stresd out

.

.总结

英语重难点语法

第一讲句子构成成分分析

句子构成

构成句子的成分共分为九种：主语，谓语，宾语，表语，定语，状语，补语，同位语和插入语。

一、主语：句子的核心主体，通常位于谓语动词之前，说明一个句子是谁或何种情况所发出执行或是承受

的。常做主语的有名词、代词、主语从句、V-ing、Todo五种。

1名词：

Successistheresultofgoodjudgment.

Lifelightsthecandleofhope.

2代词：

Weliveandlearn.

Idoubt,,thereforeIam.

3主语从句：

Howapersonmastershisfateismoreimportantthanwhathisfateis.

Whatisworthdoingisworthdoingwell.

4V-ing:

Losingcanbearealbeginning.

Believinginyourlfisthecretofsuccess.

5Todo:

Tolightthecandleofheartisbetterthantocurthedarknessoftheoutsidewold.

Toknowiswisdomandtodoisaskill.

二、谓语：描述或阐述主语的情况，由动词来充当，常位于主语之后。

1表状态用系动词：

Lifeisfullofupsanddowns.

Lifeishopeandhopeislife.

2表动作用及物或不及物动词：

Manyhandsmakelightwork.

.

.总结

IcameIsawIconquered.

3表拥有：人或物时用：havehas无生命的东西：therebe

Everydoghasitsday.

Inafullheart,thereisroomforeverything.

4情态动词＋动词原形：

Amanmaydie,nationsmayfall,butanidealiveson.

三、宾语：及物动词或介词所指向的对象。常做宾语的有名词、宾语从句、复合构造、V-ing、Todo五

种。

1名词：

Readingenrichesourmind.

Hastemakeswaste.

2宾语从句：

Goalsdeterminewhatyouaregoingtobe.

Temptationdiscoverswhatweare.

3复合构造：

Ifyoulackconfidenceyouwillfindithardtowin.

4V-ing:

Youareneveraloruntilyouquittrying.

Readingislikeopeningawindowtotheoutsideworld.

5Todo:

Winnerxpecttowininadvance.

Oneshouldlearntoforgive.

四、表语：接在系动词后，补充说明主语的情况又称为主语补足语。常做表语的有名词、形容词、V-ing、

Todo、从句五种。

1名词：

Lifeisnotabedofros.

Todayisouronlysureposssion.

2形容词：

.

.总结

Timeisfleetingandartislong.

Changeisconstant.

3V-ing:

Courageisdoingwhatothersthinkyoucan’tdo.

Lifeispaintingapicture,notdoingasum.

4Todo:

Tochangeattitudeistochangelife.

Theproperfunctionofmanistolive,nottoexist.

5从句：

Therealmeasureofsuccessishowhappyweare.

Loveiswhatlinkstwosouls.

五、定语：修饰名词或类似于名词的词。一般翻译为“……..的〞，表示事物性质或状态，分为前置或后置。

常做定语的有形容词、名词、V-ing、Todo、从句五种。

1形容词：

Awarmsmileistheuniversallanguage.

Eachmomentinhistoryisafleetingtime.

2名词：

Adversityteachesoneagreatdealaboutsurvivalskills.

Lifeeducationisthebasisforsuccessintheknowledgesociety.

名词做定语〔名词修饰名词重要原那么：第一个名词一般用单数以下为常用名词修饰名词词组〕

1Informationtechnology

2Informationcenter

3Creditcard

4Generationgap

5Beautycontest

6municationskills

7Informationage

8Knowledgeeconomy

9Peacetalks

.

.总结

10Serviceindustry

11Waterscarcity

12Survivalskills

13Pressconference

14Safetystandard

15Lifeinsurance

16Weatherforecast

17Receptiondesk

18Coffeebreak

19Bodyguard

20Heartattack

21Departmentstore

22Stockmarket

23Officebuilding

24Sciencefiction

3V-ing:

Failureisalearningexperience.

Thestartingpointofallachievementsisdesire.

4Todo:

Thereisnotimetolo.

One’sgreatestpoweristhepowertochoo.

5定语从句：

Thatisagoodbookwhichisopenedwithexpectationandclodwithprofit.

Successisaprocessthatneverends.

六、状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整句的词或句。按照功能分十一种：时间、地点、原因、目的、结

果、方式、条件、让步、比拟、伴随、评注。常做状语的有副词、状语从句、状语从句省略构造、To

do、V-ing、V-ed六种。

1副词：

Stillwaterrunsdeep.

.

.总结

Oneshouldhaveclearlydefinedgoals.

Excellencyisdoingordinarythingxtraordinarilywell.

