hyaline

名词解释：

基本组织概论：

ogy组织学：isasciencewhichstudythemicrostructureandthe

relationshipbetweenthestructureandfunctionofhumanbeing.

logy胚胎学：isakindofsciencewhichstudytheprocessandtheregulationsofthe

developmentofhumanfetus.

hemistry&&Cytochemistry组织化学和细胞化学：tocombinehistologicaland

cytologicalmethodswithchemicalandbiochemicalmethodsandrevealthe

chemicalcompositionoftissueandcellinsitu.

istochemistry免疫组织化学:Toulabelledantibodiesasspecificreagentsfor

localisingtissueandcellconstituents(antigens)insitu

Epithelialtissue上皮组织：

elium间皮:inetheinner

surfaceofbodycavitiessuchasthoracic,pericardiacandabdominalcavities.

elium内皮:inetheinnersurfaceofcardiovascularand

lymphaticsystem.

cell杯状细胞:scattered,creting，granules-mucinogen，granules-mucus

分散的，隐秘的，小颗粒黏蛋白原，胶

tionalepi移行上皮.:flexible-includingthenumberoflayersandshapeof

cells

illi微绒毛:delicatefinger-likedprojectionsofcell-membraneandcytoplasmprotruding

fromthefreesurface

at糖衣:athicklayerofextracellularglycoprotein

纤毛:elongated,mobileprojectionsofcellmembraneandcytoplasm

protrudingfromfreesurface

onalcomplex连接复合体:fourtypesofjunctionalstructures(atleasttwotypes)get

together.

ntmembrane基膜:asheetofmembrane-likedamorphousmaterialinterpod

ndunderlyingCT（connectivetissue）.Consistsofbasallaminaandreticular

lamina

membraneinfolding质膜内褶：theinfoldingofcell-membranewithmany

larepi.腺上皮:epiarespecializedforcretion

腺:organscompodmainlyofglandularepi.

exocrineglandn外分泌腺:dischargethecretionthroughaductsystem

endocrinegland内分泌腺:releathecretiondirectlyintobloodsteam

Connectivetissue结缔组织：

yte纤维细胞:stillstateorinactivefibroblast

substance基质：amorphouscolloidalsubstance，consistsofproteoglycan,

glycoproteinandtissuefluid

atT：singlefatcelldistributioninsubcutaneoustissue,menterium

atT:fatcellcontainmanysmalllipiddroplets,richinlargemitochondria

bution:neonate

MuscularTissue肌肉组织

yosin原肌球蛋白:filamentousproteinoftwopolypeptidechains

ertubule横小管：sarcolemmaandbamentmembraneinvaginateintosarcoplasm

toformatransverdistributedtubularsystem

lasmicreticulum肌质网：Alongitudinaldistributedtubularsystemformedby

smoothendoplasmic

Nervoustissue神经组织

ody尼氏体:LM:basophilicspot-likedorgranule-likedstructureno

ibril神经元纤维:silverimpregnationmethods(silver

preparation)

e突触：thejunctionsbetweenneuronsorneuronandnon-nervecells

ncell施万细胞:enveloptheaxonendtoendtoformmyelin-sheathinPNS

itecell：onelayerofflattenedorcuboidalcell,withround,ovoidanddarkN，

iberandNerve神经纤维和神经：astructureformedbyaxonandglialcellcan

conducttheimpultocertaindirection

CartilageandBone软骨和骨

longbone长骨：Longboneisanorgan,madeupofbonetissue,periosteumand

endosteum,bonemarrow

Membranepotentials生物电：

gmembranepotential静息电位：Apotentialdifferenceacrossthe

membranesofinactivecells,withtheinsideofthecellnegativerelativetotheoutside

ofthecell，rangingfrom–10to–100mV

potential（动作电位）：Someofthecells(excitablecells)arecapableto

rapidlyrevertheirrestingmembranepotentialfromnegativerestingvaluesto

ansientandrapidchangeinmembranepotentialis

calledanactionpotential.

oldPotential阈电位:levelofdepolarizationneededtotriggeranaction

potential(mostneuronshaveathresholdat-50mV)

Depolarization（去极化）:ActivationofNa+channel

Repolarization（复极化）:InactivationofNa+channelActivationofK+channel

orialConduction跳跃性传导:Actionpotentialsjumpfromonenodeto

the

nextastheypropagatealongamyelinatedaxon.

