheActofUnionin1707,ScotlandandEnglandformedthekingdomofGreatBritain,since

thentheScottishparliamentisnotacomplete,inferior

bodyincomparisontotheWestminsterParliament,fromwhichtheScottishParliament

derives(起源)nsterParliamenthastherightto

islationoftheScottish

Parliamentisconsideredtobecondarylegislationnotprimarylegislation.

astatute(成文法)?

TheconsistsoflawsknownasstatutesorActsofParliamentpasdbyboththeHouof

Commons(下议院)andHouofLords(上议院)andthengiventheRoyalAsnt(王室同意).

Allstatutesaredividedintoctions,sub-ctions,paragraphsandsub-paragraphsforeasy

tutesstartas“bills”(法案)whichcanbeeitherPublicBillsorPrivateBills.

veActsofParliament列举五项议会法案

AbolitionofthepoliceandarchwarrantSalesAct2001(Scotland)

AbolitionoftheDogFouling(Scotland)Act2003

Animals(Scotland)Act1987

TheSuccession(Scotland)Act1964

TheDivorce(Scotland)Act1976

ethemaindifferencesbetweencivilandcriminallawinScotland?

Civillaw:

Civillawisconcernedwithnoncriminaldisputes(非刑事纠纷)andsituations,including

thefollowing:

·Thettlementoflegaldisputesbetweenindividualsandotherbodies.(ceca、

succession继承、issues)

·Thepaymentofcompensation(补偿费)fromonepartytoanotherforlossorinjury.

·Thettingofprocedurestogovernfinancialandothermatters.制定管理财务和其他事项

的程序(alprocedurestobefollowedwhenbuyingorllingahou)

Criminallaw:

Criminallawisprimarily(主要地)udbytheStateasameansofmaintaininglawandorder

bypunishingcertainindividualswhoindulgeinbehaviorwhichisregardedascriminaland

teusthecriminalonbehalfofthecommunityorsociety.

刑法主要被国家用来作为维护法律和秩序的手段，惩罚某些纵容犯罪和反社会行为的个人。

国家代表社会使用罪犯。

Themaindifferences:

ulated(约束的)relationships:

Civillaw:Relationshipsbetweensubjectsofequalfooting平等主体之间的关系

Criminallaw:Relationshipsbetweensubjectsofunequalfooting

den:

Civillaw:Compensationorotherobligations(职责)

Criminallaw:PunishmentbyState国家惩罚

edomofthesubjects:

Civillaw:Muchfreedombetweentheparties(当事人)

Criminallaw:Mandatory强制性

acrime?

Acrimeisbehaviorwhichisregardedassoreprehensible(应受谴责的)andwhich,

conquently(因此),threatensorundermines(破坏)albehavior

oughttobepunishedbytheStatebytheimposition(实施)ofaprisonntence(监禁刑罚)

andfineorothersanction(制裁)onthepersonwhoisconvicted(定罪)ofacrime.

Examples:assault(侵犯人身罪)、murder(谋杀)、fire-raising(纵火罪)、theftandfraud(盗窃和

欺诈)

ethreeexamplesofacivildispute.

·Familylawdisputessuchascustody(监护权)oradoptionofchildren

·Landdisputessuchastrespass(非法侵入),nuisance(非法妨害),non-naturaluofwater,

liability(责任)foranimals

·Windingup(停业清理)ofacorporatebody(limitedliabilitypartnership合伙企业)inan

insolvency(无力偿清债务)orbankruptcy(破产)situation.

9.(a)InaconflictbetweenScotsandEuropeanUnionLaw,whichoneofthetwolegal

systemsaretheScottishCourts(法院)boundtofollow?

InaconflictbetweenScotsandEuropeanUnionLaw,theScottishCourtswouldhavetoobey

theEuropeanUnion’slegalsystem.

(b)Explainyouranswer.

TheEuropeanUnionisanorganizationiftwenty-venmemberstates,whilethemembers

inthisorganizationmustabidebytherulesoftheEuropeanUnionLawsysteminorderto

eenamemberoftheEUsince1stJanuary1973asaresultof

passingoftheEuropeanCommunities(欧洲共同体)Act1972bytheWestminsterParliament.

Thislegislationrecognizes(承认)thesupremacy(最大权力)ofEuropeanlawoverdomestic

law(国内法).SoinaconflictbetweenScotsandEuropeanUnionLaw,theScottishCourts

wouldhavetoobeytheEuropeanUnion’slegalsystem.

10.(a)WhatarethefourmostimportantinstitutionsoftheEuropeanUnion?

TheCounciloftheEuropeanUnion欧盟理事会

EuropeanCommission欧盟委员会

EuropeanParliament欧洲议会

EuropeanCourtofJustice欧洲法院

(b)WhichoftheEuropeanUnioninstitutionshaslaw-makingpowers?

TheCounciloftheEuropeanUnionandEuropeanParliamenthaslaw-makingpowers.