Clearly,one’sfateisinhis/herownhands.

2状语从句：

Whenanopportunityisneglected,itneveresbacktoyou.

Nothingisordinaryifoneknowshowtouit.

3状语从句省略构造：

Ifpossible,goafteryourdreamforever!

4Todo：

Toassociatewithfriends,oneshouldbehonestandopen.

Toleaphigher,onecandrawback.

5V-ing：

Lackingaclearworldoutlook,lifebeesakindofburden.

Badbooksarepoison,doingharmtoone’sheartandsoul.

6V-ed：

Unitedwestand;dividedwefall.

Welldone,thesmallesttaskbeesamiracleofachievement.

七、补语：主语补足语〔补充说明主语的情况，又称表语〕、宾语补足语〔补充说明宾语的情况〕常做宾

语补足语的有形容词和Todo两种。

1形容词：

Historiesmakemenwi.

Lovemakestheworldmorecolorfulforall.

2Todo:

Difficultiestrainonetobegreat.

Motiveurgesonetomakeprogress.

八、同位语：句子中的两种成份表达同一种概念，即A=B称之为同位语。常做同位语的有名词和从句两种。

1名词：

Weshouldmakefulluoftoday,thehopeoftomorrow.

.

.总结

Nevergiveupyourdream,thesourceofhappiness.

2从句：

Failureisasignthatoneshouldexploreotheropportunities.

Thefactthatyouhavetriedyourbestisinitlfabigvictory.

九、插入语

插入语是说话者对所表达意思的补充、强调、解释或者说话的态度，其位置灵活，常常用逗号或破折号与

其它成分隔开，并且在语法上不影响其他成分。

1Indeed确实，

2Surely无疑，

3However然而，

4Obviously显然，

5Frankly坦率地说，

6Naturally自然，

7Luckily(或happily)forsomebody算某人幸运，

8Fortunately/Luckily幸好，

9Roughly大体上来说，

10Briefly简单地说,

11Strangetosay说也奇怪，

12Needlesstosay不用说，

13Mostimportantofall最为重要是，

14Worstill更糟糕的是，

15Inafewwords(或insum，inshort)简而言之，

16Inotherwords换句话说，

17Inan在某种意义上，

18Ingeneral一般说来，

19Inmyview在我看来，

20Inconclusion总之，

21Insummary概括地说，

22Tobetrue诚然，

.

.总结

23Inthefirstplace首先，

24Inaddition此外，

25Ofcour当然，

26Tomyknowledge据我所知，

27Forinstance(或example)例如，

28Asamatteroffact事实上,

29Strictlyspeaking严格地说，

30Generallyspeaking一般地说，

31Judgingfrom根据…判断,

32Tobesure无疑，

33Tosumup概括地说，

34Totellthetruth老实说,

35Iamsure我可以肯定地说，

36Ibelieve我相信，

37Iwonder我不知道，

38Thatis也就是说，

39Items看来是，

40AsIeit照我看来，

41Whatisimportant(rious)重要(严重)的是，

42Inanutshell总之，

43Inthefinalanalysis归根结底，

44Atanyrate不管怎么说，

45Onthecontrary相反，

46Inthelongrun从长远来看，

47Bycontrast比照而言，

48Morallyspeaking从道德的层面上来说，

49Inparison相比之下，

50Intheory从理论上来说，

第二讲名词性从句讲解

.

.总结

A主语从句：

㈠主从可由以下这些引导词引导：thatwhetherwhoeverwhichwhatwhateverwherehowwhenwhyif

⑴That引导主从，在主从中不做成份。句型一That+完整句=名词可做主语

Thateveryonemayreceiveatleastamoderateeducationissignificant.

Thatweshouldactintherightspiritisnecessary.

⑵Whether引导主从，在主从中做状语。句型二Whether+完整句=名词可做主语

Whetheryoucansucceedinmakingyourdreametruedependsonhardworkmorethanluck.

Whetheritrainsorshinesmakesnodifferencetoproactivepeople.

⑶Whoever引导主从，在主从中做主语。句型三Whoever+不完整句=名词可做主语

Whoeverwantstoreachadistantgoalmusttakemanysmallsteps.

Whoeverdareswins.

⑷Which引导主从，在主从中做定语。句型四Which+不完整句=名词可做主语

Whichwayyouturnisuptoyou.

⑸What引导主从，在主从中做主语、宾语。句型五What+不完整句=名词可做主语

What’sdonecan’tbeundone.

Whatwedowillinglyiasy.

⑹Whatever引导主从，在主从中做主语、宾语。句型六Whatever+不完整句=名词可做主语

Whateverisatthecenterofourlifewillbethesourceofourwisdomandpower.