CellSignalTransductionandDias

信号转导与异常

ction：Udbymostcellsinanimaltissueswiththeexceptionofafew

terminallydifferentiatedcellssuchasskeletalmusclecellsandbloodcells，allowing

inorganicionsandothersmallwater-solublemoleculestopassdirectlyfromonecell

totheother,thuscouplingthecellsbothelectricallyandmetabolically.

2.G-proteins,coupledwithmembersoftheventransmembranedomainofthe

receptorsuperfamily,

controlawiderangeofbiologicalprocess.

Cellinjury

细胞损伤与适应

APTATION细胞适应：Aprocesswhichcellsadapttoenvironmental

stressbymodifyingtheirmetabolism,structureandfunction.

y萎缩：Shrinkageinthesizeofthecellinanormallyformedorganbythe

lossofcellsubstance.

rophy肥大:IncreainthesizeofcellsandIncreainthesizeoftissueor

organs

lasia增生：referetoanincreainthenumberofcellsinanorganortissue

andanincreaintissueororgansize

asia化生：Metaplasiaisareversiblechangeinwhichoneadultcelltypeis

replacedbyanotheradult

arswelling水肿：InfluxofH2Oandabnormalaccumulationwithin

cellwhenevercellsareincapableofmaintainingionicandfluidhomeostasis.

hange脂肪变：Fattychangereferstoanyabnormalaccumulationoffat

within

parenchymalcells.

echange玻璃样变：Appearanceofhomogenous,refractive,eosinophilic,

hyalinematerialinconnectivetissue,vascularwallandcellisknownashyaline

change.

dchange(amyloidosis)淀粉样变：Amyloidisanabnormalproteinaceous

substancewhichisdepositedbetweencellsinmanytissueandorgansinavarietyof

clinicalttings.

derin含铁血黄素：Hemosiderinisagolden-yellowtobrowniron

containingpigment

readilyvisiblewiththelightmicroscopeandshowspositivePrussianblue.

scin脂褐素：Lipofuscinisaninsolublepigmentalsoknownas“wear-and

tear”entstheindigestibleresiduesofautophagicvacuoles

formedduringagingoratrophy.

n黑色素：Melaninisanendogenous,non-hemoglobin-derived,brown-

blackpigmentformedwhentheenzymetyrosinacatalyzestheoxidationoftyrosine

todihydroxyphenylalanine(DOPA).Inhumans,melaninsynthesisisunderadrenal

ssufferfromahereditarylackoftyrosina.

ogicalcalcification病理性钙化：Thedepositionofcalciumincellsand

tissuesotherthanbone,cartilageandteeth.

phiccalcification营养不良性钙化:Depositionofcalciumindeadordying

tissuedespitenormalrumcalciumlevelandnormalcalciummetabolism

aticcalcification转移性钙化:Metastaticcalcificationisalwaysin

associationwithderangedcalciummetabolism,leadingtohypercalcemia

(hyperparathyroidism,ication).

is坏死：Necrosismaybedefinedasthemorphologyofcelldeathinlivingbody.

ativenecrosis凝固性坏死：Coagulativenecrosisimpliesprervationofthebasic

outlineofthecoagulatedcellforsomedayswiththedisappearanceoffinestructures(cellular

details)withincell.

snecrosis干酪样坏死：Adistinctiveformofcoagulativenecrosis,mostoftenoccurs

m“caous”isderivedfromthegrossappearanceofthenecroticarea.i.e.

whiteandcheesy.

activenecrosis液化性坏死：Thedamagedcellsarelydbyautolysisorheterolysis

leavingamorphous,fluidormifluidmaterial.

