shortcomings

Iamb(抑扬格)

ItisthemostcommonlyudfootinEnglishpoetry,inwhichanunstresdsyllablecomesfirst

,followedbyastresdsyllable.

ottavarima:八行体:Eachstanzacontains8iambicpentameterlineswiththerhymeschemeab

stsixlines:description,discussion,trhymingcouplet:

humorcomiclineorhumorousbathos.（意）八行体：每行10或11个音节，前6行交替押韵，

后2行成一组同脚韵。

Satireisprimarilyaliterarygenre(文学体裁),althoughinpractice,itcanalsobefoundinthe

graphic(绘画式的)andperformingarts.(表演艺术)Insatire,vices(恶习),follies(罪恶),abus,

andshortcomingsarehelduptoridicule.(嘲笑)

9-linestanza:thefirst8linesareiniambicpentameterwhilethe9thlineiniambichexameter.

抑扬格六音步诗行.

Alexandrine亚历山大格式的诗行：averof12syllablesin6iambicswithacaesuraafterthe

3rdiambic.

Allegory寓言:afigurativenarrativeordescription,conveyingaveiledmoralmeaning,an

extendedmetaphor.

Alliteration头韵:therepetitionofinitialconsonantsoundsineachverline,usuallytwo

alliteratingwordsinthefirsthalf-lineandoneinthecondhalf-lineorviversa.

Anapaest(anapest)抑抑扬格:ametricalfootconsistingof2shortsyllablesfollowedby1long

syllable,or2unstresdsyllablesfollowedbyonestresdsyllable.

Ballad民谣:ashortnarrativepoeminrhythmicver,oftensungbyminstrelstothe

accompanimentofmusicoftheexploitsofwarriors,theadventuresoflovers,mysteriesof

fairyland,andvarioushumorousincidents.

Blankver无韵诗:unrhymedverlinesofiambicpentameter.

Canto长诗的篇章:amajordivisioninalongpoem,similartoachapterinanovel.

Characterization描述isabouthowacharacterisrevealedordeveloped.

Chivalry骑士精神:thesystem,spirit,orcustomsofmedievalknighthoodandthequalitiesof

theidealknightsuchasbravery,honour,protectionoftheweakandgeneroustreatmentof

foes.

Chronicler记录者:amedievalpersonwhowasgiventhetasktorecordhistoricalincidentspf

histime.

Comedyofhumours性格喜剧:aComedycreatedbyBenJonsoninwhichtheprevailing

eccentricitiesandrulingpassionsofcharacterareexpodtoridiculeandsatire.

Conceit幻想:Aunusuallyfar-fetchedorelaboratemetaphororsimileprentingasurprisingly

aptparallelbetweentwoapparentlydissimilarthingsorfeelings.

Dramaticmonologue戏剧独白:apoemdeliveredinadramaticmannerbyasinglepersona

speakerwhoisnotidentifiedwiththepoetusuallytoachieveanironicaleffect.

earlyyears早年wasthetimeofrapideconomicdevelopmentaswellasrioussocial

problems.

Elegy挽歌:asongorpoemofmourning,pervadedbyatoneofdeepmelancholy.

Empathy移情作用:isthecapacitytorecognizeorunderstandanother'sstate,whichisoften

characterizedastheabilityto"putonelfintoanother'sshoes",ortoinsomewayexperience

theoutlookoremotionsofanotherbeingwithinonelf.

Epic史诗:alongnarrativepoemaboutmenofthearistocraticclassinvolvedinariesof

actionsthataresignificantinthedevelopmentofanation,usuallywithacentralherotounify

theactions.

Fabliau故事诗:ashorttaleinverlinesofoctosyllabiccouplets,dealingmostoftenwith

comicincidentsinordinarylife.

Fiction小说isaliteraryworkwhocontentisproducedbytheimaginationandisnot

necessarilybadonfact.

Foot韵脚:ametricalunitof2syllables.

Gleeman吟游诗人:atravelingmusicianandsinger.

Gothicfiction哥特式小说,sometimesreferredtoasGothichorror,isagenreormodeof

literaturethatcombinelementsofbothhorrorandromance.

Gothicnovel:哥特式小说talesofmacabre,fantasticandsupernaturalhappenings,tin

hauntedcastles,graveyards,ruinsandwildlandscapesandoftenwithaweakorinnocent

heroinegoingthroughsomehorribleexperiences.

Heroicplay英雄话剧:arhymedplaycreatedbyJohnDryden,inwhichincrediblenobleheroes

andheroinesconfrontingincredibledifficultchoicesbetweenloveandhonour.