Whateveryouloveandtrustinthisworldlovesyouinreturn.

⑺Where引导主从，在主从中做状语。句型七Where+完整句=名词可做主语

Whereweenjoyloveishome.

⑻How引导主从，在主从中做状语。句型八How+完整句=名词可做主语

Howyouthinkandactwillinfluenceyourlife.

(9)when引导主从，在主从中做状语。句型九When+完整句=名词可做主语

Whenthesunisshiningisthebesttimetorepairtheroof

Whenyoucanmakeitdependsonyoureffort.

(10)why引导主从，在主从中做状语。句型十Why+完整句=名词可做主语

Whyhelpingothersbringsabouthappinessisbadonthefactthatthemorewegive,themorewehave.

㈡主语从句与形式主语it的关系

主从如果过长时，可用it替代，将原来的主从放在后面。

㈢考研英语写作中形式主从的使用

tenthecathat

actthat

sthat

idthat

portedthat

lievedthat

iversallyacceptedthat

nouncedthat

timatedthat

beadmittedthat

viousthat

bestresdoutthat

dely-acceptedthat

.

.总结

otbedeniedthat

eforeenthat

clearascrystalthat

withoutsayingthat

knowledgedthat

ll-knownthat

timatedthat

B宾语从句：

㈠以下这些引导词通常可引导宾从：thatwhetherifwhichhowwhatwhateverwhere

⑴That

Sometimesweneedtoremindourlvesthatthankfulnessisindeedavirtue.

⑵Whetherif

Attitudedetermineswhetherifpeoplearesuccessfulandabletoenjoylife.

⑶Which

Astrawshowswhichwaythewindblows.

⑷How

Ourmotivesshapehowweetheworld.

⑸What

Idon’tfearwhatisahead.

Thecretoflifeisnottodowhatyoulike,buttotrytolikewhatyoudo.

Ourthoughtsmakeuswhatweare.

⑹Whatever

IampreparedtolearnwhateverIneedtoknow.

Ifyouhaveaplan,youcandealwithwhateveresalong.

Iamwillingtopaywhateverpriceisrequiredtowin.

⑺Where

MypastexperiencesbroughtmetowhereIamtoday.

㈡宾语从句拓展句型

宾语从句是英语写作非常常用的一种从句。它一般在议论文中用来提出观点，在图表作文中用来定位。

Somepeoplethinkthat

Somepeoplebelievethat

Somepeopledobelievethat

Somepeopledostronglybelievethat

Somepeopleholdthat

Somepeoplepointoutthat

Somepeopleinsistthat

Somepeoplemaintainthat

Somepeoplearguethat

Somepeoplecontendthat

Somepeopledeemthat

Somepeopleareconvincedthat

Somepeoplearefullyconvincedthat

Somepeoplearefirmlyconvincedthat

Somepeopletakeitforgrantedthat

Weshouldadmitthat

.

.总结

Nobodycandenythat

Somepeopleagreethat

Somepeopleconcludethat

Somepeopleasrtthat

Thetableshowsthat

Thebarchartdisplaysthat

Thelinegraphillustratesthat

Thepiechartdescribesthat

Themapprentsthat

Thediagramrevealsthat

Thetwochartsindicatethat

C表语从句：

〔一〕以下这些引导词通常可以引导表从：thatwhetherwhatwherehowwhywhen

⑴That

Theonlycertaintyisthatnothingiscertain.

⑵Whether

Thetestofourprogressiswhetherwecanprovideenoughforthowhohavetoolittle.

⑶What

Purpoiswhatgiveslifemeaning.

Thefutureisn’twhatitudtobe.

SuccessiswhatI’mdyingfor.

⑷Where

Yourbigopportunitymayberightwhereyouare.

⑸How

Sharingishowweexpresslove.

⑹Why

That’swhywesayattitudeiverything.

⑺When

Thebiggestvictoryiswhenwerecognizethatweoughttocontrolourthoughts.

㈡表语从句拓展句型

表语从句是英语写作中非常常用的一种从句，可构成各种句型。

Thefirstthingtobementionedisthat

Anotherpointtobeconsideredisthat

Thelastthingtobeshownisthat

Thefirstadvantageof(doing)somethingisthat

Anotheradvantageof(doing)somethingisthat

Thethirdadvantageof(doing)somethingisthat

Thefirstdisadvantageof(doing)somethingisthat

Anotherdisadvantageof(doing)somethingisthat

Thethirddisadvantageof(doing)somethingisthat

Thefirstpossiblereasonisthat

Anothercauisthat

Thethirdelementisthat

Thefirstmeasuretobetakenisthat

Anothersolutionisthat

.