ticfatnecrosis：Inacutepancreatitis,activatedpancreaticenzymesarereleadfrom

pancreasresultingindestructionoffattissue.

ticfatnecrosis:eadfatcauschronic

inflammationandforeignbodyreaction.

oidnecrosis纤维素样坏死：Accumulationofpinkstaininghomogenousmassof

fibrin,

immunoglobulins,andotherplasmaproteinswithinthevascularwall,connetivetissueisknown

asfibrinoidchange.

ne坏疽：Massivenecrosisofbodysurfaceororganswithapassagetothebodysurface

withputrefactionsuperaddedisknownasgangrene.

grene干性坏疽：Drygangreneoccursintheextremitiesduetoocclusionoflarge

roticareaiswelldermacatedblackandmummification.

angrene湿性坏疽：Blockageofvenousreturnandarterysupply→massivenecrosis

followedbyliquefactioncaudbybacterialenzyme→purplishblackcolorwithfouelsmelling.

grene气性坏疽：ntaminated

wound(massivenecrosis)+clostridiagroupbacterialinfection→gasproductionthroughtheaction

ofsaccharolyticandproteolyticenzymereleadfrombacteria.

sis（凋亡）：Apoptosisisadistincttypeofcelldeath(cellsuicide).Itusuallyinvolves

singlecells,oughttoberesponsiblefornumerousphysiologiceventsas

wellpathologicincludingtheprogrammeddestructionofcellsduringembryo-genesis.

cellscontinuetomultiplythroughoutthelifetoreplacethoshedordestroyedcells

duringphysiologicprocess,includingepidermis,alimentary,respiratoryandurinaryepithelium,

hemopoieticcells,cellsnormallyceamultiplicationbutretainmitotic

ell,kidneytubularcells,entcellsloss

mitoticability,comprineuronsandskeletalandcardiacmusclecells.

ration（再生）:Themigrationandproliferationofspecializedcellsre-

e

processmayactalone,butusuallyfoundincombination.

（修复）:themigrationandproliferationofconnectivetissuecellsleadingtoscar

formation.

zation（机化）isthereplacementofdeadtissueorinertmaterialbygranulationtissue

—enininfarct,hematoma,thrombi,andfibrinouxudates.

ationtissueisformedbyproliferative(novel)fibroblastsandcapillaries.

g（愈合）isthereplacementofdeadtissuebyviabletissue.

gbyfirstintention（一期愈合）whichoccursinacleanwoundwithaminimum

spacebetweenthemargins——incidwound.

gbycondintention（二期愈合）whichoccursinopenorexcidwound.

mia（充血）referstoalocalincreadvolumeofbloodcaudbydilatationofthe

smallvesls.

alhyperemia(activehyperemia)动脉充血Itresultsfromanaugmentedarterialinflow,

suchasoccursinthemusclesduringexerci,atsitesofinflammation,andinthepleasing

neurovasculardilatationtermedblushing.

hyperemia(静脉充血)：Itresultsfromdiminishedvenousflowsuchasfollowscardiac

failureorobstructivevenousdia.

hage(出血)：referstoextravasationofbloodcaudbyruptureofbloodvesl.

ma（血肿）:Accumulationoflargeamountofbloodwithinthetissueofthebody.

orax（胸腔积血）,hemopericardium，hemoperitoneum（腹腔积血）,hemarthrosis:

bloodaccumulationinbodycavitiesasthoraciccavity,pericardialcavity,Peritonealcavityand

arthriticcavityrespectively.

hrombus(headofthrombus)白血栓：dry,friablegraymassTranction:darkergray

linesofplatelets(Zahn’sline)ettrabeculaeformation

mixedthrombus(body)（混合血栓）：Whitethrombusintermingledwithredthrombus

redthrombus(tail)红血栓：Darkredincolor,laminationsarenotwelldevelopedand

compodofRBCandfibrin

readthrombosisinthemicrocirculationisreferredtodisminatedintravascular

coagulation(DIC).弥漫性血管内凝血

sm(栓塞)referstoocclusionofsomepartofthecardiovascularsystembyanyforeign

nsportedmassiscalledambolus.

