2023年1月1日发(作者:中美联合声明)
3.动词短语
以动词(verb)为中心词构成的短语叫动词短语(Verb phra)。
A.动词短语的构成
动词短语由动词及其补足成分,附加语等构成。
Talking mends no holes.
空谈无济于事。
It will be just lovely being with you after all this time.
久别后将与你重逢,那真是太好了。
上面例句中有下列动词短语:talking, mends no holes, will be just lovely,being with you after all this time.我们可以看到,动词短语可以仅由一个中心词构成(如:talking),也可带各种补足成分(如:no holes, just lovely, with you)和附加语(如after all this time)。
B.动词短语的分类
根据在句中的功用,动词短语可分为谓语动词短语,即有时态变化、在句中用作谓语的动词短语(如mends no holes,will be just lovely)和非谓语动词短语,即无时态变化,在句中用作谓语以外的其他成分的动词短语(如:talking,being with you after all this time)。
C.中心词(Head)
无论是谓语动词短语还是非谓语动词短语,除补足成分和附加语以外的动词部分,可以是简单形式(如:talking, mends, being),也可以是复合形式(如:will be)。简单形式由语义动词(lexical verb)单独充当,复合形式由助动词(auxiliaries)和主动词(语义动词)构成,语义动词就是动词短语的中心词。
语义动词占动词的绝大多数,有实在意义,表示行为和状态。根据其后有无补足成分及补足成分的类型,语义动词可分为连系动词,不及物动词和及物动词,其中,及物动词又可分为:单宾语及物动词,双宾语及物动词和复合宾语及物动词。许多语义动词仅可属于上述某一类,但不少语义动词可属多个类型(即可不接或接多种补足成分)。
根据构成,语义动词又可分为单字动词和多字动词。
D.补足成分
用作中心词的语义动词类型不同,动词短语中的补足成分也不同
The man is glad to be back. (补足语)
He had plenty of time to e the sights (宾语)
他有的是时间去游览。
I reminded her to invite them to stayt with us.
我提醒她邀请他们住在我们这里。 (复合宾语)
E.附加语(Adjunct)
修饰动词短语中心词的附加语是状语(adverbial)中的一种。
A freshly baked cake doesn’t cut easily.
刚烤好的蛋糕不容易切。
A man ated in front of me kept looking back from time to time.
一个坐在前面的人不时地回头看。
F.多字动词
英语动词,根据构成,可分为单字动词(single-word verbs),如go;和多字动词(multi-word verbs),如go for, go in, go in for,多字动词是由单字动词分别加上一定的小品词(particle),如介词、福词小品词凝为一体构成,词义多相当于
一个单字动词,如:go for=attack, go in=enter, go in for=enjoy.多字动词可分为三种:
1.介词动词(Prepostitional verbs)
由单字动词+介词小品词构成,皆为及物动词,多用于句型(SVO)。常见介词小品词如:“(1)against, among, as, beside, for, form, into, like等以及(2)about, above, across, after, along, around, by, down, in, off, on, out, over, past, round, through, under, up等。
The thieves broke into the shop.
小偷破门进入那个商店。
She is eking after a better life.
她在寻求更好的生活。
He come across this in a curio shop.
他在一个古玩店里偶尔发现了这个。
由以上例句可以看出,有些介词动词的意义接近字面意义,如break into, look after, look at, part with 等;有些介词动词的词义相当于字面意义的引申,如ek after, run after, go into, stand for 等;有的已完全成语化,根本不能从字面上推断出其意义来,如come across, run into, come by, clo with。注意,有些介词动词有多种词义。
2.成语动词
由单字动词+副词小品词构成,常见副词小品词如:(1)about, above, across, after, along, around, by, down, in, off, on, out, over, past, round, through, under, up 等以及(2)aback, ahead, apart, aside, astray, away, back, forwards, out, together等。
成语动词可以是及物的,用于(SVO);此时由单字动词+第(1)类副词小品词构成:
Someone turned on the light.有人打开灯。
I hope you won’t leave this material out.我希望你不会遗漏这些材料。
The heavy spring rains brought about the flood.春季的大雨引起了那场水灾。
也可以是不及物的,用于(SV);此时由单字动词+第(2)类(或第(1)类)副词小品词构成:
Drop in tonight after word, if you can.如有可能,今晚下班后请进来坐坐。
His debts have been piling up the years.这些年来他欠债越来越多。
The two girls have fallen out.两个姑娘吵嘴了。
从以上例句可以看出,有些成语动词的词义相当于字面意义(动词和副词小品词词义)的总和,如turn on, take out, drop in, go down; 有的则基本上相当于动词的词义,副词小品词起价强其词义的作用,如leave out, cut off, pile up, speed up 等;有些已完全成语化,不能从字面上推断出其词义来,如bring about, take in, fall out, give in等。注意,有些成语动词有多种词义。注意成语动词与介词动词用法上的区别:
成语动词
介词动词
call up(=summon)
call on(=visit)
宾语为名词时
She called the man up.
She called up the man.
She called the man on.
She called on the man.
宾语为代词时
She called him up.
She called up him.
She called up him, not me
She called him on.
She called on him.
由以上可见,介词动
词的宾语只能位于介词小品词之后;而成语动词的宾语可在副词小品词之前,也可在其后(当宾语为代词时,则通常不能如此,除非为了对比,强调)。这是成语动词与介词动词最主要的不同。
3.成语介词动词(Phrasal-preposional verbs)
由单字动词+副词小品词+介词构成。这类动词都是及物动词,用于(SVO),宾语只能在介词之后。
They did away with this barbarous custom.他们摈弃了这种野蛮风俗。
You shouldn’t look down (up)on(=despi) this kind of work.你不应该瞧不起这种工作。
She came in for (=receive)a lot of criticism.她遭到许多批评。
这类动词很多,如go through with(完成),catch up with,come down upon(惩罚),break in (up)on(打断),go in for(喜好),nd back for (要求),lead up to(引起),look forward to(期待)等等。
4。类似多字动词的成语结构
这种成语结构由单字动词+名词+介词构成,用于句型(SVOO),相当于多字动词。
You must not lo sight of this fact.你不要忽视这一事实。
He’s got a good hold of his subject.他完全掌握了这个科目。
He always ts a high value on practice.他总是非常重视实践。
We made every allowance for difficulties.我们充分估计到各种困难。
这类成语结构中的名词前,可加good, high, great, small等,以及every, no, some, any, much, little等修饰语。其中动词与名词之间的关系,有的紧密不可拆开,如lo sight of, get hold of, give effect to(生效), find fault with;有的关系松弛,可以拆开,如t value on,make allowance for, rai objection to(反对), make mention of(提及);还有许多介乎上述两种情况之间。