.总结

Thethirdstepisthat

Thatiswhy

Why…isthat…

Ahottopicdiscusdbypeopleiswhether

AistoBwhatCistoD

AistoBasCistoD

Myviewisthat…

D同位语从句：

同位语从句一般只由that来引导

Weshouldcareforeachotherintheknowledgethatwearemorealikethanwearedifferent.

Weholdthistruthtobelf-evidentthatallmenarecreatedequal.

第三讲定语从句讲解

在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句是定语从句。被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，定语从句必须放

在先行词的后面。定语从句一般由关系代词that,which,who,whom,who和关系副词when,where,why引

导。关系代词和关系副词有两个作用:1把主句与从句连接起来2在从句中担当一定的句子成分。关系代

词在从句中可做主语,宾语,表语,定语;关系副词在从句中只能做状语。

〔一〕定从引导词

⑴由关系代词引导的定语从句

①who先行词是人，在定从中可以做主语或宾语

Themanwhohasnoinnerlifeismirable.

②which先行词必须是物，在定从中可以做主语或宾语

Loveisthekeywhichopensthegateofhappiness.

③that先行词既可是人，又可是物，在定从中做主语或宾语

Toliveisanartthateveryonemustlearn.

④whom先行词是人，在定从中做宾语

Itisunwitomakefriendswiththowhomonedoesnotknowwell.

⑤who先行词既可是人，又可是物，在定从中做定语

Successisajourneywhoinitialstepisalwaystough.

⑵关系副词引导的定从，wherewhywhen这三个词在定从中做状语，后面加一个完整句。

illbemomentsinlifewhenoneisprentedwithnewoptions.

theplacewherehappinesslives.

essfulpeoplecanalwaysfindreasonswhytheyarenotdoingwell.

㈡定从分类：

Œ限制性定从：由一个定从直接加在先行词后，无逗号隔开，去掉后影响整句的意思。

Successisaprocessthatbeginsfromwithin.

Passionisanyemotionthatmovesyou.

•非限制性定从：与主句之间用逗号隔开，去掉后不影响整句的意思。

Theyouthneedtohaveambitionanddreams,whicharevital.

Theyouthneedtohaveambitionanddreams,whichisvital.

㈢介词提前放在引导词前共有如下三种情况：

①定从中的某介词的需要：

Experienceisaschoolwhichyouwillnevergraduatefrom.

.

.总结

Experienceisaschoolfromwhichyouwillnevergraduate.

Honestyisthefoundationwhichmanyotherqualitiesarebadon.

Honestyisthefoundationonwhichmanyotherqualitiesarebad.

②先行词决定：

Eachofushasapurpoforwhichwewerecreated.

③由句意决定：

Kindnessisthegoldenchainbywhichsocietyisboundtogether.

Lifeisaflowerofwhichloveisthehoney.

(四)只可用关系代词that的几种情况。

1.先行词为all，everything，nothing，something，anything，little，few，much等不定代词时。

Allthatglittersisnotgold.

2.先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。

Attitudeisthefirstqualitythatmarksthesuccessfulman.

3.先行词被theonly，thevery，thelast等修饰时。

Tofacefearistheonlymethodthatreallyworks.

(五)只可用which而不用that的几种情况

1.在非限定性定语从句中，只宜用which,不宜用that。

Onemaygowronginmanydifferentways,butrightonlyinone,whichiswhyitiasytofailanddifficultto

succeed.

2.关系代词前面有介词的时候。

Behaviorisamirrorinwhicheveryoneshowshisimage.

第四讲状语从句讲解

㈠时间状语从句

通常有以下连词引导:when,whenever,while,as,before,after,until,since,assoonas,themoment,theinstant,

theminute,thecond,everytime,eachtime。

ersonfeelncouraged,hecanfacetheimpossible.

imeyouhelpsomebodyel,youhelpyourlf.

㈡地点状语从句

通常由以下连词引导:where,wherever,nomatterwhere,everywhere,anywhere。

bertytoswingyourarmndswheremynobegins.

hereissmoke,thereisfire.

㈢条件状语从句

通常由以下连词引导:if,unless,suppo,supposing,provided,providing,onconditionthat,aslongas,inca,

once,assuming,solongas。

hinkssmall,hewillstaysmall.

amsareofnovalueunlesstheyarefollowedbyaction.

astheworldlasts,therewillbemistakes.

㈣原因状语从句

通常由以下连词引导:becau,as,since,nowthat,notthat…butthat,inthat,consideringthat。

arelonelybecautheybuildwallsinsteadofbridges.

asyoung,tIammature,Iadmirepeoplewithwisdom.

