meritocracy

ColonialPeriod:

anPuritanism

itcomesfromtheAmericanpuritans,whowerethefirstimmigrants

alsin,

predestination（预言）andsalvation（拯救）werethebasicideasof

,hard-working,piousness（虔诚,尽职），thrift

andsobriety（清醒）werepraid.

RomanticismPeriod:

icism:theliteraturetermwasfirstappliedtothewritersofthe

18thcenturyinEuropewhobrokeawayfromtheformalrulesofclassical

wasudinAmericanliteratureitreferredtothewriters

ofthemiddleofthe19thcenturywhostimulated（刺激）thentimental

oteofthemysteriousoflife,love,birth

anticwriterxpresdthemlvesfreelyandwithout

oteallkindsofmaterials,poetry,essays,plays,fictions,

history,worksoftravel,andbiography.

tradition(哥特传统):GothicnovelorGothicromanceisastory

ofterrorandsuspen,

anextendedn,manynovelsdonothaveamedievalizedtting,but

whichshareacomparablysinister,grotesque,orclaustrophobic

ributedtothenew

emotionalclimateofRomanticism.

endentalism(先验说,超越论):isaphilosophicandliterary

movementthatflourishedinNewEngland,particularatConcord,asa

reactionagainstRationalismandCalvinism(理性主义and喀尔文主

义).MainlyitstresdintuitiveunderstandingofGod,withoutthe

helpofthechurch,

reprentativewritersareEmersonandThoreau.

ofconsciousness（意识流）：Itisoneofthemodernliterary

estyleofwritingthatattemptstoimitatethenatural

flowofacharacter’sthoughts,feelings,reflections,memories,and

irstudin

ovelsbrokethrough

theboundsoftimeandspace,anddepictedvividlyandskillfullythe

unconsciousactivityofthemindfastchangingandflowing

incessantly。

anRenaissance:AmericanRenaissancesometimesisgivento

aflourishingofdistinctivelyAmericanliteratureintheperiodbefore

naissanceisreprentedbytheworkofRalph

WaldoEmerson,u,NathanielHawthorne,Herman

Melville,orworksareHawthorne’sThe

ScarletLetter(《红字》),Melville’sMobyDick(《白鲸》),and

Whitman’sLeavesofGrass(《草叶集》).TheAmericanRenaissance

mayberegardedasadelayedmanifestationofRomanticism,

especiallyinEuropean’sphilosophyofTranscendentalism.

anEnlightenment美国启蒙运动：Enlightenmentisa

philosophicalmovementofthe18thcenturythatemphasizedtheuof

reasontoscrutinizepreviouslyaccepteddoctrinesandtraditionsand

rican

Enlightenmentisatermsometimemployedtodescribethe

intellectualcultureoftheBritishNorthAmericancoloniesandthe

he

leadingintellectualfiguresofthisperiodareThomasJeffersonand

JamesMadison.

r自由体诗歌:Freeverisaformofpoetrythatdoesnot

uconsistentmeterpatterns,rhyme,

thustendstofollowtherhythmofnaturalspeech.

RealismPeriod:

dedAge:itwascoinedbyMarkTwainandCharlesDudley

dedAge:

Americanhistory,theGildedAgereferstosubstantialgrowthin

populationintheUnitedStatesandextravagantdisplaysofwealthand

excessofAmerica’supper-classduringthepost-CivilWarand

post-Reconstructionera,inthelate19thcentury.

logicalRealism心里现实主义:PsychologicalRealismisa

genrewhichplacesmorethantheusualamountofemphasison

interiorcharacterization,andonthemotives,circumstancesand

psychologicalrealismisnotcontenttostatewhathappensbutgoeson

peofwritingcharacter

andcharacterizationaremorethanusuallyimportant,andtheyoften

delvedeeperintothemindofacharacterthannovelsofothergenres.

olorism:asatrendbecamedominantinAmericanliterature

inthe1860sandearly1870s，itisdefinedbyHamlinGarlandas

havingsuchqualityoftextureandbackgroundthatitcouldnothave

beenwritteninanyotherplaceorbyanyoneelthananativestories

oflocalcolorismhaveaqualityofcircumstantial(详细的)

authenticity(确实性),aslocalcoloriststriedtoimmortalize(使不朽)

thedistinctivenatural,aracteristic

ofvernacular(本国语)languageandsatirical(讽刺的)humor

anRealism:InAmericanliterature,theCivilWarbroughtthe

ofRealismcameintoexistence.

