city planning

城市规划英文版

1-2ThePre-IndustrialRevolution

y'sssion,we'llexplore

someoftheideasthatdominatedthedesignofttlementsprior

19thcentury,when

industrializationcametocities,ore

thattherewasalongcontinuityofideasabouthowtodesign

'stotallyfoolishtoimaginethatwecouldexploreveral

thousandyearsofhistoryofcitiesinjustonebrief

r,whatwecandoistotalkabouttheleading

ideas,thethingsthatdominatedthedesignofttlementsfor

thatlongperiodoftimeandhelpyourecognizetheminyour

communities.

Manyofyouwholiveincitiesthatdateback100sofyears,

andthetracesofearlierttlementscanbeenbyjustby

ofyouwholiveinmore

recentcities,willalsoprobablybesurpridtoethenumberof

ideasofcontemporarycitiesthathavetheirrootsinwhathad

'smayhavebeendesigningand

the

simply

gatheredaroundthecampfire,builthousarounditandand

beginningatleast3000yearsagopeoplebegandeliberately

lizationsgrewandbecamemore

stableandamasdresources,consciousideanteredintothe

designofplaces.

ebecameesntial,andfor

over2,000years,thedesignoffortificationsbecameacriticalpart

terfortificationscamedown,andthe

moatwasdrained,theideaofcreatinglimitstothecity

ownershipwas

disperdtofamiliesandpeopletherewasaneedtosubdivide

asa

planwastheeasiestwaytomaponthegroundandtheeasiest

oncitieswerecreatedbytheGreeksasthey

,gridswerethefavoriteform

ofnewcitieswhentheEuropeansconqueredtheAmericasinthe

mapofLima,rdideaisthe

rtsofthecityhavebeenmoreimportantthanothers

epeoplehavebeenmoreimportant

agridironcitylikeBejing,theimportanceof

theEmperorwasreinforcedbycreatingacentralaxisandonlyhe

issanceRome,PopeSixtus,

theFifth,udtheaxesofawayofunitingtheparateand

districtsofthecityandtheresidueofthemonumentsthathave

beenleftbehind,andbycreatingimportantplazasand

Europeancities,publicsquareswereCreatedtobecomethe

hey

arketsmovedindoors,

zza

Ducale,inVigevano,Italy,

England,inpartsofNorthernEurope,citysquarescouldalsobe

greenspaces,eawas

carriedoverintothenewworld,

finalideaI'forworshipinthe

homesofreligiousdeitieshadaspecialroleinthepre-industrial

werecreatedformonasteries,housofworship,

templesandotherkindsofshrinesandthewereoftengiven

k'smanywatswerethe

landmarksthatdefinedthecharacterofthatcity,anddotothis

'softendefinedtheskylinesofAmericancitiesand

sacredspaceswereoftenaccompaniedbyschools,andmeeting

hous,eof

's

takealookathowtheyfoundtheirplaceinthedesignofa

samplingofimportantcities,fromantiquitytothe19thcentury.

Intheyear1800,thelargestandprobablythemost

importantcityintheworldwasChang-An,incentralChina,

he

atoftheTangDynastyandhadlegationsfromalltheimportant

houdthepoliticalandeconomic

,ign

ofChang-Anactuallybeganmuchearlier,withsomeofthewalls

eTangDynasty

madeititscapital,itbecametheprototypeforallChine

cities,ginalwallof

Chang-Anwasfivekilometersbysixkilometers,andthecityhad

alaxis,ledtotheadministratorcityand

yhadagridplan,with

eachverylargeblocksubdividedintolargerorsmallerlots,

eretwo

dreds,literally

hundredsofTaoist,Buddhistandothertemplesscattered

throughoutthecity,dayXian

occupiesonlyaboutone-thirdoftheoriginalcityofChang-

emainsoneofthefewlargewalledcitiesintheworld

ndaxisofthecity

remainswiththedrumtoweroccupyingakeylocationalong

gemainstreetsremainbutthelifeofthecityexistson

thestreetsandalleywaysbetweenthem,muchasitdidmorethan

ersityofblockswithinthegridis

maintained,includingtheMuslimquarter,whichisquiteunique

'sBeijingshowstheunmistakable

'sjumptothe12thand13th

centuriesin

Europe.

MostEuropeancitiesinvestedheavilyinbuilding

fortificationstodefendtheirpopulation,curethowhofled

exampleisKlagenfelt,Austria,notableforitsorderlyplanningof

onnectthegatesof

rewasalsoa

needtocuretheirterritory.