㈤结果状语从句

.

.总结

通常由以下连词引导:so…that…,such…that…,sothat。

oeamanlive,sothathiscountrywillbeproudofhim.

ssowonderfulthatitisacrimetowasteit

㈥目的状语从句

通常由以下连词引导:sothat,inorderthat,lest,inca,forfearthat。

ldgreeteachnewdaywithaplansothatthehighroaduponwhichwetravelcouldbemarkedwell.

fultothoontheirwayup,incayoushouldneedthemonyourwaydown.

㈦让步状语从句

通常由以下连词引导:although,though,as,evenif,eventhough,whatever,nomatter(how,what,where,when),

while,whether,whatever,whoever,whichever,whenever,wherever,however。

ghtheworldisfullofsuffering,theycanalwaysbeovere.

inningisnoteverything,tryingtowiniverything.

erhowmuchwehavelearned,thereisalwaysmoretolearn.

㈧方式状语从句

通常由以下连词引导:as,asif,asthough,inthewaythat,inthesamewaythat,inthemannerthat,inthesame

mannerthat。

uldn’tdoaswewould,weshoulddoaswecan.

everythingasthoughyouwereeingiteitherforthefirsttimeorlasttime.

㈨比拟状语从句

通常由以下连词引导:as…as，than,notso…as，the…the…。

ismorepreciousthanwealth.

ewestudy,themorewediscoverourignorance.

第五讲非谓语动词讲解一

不定式由不定式符号to加动词原形构成，及物动词的不定式可以带宾语。不定式的否认构造是在to前面

加上not.不定式在句中可以做除了谓语外的任何成分。

⑴〔主〕

Toloveisthemostbeautifulwordintheworld.

Toerrishuman.

不定式做主语，可以用it当形式主语，把做主语的不定式短语后置。

Itinoughtohaveoneclofriendinone’slife.

Itisnoexaggerationtosaythatfriendshipistopeoplewhatsunlightistoflowers.

⑵〔宾〕

Weresolvetomakeadulljobinteresting.

Neverintendtoknoweverything,oryouwillknownothing.

下面的动词常常可加不定式做宾语

attempt企图enable能够

afford负担得起neglect无视

demand要求long渴望

arrange安排destine注定

mean意欲，打算begin开场

expect期望omit忽略，漏

appear似乎，显得determine决定

manage设法cea停顿

ask问hate憎恨，厌恶

.

.总结

pretend假装dread害怕

need需要agree同意

desire愿望love爱

swear宣誓volunteer志愿

wish希望bear承受

endeavor努力offer自愿

beg请求fail不能

plan方案bother扰乱；烦恼

forget忘记prefer喜欢，宁愿

care关心，喜欢happen碰巧

prepare准备decide决定

learn学习regret抱歉，遗憾

choo选择hesitate犹豫

profess说明claim要求

hope希望promi承诺，允许

start开场undertake承接

want想要connt同意，赞同

intend想要refu拒绝

decide决定learn学习

vow起contrive设法，图谋

incline有…倾向propo提议

ek找，寻觅try试图

⑶〔表〕

Themostimportantthingistohaveacodeoflife.

Faithistobelievewhatyoudonoteandtherewardforthisistoewhatyoubelieve.

⑷〔后置定语〕

Thedeepesturgeinhumannatureisthedesiretobeimportant.

Theimportantthinginlifeisthedeterminationtoattainagreataim.

下面的名词常常可加不定式做定语

ability能力，本领drive驱动

movement运动，活动ambition抱负，野心

effort努力，尝试need需要，需求

campaign战役，运动failure失败

opportunity时机chance时机

force力，压力，要点promi许诺，希望

courage勇气intention意向，意图

reason理由，原因decision决定

method方法，方式determination决心，决定

motive动机，目的struggle奋斗，努力

tendency倾向，趋势wish希望，愿望，祝愿

⑸〔状〕

Toachievehappiness,weshouldmakesurethatweareneverwithoutanimportantgoal.

Liftastoneonlytodropitonyourownfeet..

Lifeistooshorttoworryabouteverything.

⑹〔主补〕

.

.总结

Timeisoftensaidtobemoney.

Positivethinkingisconsideredtobeanesntialfactorofsuccess.

⑺(宾补)

Difficultiestrainonetobegreat.

Whenyouwanttheprenttobebetterthanthepast,itistimetolearnfromthepast.