xicalembolism:Incaofcongenitalptumdefectoftheheart,venoumbolimay

enterfromtherightintotheleftheartchambers.

radeembolism:Embolioccasionallymaytravelagainstthedirectionofbloodflow.

tion（梗死）：Ischemicnecrosisoftissueororgancaudbyocclusionofeitheritsarterial

supplyoritsvenousdrainageisreferredtoinfarct,theprocessofinfarctformationiscalledas

infarction.

Whiteinfarct:Itresultofarterialocclusion,commonlyenincompact,solidorganswithless

collateralcirculation,suchasthekidneys,spleenandheart.

Redinfarct：Redinfarctofintestine:Limitedvenousoutflowduetovascularobstruction+by

passchannelscan’tdevelop.

mation（炎症）isacomplexreactiontoinjuriousagentssuchasmicrobesanddamaged,

usuallynecrotic,cellsthatconsistsofvascularrespons,migrationandactivationofleukocytes,

andsystemicreactions.

49.炎症局部组织发生的变性和坏死称为变质。

50.炎症局部组织血管内的液体和细胞成分，通过血管壁进入组织间质、体腔、粘膜表面和

体表的过程叫渗出。Theescapeoffluid,proteins,andbloodcellsfromthevascularsysteminto

theinterstitialtissueorbodycavitiesisknownaxudation.

51.增生包括实质细胞和间质细胞的增生。

ate渗出液isaninflammatoryextravascularfluidthathasahighprotein

concentration,cellulardebris,iessignificantalteration

inthenormalpermeabilityofsmallbloodveslsintheareaofinjury.

Incontrast,atransudate漏出液isafluidwithlowproteincontent(mostofwhichisalbumin)

ntiallyanultrafiltrateofbloodplasmathat

resultsfromosmoticorhydrostaticimbalanceacrosstheveslwallwithoutanincreain

vascularpermeability.

水肿denotesanexcessoffluidintheinterstitialorrouscavities;itcanbeeitheran

exudateoratransudate.

脓,apurulentexudate,isaninflammatoryexudaterichinleukocytes(mostlyneutrophils),

thedebrisofdeadcellsand,inmanycas,microbes.

xtravasation,leukocytemigrateintissuestowardthesiteofinjurybyaprocesscalled

chemotaxis,趋化作用definedmostsimplyaslocomotionorientedalongachemicalgradient.白

细胞向着化学刺激物作定向移动

56.调理素opsonization：增强吞噬细胞吞噬功能的血清蛋白；主要是特异性抗体和补体。

57.菌血症bacteremia、毒血症toxemia、败血症pticemia、脓毒血症pyemia

菌血症：细菌由局部病灶入血，全身无中毒症状，但血液中可查到细菌。

毒血症：细菌毒性产物或毒素吸收入血。产生全身中毒症状，血培养阴性。

败血症：细菌由局部病灶入血，大量繁殖，产生毒素，引起全身中毒症状和病理变化。

浓毒败血症：细菌血中大量繁殖，中毒症状明显，多个脏器有脓肿形成。

58.假膜性炎（白喉、菌痢）发生在粘膜面的纤维蛋白性炎假膜：纤维蛋白性、中性粒细胞、

坏死粘膜上皮、病原微生物

59.绒毛心Fibrinouspericarditis发生在心外膜的纤维蛋白性炎

NTINFLAMMATION化脓性炎：大量中性粒细胞渗出为主伴组织坏死和脓液

形成。

化脓suppuration：中性粒细胞和坏死组织崩解，释放蛋白酶，使坏死组织溶解液化成液状物

的过程。

61.蜂窝织炎phlegmonousinflammation弥漫性化脓性炎，主要由溶血性链球菌引起，大量

中性粒细胞弥漫浸润，与正常组织分界不清，坏死不明显，常见于疏松组织：皮下、肌肉、

阑尾。

62.溃疡ulcer皮肤粘膜的浅表脓肿，向表面破溃形成缺损。

窦道sinus深部脓肿向体表或体腔穿破，一端为盲端的排浓管道。

瘘管fistula有两个或两个以上的排浓管道。

空洞cavity内脏器官脓肿的脓液经自然管道排出，形成空腔。

cinflammation慢性炎症isconsideredtobeinflammationofprolongedduration

(weeksormonths)inwhichactiveinflammation,tissuedestruction,andattemptsatrepairare

