material可数

1

2Nouns（名词）

Introduction

Twostudentsaretalkingintheclassroom..

Maggie:WhatdidyoueinMeiPoMarshes?

Sam:awsomefrogsintheeater.

Maggie:Whatotheranimalscanyoueinmarches?

Sam:meswealsoebatsandsnakes.

Maggie:Itmustbefun!

Sam:Yes,butIgottooclotothepondandmyfeetgotstuckinthemud.

Myshoesbecamesodirtythatmymumwasveryupt.

GrammarPoint

A．名词一般可分为两类：普通名词commonnouns和专有名词propernouns。有学者再根据事物的物质列

出以下三种：物质名词materialnouns、集合名词collectivenouns和抽象名词abstractnouns。

1．普通名词commonnouns

平常使用的名词，例如：‘hen,duck,pen,desk,student’等。

sswimminginthepond.

Macyboughtsomebreadyesterday.

2．专有名词propernouns

人、地、物的专用名词。例如：‘John,Mary,China,England,Disneyland’等。

itedBeijinglastyear.

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Macyboughtsomebreadyesterday.

3．物质名词materialnouns

构成事物的材料和物质。例如：‘gold,silver,water,air,paper,meat’等。

anbodyistwo-thirdswater.

Theairisveryfreshinthecountryside.

4．集合名词collectivenouns

一群人、地、物的总称。例如：‘team,army,family,fleet,swarm’等。

ofsheepiatinggrass.

Myschool’sfootballteamwonthegame.

5．抽象名词abstractnouns

感觉到，但看不到、听不到或触摸不到的事物。例如：‘love,honesty,joy,fear,

beauty,charity’等。

opsshowedtheirgreatcourageinbattle.

Ibelievelovecanheal.

B．名词又可分为可数名词countablenouns和不可数名词uncountablenouns。

1．可数名词countablenouns

可以数算数目的物件。例如：‘boy,book,tree,flower’等。

2．不可数名词uncountablenouns

不可以数算或是难以数算数目的物件。例如：‘water,air,sand,rice’等。通常物质名词materialnoun和抽

象名词abstractnoun都是不可数名词。

若要数算这类名词，需要用一些可数的数量名词quantifiers(measurewords)。

例如：‘apieceof,acupof,abowlof,abarof’等。

givemeaglassofwater.

(×Pleagivemeawater.)

Theyeataloafofbreadeverymorning.

(×Theycatabreadeverymorning.)

Sheatetwobarsofchocolate.

(×Sheatetwochocolate.)

注意：有些字词在中文写作中是可数的，但在英文却会视为不可数名词。例如：‘furniture,luggage,information,

advice’。

furnitureinhisroomisold.

(×Allthefurnituresinhisroomareold.)

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C．可数名词在表达数目时，可分为单数singular（一个）和复数plural（两个或以上）。

1．复数名词pluralnouns通常是在单数名词singularnouns的结尾加上‘s’而成。

arPlural

penpens

bookbooks

2．若单数名词的结尾是‘s’，‘x’，‘ch’，‘sh’，则复数名词会是加‘es’。

arPluralSingularPlural

classclasswatchwatches

foxfoxesbushbushes

3．若单数名词的结尾是‘y’，则复数名词会把‘y’改成‘ies’。

arPlural

babybabies

citycities

4．若‘y’的前面是一个元单（声音：a,e,i,o,u），则复数名词只需加上‘s’。

arPlural

boyboys

donkeydonkeys

5．若单数名词的结尾是‘f’或‘fe’，则复数名词会把‘f’或‘fe’改成‘ves’。

arPlural

knifeknives

leafleaves

Exceptions:beliefs,chiefs,cliffs,dwarfs,gulfs,handkerchiefs,proofs,roofs,safes

6．若单数名词的结尾是‘o’，则复数名词会加上‘es’。

arPlural

cargocargoes

potatopotatoes

Exceptions:bamboos,photos,pianos,radios,solos,studios,zeros,zoos

7．一些名词的复数并不是加上‘s’的。

arPluralSingularPlural

manmenmoumice

footfeetoxoxen

toothteethchildchildren

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8．一些名词的复数和单数相同的。

arPlural

deerdeer

sheepsheep

fishfish

9．一些复合名词compoundnouns的复数是在字词的重要部分加上‘s’的。

arPluralSingularPlural

pasr-bypasrs-byboy-scoutboy-scouts

looker-onlookers-onmaid-rvantmaid-rvants

step-sonstep-sonssister-in-lawsinsters-in-law

10．一些名词经常是复数的。

rs,shorts,pants,scissors,glass,clothes,belongings,riches

11．一些结尾是‘s’，但却是单数的名词。

,measles

12．一些结尾没有‘s’，但却是复数的名词。

,cattle

有些英文名词是来自拉丁文或希腊文，这些名词多以‘-a,-on,-us,-um’等结尾，复数也保持

了原有的拼写方法：

arPluralSingularPlural

larvalarvaedatumdata★

criterioncriteriamediummedia

bacillusbacillibacteriumbacteria

★今天‘datum’一字已渐渐少用，‘data’则可通用作单数或复数名词。

今天，部分这类名词可使用原有拼写法或英文拼写法：

arPlural

focusfoci/focus

formulaformulae/formulas

spectrumspectra/spectrums

另一部分则已失去了原来的拼写法，只使用英文拼写法：

arPlural

arenaarenas

circuscircus

electronelectrons

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CommonErrors

×√

nHongKong.

givemeaglassofwater.

allhisluggageattheairport.

rsapairofglass.