下面的动词习惯于用不定式做宾补：动词+宾语+动词不定式

ask要求，邀请get请，得到

prompt促使allow允许

forbid制止prefer喜欢，宁愿

announce宣布force强迫

press迫使bride收买

inspire鼓舞request请求

assist协助hate憎恶

pronounce断定，表示advi劝告

exhort告诫，勉励pray请求

authorize授权，委托help帮助

remend劝告，推荐bear容忍

implore恳求remind提醒

beg请求induce

report报告pel强迫

invite吸引，邀请summon传唤

mand命令intend想要，企图

show显示drive驱赶

mean意欲，打算train训练

cau引起instruct指示

require要求derve应受

direct指导leave使，让

tell告诉like喜欢

tempt劝诱entitle有资格

order命令warn告诫

enable使能够need需要

urge鼓励，力说encourage鼓励

oblige不得不want想要

condemn指责，谴责lead引起，使得

teach教entreat恳求

permit允许wish希望

⑻插入语：

英语中常用的不定式做插入语：

1Tostartwith,2Tobeginwith,

3Tosumup,4Toconclude,

5Tosummarize,6Tobebrief,

7Tobeshort,8Toillustrate,

9Tobehonest,10Tobefair,

.

.总结

11Tobesure,12Tobetrue,

13Sadtosay,14Sotospeak,

15Tomakematterswor,16Tomakethingswor,

17Thatistosay,18Needlesstosay,

19Strangetosay,20Totellthetruth,

21Toputitlikethis,22Toputitdifferently,

23Toputitfromanotherway,24Tobeexact,

25Tobepreci,26nottomention…

27tonamejustafew.28tonamebutafew.

(9)不带to的不定式:

1〕在表示生理感觉的动词后的不定式不带to。这类词有:

feel觉得

obrve注意到，看到

overhear听到

watch注视

listento听perceive发觉，感知

notice注意

e看见

lookat看

hear听

2)另一类是某些使役动词，如make,let，have等。

3)在动词find与help之后，不定式可带to亦可不带to。

Everybirdlovestohearhimlfsing.

worldtalk!

Workingcanhelpone(to)createarichandbalancedlife.

(10)不定式的时态和语态

时态语态主动被动

一般式todotobedone

进展式tobedoing

完成式tohavedonetohavebeendone

完成进展式tohavebeendoing

A不定式的时态

1)现在时：一般现在时表示的动词，有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，有时发生在谓语动词的动作

之后。

2)完成时：表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。

3)进展时：表示动作正在进展，与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。

4)完成进展时：动作的持续性。

B不定式的语态

(一般式：tobedone；完成式：tohavebeendone)。

(11)不定式的复合构造

Itisgoodforonetohavelf-knowledge.

Itispossibleforeverybodytobesuccessful.

Confidencemakesiteasyforonetoachievethegoal.

Thecretofsuccessisforonetobereadyfortheopportunitywhenites.

Alladversityisreallyanopportunityforustogrow.

Forthingstochange,onehastochange.

.

.总结

〔12〕关系代词或副词加不定式

Howtoactinthischangingworldisarealchallenge.

Experiencetellsonewhattodoandconfidencehelpsonedoit.

第六讲非谓语动词讲解二

㈠V-ing:

1做主语：

Havingagoalinitlfisastateofhappiness.

Itisnogoodlearningwithoutpractice.

2做宾语：

Changerequirestakingtherightdirection.

Lifeconsistsnotinholdinggoodcards,butinplayingthemwell.

以下动词常常加doing做宾语:

acknowledge成认，自认confess坦白

cea停顿tolerate忍受

mention说到，讲到avoid防止

admit成认contemplate细想

dislike不喜欢，讨厌endure忍受

advocate：提倡，主Xplete完成

dread害怕appreciate感谢，欣赏

enjoy喜爱bear忍受

defer拖延envy嫉妒

can'thelp不禁delay延迟

escape逃跑，逃避can'tstand受不了

deny否认excu借口

consider考虑detest嫌恶

fancy梦想，爱好favor偏爱

mind介意repent悔悟

figure描绘miss错过

rent怨恨finish完成

pardon原谅，饶恕resist抵抗，阻止

forgive原谅permit允许

resume恢复imagine设想

postpone延迟，延期risk冒险

involve卷入，包含practice实行，实践

suggest建议hate讨厌

prevent阻止save省钱

keep保持quit放弃

stand坚持，忍受loathe厌恶

recall回想

3做表语：

Lifeispaintingapicture,notdoingasum.

Thesubjectoflifeismakingchoices.

4做定语：

Thestartingpointofallachievementsisdesire.

.

.总结

Everyfailurecanbeasteppingstonetosomethingbetter.

