英语科普文章

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ience生命科学

TheFiveSens

视觉、听觉、味觉、嗅觉和触觉是人类最基本的五种感觉，即五官感觉。我们通过它们

感知外界物体，获取与机体生存紧密相关的重要信息，从而对所处环境作出分析判断。五感

在我们的日常生活中扮演了至关重要的角色。

Sportinjuries

肌肉是支撑人体活动的重要部分，我们要小心保护，防止肌肉受伤。

·Warm-up

Doyouknowanykindofsportinjuries?Haveyousufferedfromanyofthem?

·Bigquestiontothinkaboutwhileyouread

Whataresprainsandfractures?

ContentVocabulary

ulinjurytoajointcaudbyasuddenwrenchingofits

ligaments扭伤

cewhereaboneinyourbodyhasbroken破裂

fstrongmaterialinyourbody+similartomuscle,that

joinsbonesorholdsanorganinitsplace韧带

orbrokenpartinaboneorotherhardsubstance断

裂

melargerandrounderthannormal肿胀

ultcanbeabreakora

scansometimeshappenastheresultofaninjury,such

asafall.

Sprainscanalsohappenwhenyoudonotwarmupyourmusclesbeforeyouexerci.

nboneiscalled

youtellifaboneisbroken?Thepainintheareaisverystrong.

tthatisbrokenbeginstoswell

orgrowbigger.

Inmostcas,youshouldnotmovebecauabonemaybebrokenGetsomeone's

helptocallanambulanceimmediately.

Youwillbetakentoahospitalnearbytocheckwhetherornotyouhaveabroken

kthis,-rayisablackandwhite

adoctoreifabone

isbroken.(178words)

·Reflectionquestionsonwhatyouread

ethedifferencesbetweensprainsandfractures?

adoctortellwhetherthere'sabrokenboneornot?

ouldyoudoifasprainoccurs?

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nedoyouthinkismorerious,asprainorabrokenbone?

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Measuringspeed

优异的骨骼结构和强健的肌肉使人和动物在运动时拥有较高的速度，下面的文章会告

诉你什么动物运动速度最快。

·Warm-up

Doyounoticethatsomeanimalsmovefasterthanothers?Haveyoueverthought

aboutwhytheycanmovefaster?

·Bigquestiontothinkaboutwhileyouread

Howdoyoudefinetheword"fast"?

ContentVocabulary

untofspacebetweentwoplacesorthings距离

icunitformeasuringlength米

ormeasuringdistance,equalto1,000meters公里

ewhocompetesinsportscompetitions,especially

running,

jumping,andthrowing运动员

ineandnotethesimilaritiesordifferencesof比较

mple,

whenyougotoschool,youcanwalk,run,rideabike,orrideinacarorabus.

ceistheamountofspacebetweentwoplaces.

Didyouknowthatthedistancefromoneplacetoanothercanbemeasuredinmeters?

Butifyouneedtomeasuredistancesthatarelongerthan1,000meters,thenitis

usualtomeasuretheminkilometers.

smeasuredinhours,minutes,andconds.

Whenanathletecoversadistanceof100metersintenconds,weknowthat

sanaveragepersonaroundtwentycondsto

leterunsthedistancemuchfasterthantheaverageperson.

Howfastcanyourun100meters?

Whicharethefastestanimals?

es

howfastorslowdifferentanimalsmove.

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Whichathletesarethefastest?

s

ult,athletesdevelop

strongbodiesandmuscles.

kepartinracestoewhoisthefastest

mpicGamesisthelargestsportscompetitionintheworld.

(254words)

·Reflectionquestionsonwhatyouread

wecalculateamovingobject'sspeed?

itsofmeasurementdopeopleutomeasuredistance?

itsofmeasurementdopeopleutomeasurespeed?

thleteshavetospendmanyhoursintrainingandpracticeindifferent

sports?

nameatleast3Olympicssportswhereathletestakepartintocompete

forspeed.

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Thelocomotivesystem

人体有着复杂的组织结构，正因为这样，我们能够行走、奔跑、跳跃。下面让我们一起

来探索其中的奥妙吧！

·Warm-up

Howmuchdoyouknowaboutyourbody?Doyouknowwhat'shappeninginyourbody

whenyou'rewalking,jumpingandrunning?

·Bigquestiontothinkaboutwhileyouread

Whatexactlyisthelocomotivesystem?

ContentVocabulary

tivesystemasystemrelatedtomovement运动系统

arymovementsofyourbodyarecontrolledbyyour

consciousmind

自发的

ntaryadjaninvoluntarymovement,sound,reactionetcisonethatyou

makesuddenlyandwithoutintendingtobecauyoucannotcontrol

yourlf无意识的

ivesystemasystemconnectedwiththeprocessofdigestion消化系

统

npiecesoffleshthatformthenervesormusclesinyour

body纤维

fyourbodythatcanbendbecautwobonesmeetthere

关节

Wehavelearnedhowreceptorsonournorgansndmessagestothebrain,

ponfromthebraincanbeamovement

ofthebody.

nttokickaball,wehavetothinkabout

inreceivesthemessage,andimmediatelyourfootkickstheball.

nmusclesinourbodies

mple,themusclesthatmovefood

rkevenwhilewearesleeping.