Whathashappenedtotheircattles?Whathashappenedtotheircattle?

ourclothes.

salotofslang.

I’veboughttwofishesatthemarket.I’veboughttwofishatthemarket.

twopianosinourchurch.

Exerci

【Level1】

Exerci2.1

Circlethenounsinthefollowingntences.

1．Ittookmyunclethreedaystofinishthenovel.

2．MybosswenttoScotlandforabusinesstrip.

3．Thereisnofreedomwithoutlaw.

4．Thischurchistheoldestbuildinginthetown.

5．IsyourEnglishgoodenoughtohaveaconversation?

6．JohnhasbeentoeverycountryinEurope.

7．ManyinternationalcompanieshavebranchesinHongKong.

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Exerci2.2

MatpressioninListAcan

beudONCEonly.

ListAListB

1．abagof()A．glass

2．apacketof()B．biscuits

3．apairof()C．milk

4．acartonof()D．water

5．atof()E．chocolate

6．adropof()F．coal

7．abarof()G．bread

8．apotof()H．tenniskit

9．aloafof()I．jam

Exerci2.3

Givethepluralnumberofthefollowingnouns.

SingularPluralSingularPlural

1．driver2．watch

3．safe4．strawberry

5．guitar6．son-in-law

7．leaf8．country

9．tape10．deer

11．tax12．fireman

13．radio14．goo

15．child16．medium

17．toy18．volcano

19．inch20．criterion

21．focus22．bacterium

23．arena24．datum

Exerci2.4

allthenamesofthecountriesandunderlinethecities.

ChinaKulaLumpaMexico

HongKongSingaporeOntario

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BrazilBeijingParis

MoscowCanadaFrance

ItalySpainBerlin

IsraelAthensTokyo

MacauGermanyJapan

Exerci2.5

asurewordcanbe

udONCEonly.

1．Ihavetwoofriceeverymeal.

2．Pleabuymeaofflour.

3．Whichoffoodyouliketoorder?

4．I’vejustboughtanewoffurniture.

5．Heissleepingonaofhay.

6．Ineedaofpapertodropdownafewnotes.

7．Eachkidinthepartycangettwoofsoda.

8．OldMcDonaldownaofsheep.

Exerci2.6

Choothebestanswerforeachofthefollowingntences.

1．avebeentomanyforeign.

A．countryB．countriesC．country’sD．countrys

2．tinthecinemayesterday.

A．handkerchiefsB．handkerchievsC．handkerchievesD．handkerchief

3．,itbecomesoneofthemajorinChina.

A．cityB．city’sC．citiesD．citys

4．.

A．arebelongsB．belongC．belongingD．belongs

5．Mysisterworksasaclerkinalawyer’sinCentral.

A．officeB．office’sC．officesD．doffices

stockpiecebowlflock

canbagsuitekind

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【Level2】

Exerci2.7

theincorrectwordsandwritethecorrectwordsontheblanks.

Exerci2.8

dsisnotneeded,crossitoutwitha“×”.Ifa

wordismissing,uacaret(^)dis

incorrect,underlineitandthenwritethecorrectwordaboveit.

Dad:Honey,whatwillwehaveforthedinnertonight?

Mum:Wewillhavebeefsteak,lobsters,vegetablesandfishes.

Dad:Great,outsoups?Willwehaveanysoupfortonight?Thechildswouldlovetohave

soup.

Mum:Iammakingaox-tailsoupwithsometomatosandpotatos.

Dad:Soundsterrific!anythingstodrink?

Mum:Wehavesomeicedwater,uldyoulike?

Dad:Pleagivemeawater.’

Exerci2.9

Chooasuitableuncou

rewriteallthentences.

1．ysgivesmefalreports.

Myfamilyhasfivemember.

WelivetogetherintheNewTerritory.

Myparentareverynice.

Mydadisataxisdriverandmymumisahouwife.

Ihaveatwinsistersandalittlebrother.

MysisterandIamcondarystudent.

Mylittlebrotherisonlyafewmonthold.

Heisverycuteandhehasn’tgotanyteethyet.

1．

2．

3．

4．

5．

6．

7．

8．

advicetroubleaccommodationnewswork

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2．HaveyoufinishedallthetasksIgaveyou?

3．Ineedsomesuggestionsaboutwhattodotoday.

4．Shehasfoundawaytosolveallherproblems.

5．Duringthehighason,thehotelroomsareoftenscarce.

Application

yourclassmatesgotosupermarkettobuysomethingsforthepicnic.

Makealistofwhatyoubuy.

1．tencansofcokes2．

3．4．

5．6．

7．8．

9．10．