proceedingsimultaneously.慢性炎症是指在致炎因子长期作用下，病程较长，以淋巴细胞、

巨噬细胞、血管及结缔组织增生为主的炎症。

64.肉芽肿性炎granulomatousinflammation巨噬细胞增生，聚结成境界清楚的结节状病灶。

肉芽肿granuloma异物肉芽肿、感染性肉芽肿：结核、麻风、伤寒、风湿病、血吸虫；

往往具有诊断意义。

Granulomatousinflammationisadistinctivepatternofchronicinflammatoryreaction

characterizedbyfocalaccumulationsofactivatedmacrophages,whichoftendevelopan

epithelial-like(epithelioid)appearance.

Agranulomaisafocusofchronicinflammationconsistingofamicroscopicaggregationof

macrophagesthataretransformedintoepithelium-likecellssurroundedbyacollarof

mononuclearleukocytes,principallylymphocytesandoccasionallyplasmacells.

肿瘤NEOPLASM

1.肿瘤是机体在各种致瘤因素作用下，局部组织的细胞在基因水平上失去对其生长的正常调

控，导致克隆性异常增生而形成的新生物。这种新生物常形成局部肿块。Aneoplasmisan

abnormalmassoftissue,thegrowthofwhichexceedsandisuncoordinatedwiththatofthe

normaltissuesandpersistsinthesameexcessivemanneraftercessationofthestimuliwhich

evokedthechange.

entiationreferstotheextenttowhichneoplasticcellsremblecomparablenormalcells,

bothmorphologicallyandfunctionally;lackofdifferentiationiscalledanaplasia

3.间变anaplasia指恶性肿瘤细胞缺乏分化，异型性明显。

分化

幼稚成熟

间变

4.演进progression：恶性肿瘤在生长过程中越来越富有侵袭性.

5.异质化heterogeneity：由一个克隆来源的肿瘤细胞在生长过程中形成在侵袭能力、生长速

度、对激素反应、对抗癌药的敏感性等方面有所不同的亚克隆的过程。

6.直接蔓延：瘤细胞沿着组织间隙、淋巴管、血管或神经束衣浸润，破坏邻近正常器官或组

织，并继续生长。

7.转移metastasis：瘤细胞从原发部位侵入淋巴管、血管或体腔，迁移到他处继续生长，形

成与原发瘤同样类型的肿瘤。

8.副肿瘤综合征paraneoplasticsyndrome：由于肿瘤产物（包括异位激素产生）或异位免疫反

应或其他不明原因，引起内分泌、神经、消化、造血、骨关节、肾脏及皮肤等系统发生病变，

出现相应临床表现，非原发肿瘤或转移灶直接引起。

omainsitu,CIS粘膜鳞状上皮层或皮肤表皮层内的重度不典型增生几乎累及或累及

上皮的全层（上皮内瘤变3级）

药物

1.我国将不良反应定义为上市药品在正常用法用量情况下出现的与用药目的无关的有害反

应。以区别于药物过量（overdo），在本课程中将两者合称为“不良反应”。

fectundesirableeffectsofthatdrugforthattherapeuticindicationatusualdos,

usuallyarenon-deleterious.治疗剂量时出现的与治疗目的无关的药物作用。

ffectFunctionalormorphologicaldamagesproducedbylargerdosoflongertermsof

drugus.剂量过大或用药时间过长体内蓄积过多时发生的危害性反应。

4.严重的不良反应可以引起疾病，这种由药物不良反应引起的疾病称为药源性疾病，它主要

是不合理用药造成的。药源性疾病实际上是药物不良反应在一定条件下产生的后果，一般来

说，药源性疾病不包括因使用药物超过极量所引起的急性中毒。

ffect：Effectsafterdrugconcentrationinthebodyislowerthanthresholdlevel.