Bonesandmuscles

esdonotmoveontheir

smoveeverypartofthebody,suchasthe

head,fingers,legs,andtoes,andevenoureyesandtongue.

Musclesaremadeoutofmanystretchy,sfunction

likerubberbandsthatstretchandrelaxinthebody.

clepullstheboneforward,andanothermuscle

emuscleisworking(contracting),theothermuscle

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sclepairsworktogethertomove.

allowmovement

andgivetheskeletonitsabilitytobend,twist,andturn.

,muscles,and

stemgivesthebodyitsformand

allowsittomove.(274words)

·Reflectionquestionsonwhatyouread

'sthedifferencebetweenvoluntaryandinvoluntarymovements?

give3moreexamplesofinvoluntarymovements.

hemuscleshelpyoutomove?

'sajoint?Pleagiveanexample.

remanyathleteswhosufferfromligamentinjuriesandcannottakepart

llhappenifthereisabrokenligament?

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Theearandthehearing

听觉是仅次于视觉的重要感官通道，它在人的生活中起着重要作用。

·Warm-up

ueverwonderedhowwecanhearsounds?

What'sthenatureofsounds?

·Bigquestiontothinkaboutwhileyouread

Howdovibrationshelptocarrysounds?

ContentVocabulary

nuousslightshakingmovement振动

ancethroughwhichaforcetravels介质

thinpieceofskinovertheinsideofyourearwhichallows

youtohear

sound耳膜

bone,especiallyoneofthointhemiddleear

ftheinnerear耳蜗

thewindblowing

throughthetrees,rainhittingourroofs,peopletalking,babiescrying,carsmoving,

andbirdssinging,amongmanyothersounds.

Whatmakessound?

vementiscalledavibration.

Whenaguitarstringispulled,ansitmoves

vibrationpassthroughtheairuntilitreachesthereceptorsinourears.

neexampleofa

mediumthroughwhichsoundcantravel.

ravelthroughasolid,aliquid,

ravelsmorequicklythroughsolidsandliquidsthangas.

Howdowehear?

Wehearsoundsthroughourears,sare

dividedintothreeparts:theouterear,themiddleear,andtheinnerear.

erearcatches

drumisaverythinmembranethat

undhitstheeardrum,itbeginstovibrate.

Thevibrationsreachthreetinybonescalledossicles4,whichthenbegintovibrate.

Fromthebones,thesoundreachesthecochlea,

isliquidthatcarriessoundto

ainthenhelpsyou

understandthesoundyouhear.

mple,

larmwarnsusofafire.

(312words)

·Reflectionquestionsonwhatyouread

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give3moreexamplesofhowsoundshelppeoplebecomeawareofthings

around.

yobjectsaretherevibratingbeforeweheartheguitarsoundaccording

tothetext?Plealistthemoutinorder.

earthesoundifweplaytheguitarinspace?Whyorwhynot?

amedium?Howdoesitworktocarrysound?

waycanthecochleaandossicleshelptocarrysound?

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Theeyesandthevision

视觉是人和动物最重要的感觉。通过视觉，人和动物感知外界物体，获得对有机体生存

具有重要意义的信息。

·Warm-up

Haveyoueverwonderedwhywecanethings?Whycanwetelldifferentcolors

apart?

·Bigquestiontothinkaboutwhileyouread

Howdooureyenableustoethingsaroundus?

ContentVocabulary

1,artificial(adj.):notrealornotmadeofnaturalthingsbutmadetobelike

somethingthatisrealornatural人造的

llinelens:abiconvextransparentelasticstructureintheeyesituated

behindtheiris,rvingtofocusimagesontheretina晶状体

(n.):theareaatthebackofyoureyethatreceiveslightandndsan

imageofwhatyouetoyourbrain视网膜

4,opticnerve:thecondcranialnerve,whichprovidesansorypathwayfromthe

retinatothebrain视神经

er(v.):toputsomeone'sorsomething'snameonanofficiallist纪录

ioletray:ultravioletlightcannotbeenbypeople,butisresponsible

formakingyourskindarkerwhenyouareinthesun紫外线

y(n.):medicaltreatmentinwhichasurgeoncutsopenyourbodytorepair

orremovesomethinginside手术

e(n.):formofprintingforblindpeople,withraidpartsthattheycan

readbytouchingthepaperwiththeirfingers盲人用点字法

rtoe,humanbeingsneedlightfromanatural

sourcelikethesun,orfromanartificialone,suchasanelectriclight,acandle,

oraflashlight.

Inthepicture,ntersoureyesthrough

thesmallblackcircle,whichiscalledthepupil.

Whenitisdark,thepupilbecomeslargersothatitcangetmorelighttoe.

Whenthereisalotoflight,thepupilgetssmallertopreventtoomuchlightfrom

comingintotheeye.