ThroughoutmuchofFranceandtheremnantsoftheRoman

Empire,noblemensuchasRaymondthe7thofTouloubuilt

townscalledbastideswerealsodesignedasagridplan.

Montpazierisoneofthebestprervedandwecane

ketsquareislocatedatthe

precicenter,surroundedbytheadministrativebuildingsand

rchoccupiesanadjacentblockwithitscloistered

uchofthewallhasbeenabandoned,someofthe

gatesremain,andthetownisstilllargelyoccupied.

ArealrevolutionincitydesignbeganinRomeinthe16th

hefalloftheEmpire,Romefellintoruins,andwas

htherelocationofthepapacybackto

Romeandtheambitionofthepopeswholodgedthereandwe

shouldsay,themoneycollectedfromtheChristianrealmallover

Europe,xtus,the

ghhereignedforonlyfive

years,SixtustheFifthlaiddownanewstreetplanforthecity

lvedaxisandviewcorridors

zzaswereadded,

includingthePiazzadelPapolo,withitstwinchurchesandvistas

'axistthestageforthecreationof

the17thcentury,Square,oneofthegreatest

achievementsincitydesigninhistoryandtheiconofBaroque

mesdisasterprovidestheopportunityfor

changesincitydesign.

In1666,

architectsanddesignersofthedaywerequicktorushinwith

unately,it

schemes

byChristopherWrenandJohnEvelynhadfar-reachinginfluence

an15

yearslater,WilliamPenn,aQuaker,wasgivenalargelandgrant

bytheKing,ontheDelawareRivershoresofitsAmerican

robablyasmuchtogetridofPennandhis

colleagues,ed

Holme

Holmepropodattlementwithagridironplanrunningfrom

theDelawarerivertotheSchuykillriverabouttwomiles

ouldbetwomajorstreets,roughlyinthecardinal

directions,

achquadrant,andoneinthecenter

cksandlotswouldbelargeenoughso

thateveryonelivingtherecouldhaveasmallorchidorkeep

mPennsawitascreatinga

elphiawasslowtodevelop.20years

afteritsfounding,onlyafewblockshavebeenoccupied,andit

theystuckwiththeplan.

Publicbuildingswereaddedastheywereneeded,andstreets

singwhich

beganastownhouswithlargegreenspacesbehind,evolved,

becamemoreden,tallerandwhiletheblocksremainthesame.

Itwasnotuntiltheturnofthe20thcenturythatcitysquare

wasbuiltupon,whenanewCityHallandCourthouwas

ime,theywerethelargestpublicbuildingsin

elphia'sFourSquaresremaintheoutdoorcenter

ofitsfourcentercityneighborhoodsandthey'relovedbyall.I

livedablockfromRittenhouSquareandconsidereditmy

outdoorlivingroom.

Thereweremanyotherswonderfuldesignsforthenew

nnah,Georgia,Charles

Oglethorpecreatedaplanin1733foracitywherevirtuallyevery

ahremainstodayoneofthe

mostliveablecitiesinthecountry.

InAustralia,ColonelWilliamLightlaidoutacityquitesimilar

toPhiladelphiain1823,andhesurroundeditwithagreen

cametimetoexpand,ratherthanconsumethe

greenbelt,NorthAdelaidewasaddedasanotherfree-standing

deremainsoneofthemostlivablecitiesinAustralia.

Thecombinationofalloftheideasinpre-industrialcities

wasthedesignforWashington,thenationalcapitalthatreplaced

/doc/,idbyCharles

L'Enfant,entalaxesthat

emphasizedtheimportanceofpublicbuildingsand

squaresandmonumentswereforboththe

federalcityandtheeverydaycity,andblocksthatvaried

dependinguponwhethertheywerecommercialareasor

gtonwouldlaterbecomerecastasthe

that'sastoryforanotherssionandIwillsaynomoreabout

Washington.

Whatweethroughthisbriefexcursionthroughthehistory

oftheideasaboutcitydesign,isthatmanyideaswetakefor

grantedtoday,actuallyhastheiroriginsinpre-industrialcities

lyplansforcitiesprovidethe

nofcourbemodified,as

RomewasbySixtusthe5th,oPariswasthroughBaronVon

Houman'otherAmericancitieswerechanges

throughurbanrenewalandredevelopmentinthe1970sand

1980s.

ButtheformofacityisinitsDNA,inheritedfromprevious

'simportanttounderstandwherethoideascame

extssion,JohnathanBarnettwilldiscusshow

someofthochangesthatoccurredtocitiesasaresultof

'rewelcometojoinhim.