5做状语：(只要主句的主语是Ving的发出者，Ving可以做所有的状语)

Lifeislikerunningwater,flowingawaynevertoreturn.

Thowhotakethelongviewarepatientwithdifficulties,knowingthattimeoftenmakesimpossiblepossible.

6V-ing的时态和语态

主动语态被动语态

一般式DoingBeingdone

完成式HavingdoneHavingbeendone

7做插入语：

A常规(一些可以做插入语的副词后加上Speaking而意思不变)

1Properlyspeaking,

2Generallyspeaking,

3Roughlyspeaking,

4Precilyspeaking,

5Personallyspeaking,

6Strictlyspeaking,

7Franklyspeaking,

8Honestlyspeaking,

9Emotionallyspeaking,

10Psychologicallyspeaking,

B特殊〔一些由Ving构成的特殊插入语)

1Considering…

2Concerning…

3Regarding…

4Respecting…

5Judgingby…

6Judgingfrom…

7Accordingto…

8Speakingof…

9Talkingof…

10Takingallfactorsintoaccount,

11Takingallfactorsintoconsideration,

12Takingallthingsintoaccount,

13Takingallthingsintoconsideration,

㈡V-ed:

1.做定语：(前置)：(将Ved放在名词前修饰名词相当于一个形容词)

Lifethathasnoestablishedaimismirable.

(后置)：〔将Ved放在名词后修饰名词相当于一个省略了的定语从句)

Difficultiesmasteredareopportunities.=Difficultieswhicharemasteredareopportunities.

2.做表语：nishedwhenhequits.

3.做状语：(只要主句的主语是Ved的承受者，Ved可以做所有的状语)

Notforgotten,pastexperienceisaguideforthefuture.

4做插入语：

1paredwith…,

2paredto…,

.

.总结

3Given…,

4Givencloranalysis,

5Badontheabovefactors,

6Badontheabovediscussion,

7Simplystated,

8Simplyput,

㈢独立主格

Theworldbeinghard,struggleistheonlywayout.

Everythingconsidered,growthandchangearethelawofalllifeandwillandworkarethecornerstoneforall

success.

第七讲虚拟语气讲解一、虚拟语气根本用法

①现在的虚拟：从句if+过去时、主句过去将来时

Ifithadnodifficultiesinlife,itwouldbetoosmooth.

Iftherewerenoclouds,wewouldnotenjoythesun.

Ifwewantedtolovethowhohavenoimperfections,thisworldwouldbeadert.

Ifitwerenotfortherocksinitsbed,thestreamwouldhavenosong.

②过去的虚拟：从句if+过去完成时、主句shouldwouldcould+havedone

Iftheyhadnotwastedsomuchtime,manypersonsintheworldwouldhavescoredachievement.

③将来的虚拟：从句if+过去时weretoshould+V、主句过去将来时

IfIshouldsummarizethemostimportantprincipleIhavelearnedininterpersonalskills,itwouldbethis:understand

andbeunderstood.

④交织式:从句if+过去完成时、主句过去将来时

Ifwehadlookedatourpastexperience,wherewouldwebetoday?

⑤虚拟语气在宾从中的使用：以下这些动词在后面引导宾从时，宾从中的谓语动词用should+V,should

可省略。

DropisC.D:demanddesireR:requirerequestO:orderP:propoI:insistS:suggestC:mand

Inlife,one’sgoalsmayrequirethatone(should)trydifferentapproaches.

Tobesuccessfulinlifedemandsthataperson(should)makeapersonalmitmenttoexcellence.

⑥在表语及同位语从句中的使用：

如以下这些抽象名词引导同位语从句，谓语用should+V,should可省略。

如以下这些抽象名词做主语，谓语用should+V,should可省略。

Demandrequestrequirementinsistencesuggestionproposalmandremendationresolutionurgeprescriptionorderd

esiredeterminationdirectionadvice

Thesuggestionisthattolisteneffectively,one(should)findmeaninginwhatisbeingsaid.

Thefirstrequirementofgoodconversationisthatothers(should)knowwhatisingnext.

⑦在主语从句中的使用：

以下形式主语从句中，谓语用should+Vshould可省略。

Itisdemandedthat

Itisdesiredthat

Itisrequestedthat

Itisrequiredthat

Itisorderedthat

Itisinsistedthat

.

.总结

Itismaintainedthat

Itispropodthat

Itissuggestedthat

Itismandedthat

Itisimportantthat

Itisvitalthat

Itisimperativethat

Itisnecessarythat

Itisbestthat

Itisproperthat

Itixpedientthat

Itisvitalthatone(should)chootherightattitude.