Hymn赞美诗:asongorlyricpoemttomusicinpraiofadivineorveneratedbeing.

Imagism意象派:a20th-centurymovementinpoetryadvocatingfreeverandtheexpression

ofideasandemotionsthroughclearimages.

Irony讽刺:theuofwordstoexpresssthotherthanoroppositeoftheliterarymeaning,and

alsoahumourousorsardonicliterarystyleorformcharacteridbyirony.

Kenning比喻的复合辞:ametaphoricalcircumlocutionsignifyingapersonorthingbya

characteristicorqualityanddeliveredinaparaphrasingmanner.

Legend传奇:astorycomingdownfromthepast,especiallyonepopularlyregardedas

historicalthroughnotveritable.

Literaryrealism现实主义mostoftenreferstothetrend,beginningwithcertainworksof

nineteenth-centuryFrenchliteratureandextendingtolate-nineteenth-and

early-twentieth-centuryauthorsinvariouscountries,towardsdepictionsofcontemporarylife

andsociety"astheywere."

Lyricpoem:apoeticcompositionsuitableforexpressingdirect,usuallyintenpersonal

feelings.

Metonymy借代：thesubsititutionofthenameofonethingforthatofanotherwithwhichitis

clolyassociated.

mid-Victorian维多利亚王朝中期periodwastheperiodofeconomicprosperitywitharevivalof

tradeandproductionandsocialpeace.

Minstrel:吟游诗人rofvertotheaccompanimentofa

harp.

Miracles(miracleplays)奇迹:adramaticreprentationintheMiddleAgesofthelifeofChrist

andthesaints.

modernism现代主义iswidelyudtoidentifynewanddistinctivefeaturesinthe

subjects,forms,conceptsandstylesofliteratureandtheotherartsintheearlydecadesofthe

prentcentury,butspeciallyafterWorldWarI(1914-1918).

Mockepic(mockheroic)讽刺史诗:aparodyintheepicstyleforridiculingorburlesquing

purpos.

Montage:蒙太奇Itisatechniqueinfilmeditinginwhichariesofshortshotsareeditedintoa

quencetocondenspace,time,andinformation.

Moralityplay寓意剧:amedievalallegoricalplaywithcharacterspersonifyinghumanqualities.

Mystery(mysteryplay)神秘:adramaticreprentationintheMiddleAgesofthemiracles

describedintheBible,previouslyalsocalledmiracleplay.

Naturalism自然主义wasaliterarymovementtakingplacefromthe1880sto1940sthatud

detailedrealismtosuggestthatsocialconditions,heredity,andenvironmenthadinescapable

forceinshapinghumancharacter.

objectivecorrelative客观关联物:atofobjects,asituation,achainofeventswhichshallbe

theformulaofthatparticularemotion.

Octosyllabics八音节的:verlinesconsistingof8syllablesofiambicrhythm.

Ode颂歌:apoemintendedoradaptedtobesungintheancienttime,butarhymedlyricpoem

oftenofanaddressinthemoderntimes,withdignifiedandexaltedorsimpleandfamiliar

subjects.

ottavarima八行体:Eachstanzacontains8iambicpentameterlineswiththerhymeschemeab

ababcc.

Oxymoron:矛盾修饰法Anoxymoronisafigureofspeechthatcombinestwonormally

onisaloanwordfromGreekoxy("sharp")andmoros("dull").

Pastoralpoem:田园诗

apoemofescapeintothecountrypleasuresblendingtheidealizationwithamoreauthentic

pictureofcountrylife,sometimeswithshepherdsandshepherdessascharacters.

personalmythology:Asystemofmythvolvedbyanindividualwriter

Picaresquenovel:个人神话anovelwithepisodesorincidentsloolystrungtogetherbya

lowly-borntricksterorapicaro.

Plot情节isatermtoindicatehowtheeventsarearrangedtoaffectthereader.

Poeticjustice:劝善惩恶fittingpunishment,usuallyinliterature,totheonewho'sdoneevil.

Pointofview观点isthepositionorvantage-pointfromwhichtheeventsofastoryemtobe

obrvedandprentedtous.

Postmodernliterature后现代主义文学isudtodescribecertaincharacteristicsof

post–WorldWarIIliterature(relyingheavily,forexample,onfragmentation,paradox,

questionablenarrators,etc.)andareactionagainstEnlightenmentideasimplicitinModernist

literature.

postmodernism后现代主义

isoftenappliedtotheliteratureandartafterWorldWarII(1939-45),whentheeffectson

WesternmoraleofthefirstwarweregreatlyexacerbatedbytheexperienceofNazi

totalitarianismandmasxtermination,thethreatoftotaldestructionbytheatomicbomb,the

progressivedevastationofthenaturalenvironment,andtheominousfactofoverpopulation.