Itcameasareactionagainstthelieofromanticismandntimentalism.

Realismturnedfromanemphasisonthestrangetowardafaithful

renderingoftheordinary,

expresstheconcernforcommonplaceandthelow,anditoffersan

objectiveratherthananidealisticviewofhumannatureandhuman

experience

lism:Americannaturalismwasanewandharsherrealism.

Americannaturalismhadbeenshapedbythewar;bythesocial

upheavals（剧变）thatunderminedthecomfortingfaithofanearlier

a’sliterarynaturalistsdismisdthevalidityofcomforting

temptedtoachieveextremeobjectivityand

frankness,prentingcharactersoflowsocialandeconomicclass

gh

naturalistliteraturedescribedtheworldwithsometimesbrutalrealism,

itsometimesalsoaimedatbetteringtheworldthroughsocialreform.

ModernismPeriod:

m（意象派）:It’sapoeticmovementofEnglandandtheU.S.

ementinsistsonthecreationof

imagesinpoetryby“thedirecttreatmentofthething”andthe

dersofthismovementwereEzraPound

andAmyLowell.

ism(现代主义):Itwasacomplexanddiver(复杂多样的)

internationalmovementinallthecreativearts(创造性艺术),

ided（出现）the

adeupof

manyfacets(方面),suchassymbolism，surrealism(超现实主义),

cubism(立体主义),expressionism,futurism(未来主义),ect

tgeneration:itreferstoagroupofyoungintellectuals(知识

分子)whocamebackfromwar,wereinjured(受伤害)both

physically(身体上)andmentally(精神上).Theylivedbyindulging

(放任)themlvesintheBohemian(波西米亚)

Americandreamwasdisillusioned(破灭了).Thebestreprentative

ofthelostgenerationwasErnestHemingway.

zAge:itzgeraldcoinedtheterm“Jazz

Age”retrospectivelytorefertothedecadeafterWorldWarIand

beforethestockmarketcrashin1929,duringwhichAmericans

embarkeduponwhathecalled“thegaudiestspreeinhistory”.Jazz

Ageisinextricablyassociatedwiththewealthywhite“flappers”and

socialitesimmortalizedinFitzgerald’sfiction.

anDream:Americandreammeansthebeliefthateveryone

cansucceedaslongashe/llyimpliesa

llyframedintermsofAmerican

capitalism（资本主义）,itsassociatedpurportedmeritocracy,（知识

界精华）Rights.

lemRenaissance哈雷姆文艺复兴：Referstotheflowering

ofAfricanAmericanliterature,art,anddramaduringthe1920sand

centeredinHarlem,NewYork,themovement

ovelists,

poets,painters,andplaywrightsbegancreatingworksrootedintheir

owncultureinsteadofimitatingthestylesofEuropeansandwhite

Americans.

Criticism新批评主义:TheNewCriticismasaschoolof

poetryandcriticismestablisheditlfinthe1940sasanacademic

illverymuchinevidencetoday

asaninfluenceintheliteraryworldandincollegeclassroom

oolhaditsbeginninginthe1920s,tookover20

yearstowinacceptanceandsomedominanceinpoetrywritingand

criticisminthe1930sand1940s,andarourebellioninthe1950s

up,asa

schoolofformalistcriticism,theNewCriticismhasbeennotedforits

heisitsfocusontheanalysisofthetext

ratherpayingattentiontoexternalelementssuchasitssocial

background,itsauthor’sintentionandpoliticalattitudeanditsimpact

onsociety.

AnOverviewofAmericanLiterature

alperiod(early17th—late18th)

icperiod(firsthalfof19th)

m(after1865)

lism(lastdecadeofthe19th)