Itisnecessarytothehappinessthatone(should)befaithfultoone’sdream.

二、虚拟语气的特殊用法

⑴虚拟语气倒装:if条件从句的谓语是weretohadshould时，可以去掉if，将这三个词放在主语前。

Hadtheynotwastedsomuchtime,manypersonsintheworldwouldhavescoredachievement.

ShouldIsummarizethemostimportantprincipleIhavelearnedininterpersonalskills,itwouldbethis:understand

andbeunderstood.

⑵wish+宾从

对现在的虚拟：宾从谓语用过去时

对过去的虚拟：宾从谓语用过去完成时

对将来的虚拟：宾从谓语用过去将来时

⑶inorderthat和sothat引导的目的状语从句

⑷asif+方式状语从句

对现在的虚拟：谓语用过去时

对过去的虚拟：谓语用过去完成时

对将来的虚拟：谓语用过去将来时

⑸It’shighabouttimethat+定从谓语用should+V或过去时。Should永远不可以省略。

⑹lest/forfearthat/inca引导的目的状语从句，谓语一般用should+V

⑺ifonly=wish

⑻表祝愿

May…Longlive…Godbless…Godgrantthat…

⑼不用从句用词组：without,butfor,otherwi,or等。

⑽正式文体中，主句不虚拟而当条件或让步状语从句是“系表构造〞时，系动词用原形。

Nolazymaniversafe,whetherheberichorpoor.

⑾Wouldrather+宾从

对现在的虚拟：宾从谓语用过去时

对过去的虚拟：宾从谓语用过去完成时

对将来的虚拟：宾从谓语用过去将来时

⑿礼貌

Iwaswonderingifyoucould+V+sth

Iwouldbemosthonoredifyoudidsth?

第八讲倒装强调讲解

.

.总结

[1]倒装

¥全部倒装：把全部谓语放在主语前。

e句型〔特殊的全部倒装句型〕

Thereisnofriendasfaithfulasagoodbook.

erenowthen放在句首

Nowisthetimetotakeaction.

3.方位状语开头

Inbooksareembalmedthegreatestthoughtsofallages.

4.主语与表语互换位置

Happyarethowhohavedreams.

5.伴随状语开头〔With或Alongwith放在句首时，句子应该全部倒装〕

Withconfidenceandpersistenceessuccess.

¥局部倒装：只将情态动词、助动词或系动词放在主语前

+单词、词组、状语从句位于句首

Onlythrougheducationcanweriintheworld.

Onlyifyouhavebeeninthedeepestvalleycanyoueverknowhowwonderfulitistobeonthehighestmountain.

2.以否认意义状语开头，局部倒装

Neverhardly----whennosooner----thanscarcely----when---bynomeansundernocircumstances

Undernocircumstanceswillbooksdertyou.

rnor开头

ailure.

开头

failure.

oftenparticularlymanytimesmanyatime放在句首时

AlwaysamIamazedwhenIhearpeoplesaythatmoneytalks.

6.虚拟语气〔特殊〕

7.让步状语从句：由though或as引导时可用倒装，将表语放在句子最前面。

引导的结果状语从句

Sowonderfulisyouththatitisacrimetowasteit.

[2]强调

1.用dodoesdid+V强调

Adversitydoesbestdiscovervirtue.

Itisprettyhardtotellthatwhatdoesbringhappiness.

或adj可表强调：Neveronly

Don’thitamanwhenheisdown!Neverhitamanwhenheisdown!

rtueneverdies.

3.双重否认

Theaoflibertyisneverwithoutawave.

Whatisnaturalisneverdisgraceful.

引导的主从

Thelackofmotivemakeslifedreary.

Whatmakeslifedrearyisthelackofmotive.

Cooperationreallymatters.

Whatreallymattersiscooperation.

5.倒装可表强调

Agoodjobwasneverdonewithoutgreateffort.

.

.总结

Neverwasagoodjobdonewithoutgreateffort.

6.比拟状语从句

Thescientificmethodisthemostimportanttoolforunderstandingtheworld.

Nothingismorepowerfulforunderstandingtheworldthanthescientificmethod.

Nothingismorecrucialthantolearnfromthepast.

s+被强调部份+thatwho+原句剩余部份

⑴强调主语：Itisthefirststepthatcoststhemost.

⑵强调宾语：Itistestthatlifeoffers.

⑶强调地状：Itisinthewholeprocessofmeetingandsolvingproblemsthatlifehasmeaning.

⑷强调方状：Itisthroughcooperationratherthanconflictthatthegreatestsuccesswillbederived.

⑸强调状从：Itiswhileweareyoungthatthehabitofindustryisformed.