Behindthepupil,nschanges

e

lens,thelightraysthentraveltothelightreceptorsontheinnerpartofthe

ere,signalsgoto

inthen

registerswhatyoue.

Oureyesareinconstantcontactwithdirtand

elptocleanoureyesand

r,youshouldfollow

thepointstotakepropercareofyoureyes.

Donotrubyoureyeswithdirtyhands.

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Washyourhandsoften.

Wearsunglassoutdoorstoprotectyoureyesfromthesun'sultravioletrays.

ayfromthescreenoftenandblinkyoureyes.

Tofunctionwell,taminisfoundinfoodssuch

ascarrots,spinach,broccoli,andliver.

Nowadays,ifapersoncannotewell,therearewaystocorrectpoorvision.

Itcanbehelpedinmostcasbywearingglassorcontactlensorfromeye

surgery.

indpeopledevelopastrongn

themlearntoreada

elthedifferentlettersofthisalphabet

lealphabetisshownbelow.

(368words)

·Reflectionquestionsonwhatyouread

thefunctionofapupil?

ingtothetext,ifapersonisshort-sighted,thenwhichpartofhis

eyesisnotworkingproperly?

anwefindvitaminA?

nhelpustocorrectpoorvision?

Braille?Howdoesithelpblindpeopletoread?

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Ourbrainandourns

·Warm-up

Doyouknowthebrainhelpsustohear,feelandethings?Howdoesthebrain

helpustodothe?

·Bigquestiontothinkaboutwhileyouread

Whatdoesthebraindowhenwetaste,touchandsmellthings?

ContentVocabulary

l(v.):tomakesomeoneorsomethingdowhatyouwant,ormakesomething

happeninthewaythatyouwant控制

(n.):informationorfacts数据

e(v.):toexamineorthinkaboutsomethingcarefully,inorderto

understandit分析

(n.):somethingthatyourememberfromthepastaboutaperson,placeor

experience信息

ation(n.):factsordetailsthattellyousomethingaboutasituation,

person,eventetc信息

ion(n.):afeelingthatyougetfromoneofyourfivens,especially

thenoftouch感觉

orynerve:eitheroneofthefirstpairofcranialnerves,supplyingthe

mucousmembraneoftheno嗅觉神经

ess(adj.):lackingflavor无味的

urbraintomove,think,feel,

andremember,amongmanyotheractions.

Ourbrainisinchargeofregisteringfactsanddatafromtheoutsideworld.

Ourbrainquicklyanalyzesasituationandrelatesthedatatosimilarexperiences

ndsanimmediaterespontothebody.

vesarethe

e,hear,smell,taste,ortouchsomething,thisinformationtravelsthroughour

inthenndsmessagestootherpartsofourbodies.

Thisinformationpassbackandforthveryquickly.

Forexample,ifyouarewalkingandyouhearyourname,youwillquicklyturn

in

procesdtheinformation,anditntamessagetoyourbodytorespond.

Whatisournoftouch?

Skincoversallofthebody,anditisindirectcontactwiththeoutsideworld.

Throughourskin,if

somethingishot,cold,lsofeeliftheweatheriswarm,

cold,wet,ordry.

Theskinprotectstheorgansinsidethebodyandhelpstomaintainthebody's

kinprovidesgoodprotectionbecauitisquitestrongand

waterproof,anditactsasaninsulatingshieldforthebody.

rotectusfrom

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rotectourskinfromcold,heat,

'srayscanharmourskin,butwecan

ldalsoprotectourskin

fromgermsbywashingoftenwithsoapandwater.

Howdoesournoftastework?

gueallowsustoenjoy

remanysmalltastebudsonourtonguethat

etastebudscomeintocontactwithdifferent

foods,ndmessagestothebrain.

Peopleudtothinkthatgroupsoftastebuds--sweet,sour,salty,or

r,wenowknowthatthis

artofthetonguehastastebudsforeverytaste.

Ourtongueallowsustotastethings,butitisalsoimportantforchewingour

tion,ourtongueplaysanimportantroleinhelpingusformsoundsand

wordsinordertospeak.

Inordertotastefood,wenotonlyuournoftaste,butwealsouour

nofsmell.

Howdoesournofsmellwork?

eptorscarry

messagestothebrainthroughtheolfactorynerve7.

uchewfood,chemicals

arereleadintoyourmouth,nguecannot

ore,thenohas

animportantroleintasting.

Whenyouhaveacold,yournogetsblockedup,andthechemicalsfromthefood

whywhenyouhaveacold,food

mayemtasteless.

haveabout350

typesofsmellreceptors,whereasratshaveabout1,edakeen

cansmelldropsofbloodfrom1.5kilometers

ookatadog'sbrain,overone-third

incontrasttohumans,whohavesightas

theirmainn.(702words)

·Reflectionquestionsonwhatyouread

thefunctionoftheskin?

nwedotoprotectourskin?

etastebudsfor?

sfoodbecometastelesswhenyouhaveacold?

cas,somebrain-injuredpatientsmaylotheirnofsmellor

explainthecausofthatbadonwhatyou'velearnedfrom

thepassage?

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