Problemplay:社会问题剧aplayinwhichsocialproblemsconstitutingmostofthedramatic

actionwithin-depthanalysandoftenwithdebates.

Quatrain:astanzaconsistingof4linesrhymedinavarietyofways.

Romance:四行诗amedievaltalebadonlegend,chivalricloveandadventures,orapro

narrativetreatingimaginarycharactersinvolvedinheroic,adventurous,ormysteriouvents

remoteintimeandplace.

Romanticism/RomanticMovement:浪漫主义/浪漫主义运动:Romanticismisatermappliedto

theshiftinWesternattitudestowardsartandhumancreativitythatdominatedmuchof

Europeancultureinthefirsthalfofthe19thcentury,

emphasizesfreedomofindividuallf-expression:sincerity,spontaneity,andoriginality

replacedneoclassicmechanical,impersonal,andartificialimitation.

Saga:传说anancientIcelandicorScandinaviantale,relatingeitherhistoricaleventorthe

featsoflegendaryheroes,oramodernnarrativeoftheexperiencesofveralgenerationsofa

distinguishedfamily.

Satire讽刺isprimarilyaliterarygenre(文学体裁),althoughinpractice,itcanalsobefoundin

thegraphic(绘画式的)re,vices(恶习),follies(罪恶),abus,and

shortcomingsarehelduptoridicule.(嘲笑)

Sequencenovel:序列小说anovelcontinuingthecourofanarrativebeguninthe

preceedingone.

Setting环境isthebackgroundagainstwhichtheactionofanarrativeoccurs,referringbothto

thetimeandplaceoftheeventsinastory,includingthespecifictimeorperiod,geographic

location,culturalenvironmentaswellassocialandpoliticalrealities.

Sonnet:十四行诗apoemconsistingof14linesof10syllableachinEnglish.

Spenrianstanza:斯宾塞诗体astanzaconsistingof8verlinesofiambicpentameterand

anAlexandrineasthe9thlinewitharhymeschemeofababbcbcc.

Stanza诗节:adivisionofapoemconsistingofariesoflinesarrangedtogetherina

recurringpatternofmeterandrhyme.

stream-of-consciousnesstechnique意识流技巧:Aliterarymethodofreprentingmental

processinfictionalcharacters,usuallyintheformofinteriormonologue.

Style风格isanyspecificwayofusinglanguage,whichischaracteristicofanauthor,school,

period,orgenre.

Surrealism:超现实主义'sSurrealist

Wanifesto,amovementinfluencedbyFreud'stheoriesandcallingattentioninliteratureandart

tothehiddenandneglectedareasofthehumanpsyche.

Synaesthesia通感Aconditioninwhichonetypeofstimulationevokesthensationof

another,aswhenthehearingofasoundproducesthevisualizationofacolor.

Tetrameter四音步诗行:averlineconsistingof4feet.

TheEnglishsonnet英国十四行诗:asonnetof14iambicpentameterlinesdividedintoan

octaveandastetrhymingabbaabbacdecde.

TheShakespeariansonnet:asonnetof14iambicpentameterlinesdividedintoa12-linesunit

followedbya2-lineconclusionrhymingababcdcdefefgg.

TheVictorianAgewastheCriticalRealisminEnglandfrom1832to1901.

Themeisthecentralordominatingideainaliterarywork,andthesoulofthestory.

Threeunities:三一律referringtotherulestbyAristotlefortragedywhichareobrvedin

GreektragediesandNeoclassicdrama,thatisatragedymusthaveonesingleactionwhich

takesplacewithinonedayandinoneplace.

Topographicalpoetry:风景诗alocalpoetryfocusingontheprentationoflandscapesand

praisingparticularparks,estatesandgardens.

Trimeter三音步:averlineof3feet.

Trouver:medievalpoetswhocametoEnglandfromFrancewiththeNormanconquerors.

Utilitarianism功利主义；实用主义isanethicaltheoryholdingthatthepropercourofaction

istheonethatmaximizestheoverall"happiness".

Utopia:乌托邦animaginaryandindefinitelyremoteplaceofidealperfection,especiallyinlaws,

government,andsocialcondition,thetermfirstappearingwithThomasMore'sbookUtopia.

Vision:幻想adidacticpoemverypopularintheMiddleAges,inwhichanimaginaryworldis

describedandusuallythroughthedreamofacharacter.