(停药后血药浓度已降至阈浓度之下时残存的药理效应)

icreaction(Hypernsitivity):Abnormalimmunologicalreactionsinducedbydrugs.

(接触药物后发生的异常免疫反应)

ncraticreactions:Ageneticallydeterminedabnormalreactivitytoachemical.

(少数特异质病人对某些药物特别敏感，反应性质也可能与常人不同)

aryreaction:Adverreactionsresultingfromprimarytherapeuticeffectsofdrugs.

(继发于药物治疗作用之后的不良反应)

awalsymptoms:Clinicalsyndromeappearedorwornedwhenthedrugisterminated.

(突然停药后原有疾病复发或加剧)

or:thecomponentofacellororganismthatinteractswithadrugandinitiatesthe

chainofbiochemicaleventsleadingtothedrug’sobrvedeffects.

（受体：细胞膜或细胞质的特异性蛋白质，具有识别、结合配体，并发生信号转导的作用）

:Chemicalsthatcanbindtoreceptors,includingendogenousorexogenousagonistsand

antagonists(配体：能与受体特异性结合的物质，分为激动剂和拮抗剂；根据来源分为内源

性和外源性两类)

itiveantagonists:thatcompetewithagonistforthesamebindingsiteonthereceptor.

Responcurvefortheagonistareshifttotherightwithoutdepressionofmaximalrespon.竞

争性拮抗药与激动药并用时，能与激动药相互竞争与受体的结合，降低激动药与受体的亲和

力，而不降低内在活性（量效曲线平行右移，最大效能不变）

-competitiveantagonists:thatcau(ornotcau)ashiftoftheresponcurvetotheright

withdepressionofmaximalrespon.非竞争性拮抗药与激动药并用时，可使亲和力及内在活

性均降低，一般可影响受体功能或与受体不可逆性结合。

2isthenegativelogarithmofthemolarantagonistconcentration,intheprenceofwhich

twicetheoriginalagonistconcentrationisneededfortheoriginaleffect.

pA2iqualtothenegativelogarithmofthegivenconcentrationoftheantagonistiflog([A’/A]-1)

equalszero.

pA2可定义为：当一定浓度竞争性拮抗药存在时，激动药浓度需要提高一倍才能达到原来的

效应，此时的竞争性拮抗药浓度的负对数值即为pA2。

pA2的含义：在实验系统中加入拮抗药后，若2倍浓度的激动药所产生的效应恰好等于未加

入拮抗药时激动药引起的效应，则所加入拮抗药的摩尔浓度的负对数称为pA2。

-paslimination（首过消除）WhenadrugisabsorbedacrosstheGItract,itentersthe

rugisrapidlymetabolizedbythe

liverorintestinalmucosa,theamountofunchangeddrugthatgainsaccesstothesystemic

circulationisdecread.

stributionistheprocessbywhichadrugreversiblyleavesthebloodstreamandenters

theinterstitium(extracellularfluid)and/orthecellsofthetissues.

drugs:ugmoleculesareboundtothe

proteinsandfreedrugconcentrationislow.

ClassIIdrugs:oteinscontainabounddrugand

freedrugconcentrationissignificant.

ClassI+ClassIIdrugs:DisplacementofClassIdrugoccurswhenaClassIIdrugisadministered

simultaneously.

tabolismistheprocesstransforminglipophilicdrugintomorehydrophilicmetabolites,

whichisntialfortheeliminationofthecompoundsfromthebodyandterminationoftheir

biologicalactivity.

ilabilityisthefractionofadministereddrug(oral)thatreachesthesystemiccirculation