fire will

90年前美国的火灾（Americanfire90yearsago）

Oh

March25,1911,"NewDeal"fromthisdayhasalreadybegun......

Halfanhour,146lives

90yearsagotoday,onMarch25,1911,therewasaextremely

brutalfactoryfireinNewYorkcity.

Atthebeginningofthelastcentury,NewYorkwasfullof

garmentfactoriesandwomen'sShirtCompanies(TheTriangle)

ShirtwaistCompany)lothingfactories

arenewimmigrantsandpoorpeopleinNewYork

angleblou

companyislocatedinthecityofWashingtonSquarenearNew

York

Gbuilding(AscheBuilding),thatisa10story,veryclassic

commercialofficebuilding

rday,March25,1911,

at4:40p.m.,thetragedywasover

Happenhere.

Thetrianglewomen'sshirtscompanyhasrentedthetop3floors

500employeesarethere

Mostoftheworkiswomen'h25th,

theeighth-floorworkshopsuddenlyburstintoflames.

Tothisday,nocauofthefirehasbeendetected.

NearlyacenturyagointheUnitedStates,thegovernmenthad

alimitedmandateintheeconomicsphereandhadneverthought

ofit

erofthe

clothingfactoryissavingtherent,

Naturally,thewingmachineisarrangedastightlyas

possible,andinalimitedspace,itiscrammedintoasmany

equipmentandworkersaspossible.

Inaddition,theworkshopisstrewnwithflammableclothand

cardboardboxes,althoughthebuildingitlfisnotflammable,

buttheroom

Oncethefirebrokeout,thefirespreadrapidlyandwentout

overcrowdedworkshopmakes

Theworkercouldnotescapeeasily.

Thefirestartedonthe8floor,

10officestaffreceivedawarningcallinduecour,

stburnedistheninthfloor,

,peoplefoundout

that..,

restoftheworkersontheelevatorandthrownintoapanicthe

narrowstairs.

The8floorinafewminutesbecameaaoffire,theelevator

quicklyfailed,

Tragically,thestairswerelocked,whichwasacommonpractice

ofthatage-topreventfemaleworkersfromstealing

thepeoplewerealedaliveinthefire.

Later,peoplecalledit"death"

Deathtrap".

nfireoutdoors

wasquicklyburned,deformed,melted,

Unabletoendureburningyoungwomen,jumpedfromanaltitude

of24meters,thesidewalkiverywhere.

womenworkerswerehangingontheouterwall,

andthepeopleinthestreetwatchedastheyheldonfor3

minutes,

Theirfingersburneduntiltheflames,theyalsofell,fellon

thesidewalk.

Firehasanacceleratedprocess,andpeopleinthefirebefore

econtinued

Itwaxtinguishedinhalfanhour.146youngliveswere

destroyedinthishalfanhour.

Ifthestrikewasaunionvictory......

ThetraditionalconceptintheUnitedStates,businessis

businesspeopleownthings,donotdothegovernment

interference,

Theterm"contractfreedom"aditions

arenaturallyconducivetofreeeconomicdevelopment

Ontheotherhand,aftertheexpansionofeconomicscale,the

crisisofinabilitytoadjustlaborandcapitalconflictshas

beenexpod.

Withthemodernizationofindustry,industryitlfhasbeen

reborn,expandingrapidly,completelynottheoriginalface

r,labourlegislationandthecorrespondingideas

havenotkeptpacewiththeconquentintensificationof

labour

kersthemlvesorganized

themlves,demandingtherightsoftheirbosswithstrikes

andprotest,andtheboss

Fightanddealwiththeworkerstoprotecttheirowninterests.

Thisisonlyapartialcatandmougame

entireAmericansocietyhasnot

formulatedthecorrespondinglegalrule,toregulategradually

modernized

entsoccurattheendofthis

pha.

Theworkersalreadyhadtheirowntradeunionorganization.

Just16monthsbeforethefire,November190924

Onthe18th,the1800workersoftheclothingtradeunion,

includingthewomen'sclothingworkersofthetrianglecompany,

heldone

trikedemandsincludenotlockingthedoor

thestrikewasaunion?

Ifyouwin,theconquencesofthefirewillbegreatly

unately,thestrikefailedtoberealizedby

theworkers

Owndemand.

Triggeringlarge-scalechangesinAmericanSociety

Aftertheincident,theNewYorkTimesandothernewsmedia

carriedoutexhaustivereportsonthefire

lesocietywas

deeplyshockedbytheshockoftheincident

In.

Theweakpositionofworkers,theymayreachthetragicextent,

hasneverbeensogoodtopeople

alpointis

thestategovernmentandcivilsocietyinNewYork

Firstofall,wecomeouttosharetheresponsibility.

Americanshavealwaysbelievedthatevenasmallsocial

progressdependsoncommonefforts

Toprotest,ore,the

ry

ago,

NewYorkalreadyhasthemechanicalworkersassociation,the

women'sclubsUnion,thePublicSecurityCommission,andthe

equalvotecoalition,

Architecturalalliance,NewYorkclothingFederation,the

Associationfortheimprovementofthelivingconditionsofthe

poorandemployeesoftheNationalFederationofhumanrights

Lietal.

DrAnnaShaw,oftheequalvotecoalition,said:"Ilowermy

headandsaytomylf,"Iamresponsible

,everymanandwomaninthiscityisresponsible."

People'snofguiltandresponsibility

Thenofresponsibilityisfinallyimplementedasa

lledonthestategovernmentto

tupafirebureau,andalargenumberofthem

Increafirepreventionandfactoryinspectors.

Priortotheestablishmentofthefireprotectionbureau,25

membersofthe"improvementworkplacesafetycommittee"were

established".committee

ThefirstmemberofayearinNewYorktoinspecttheworkof

the1836places,listentothetestimonyof222people.

ve

Thecommittee'sfirst4yeartermisthegoldenageoffactory

legislation"."Work

committeeclolycoordinateswiththelegislativebody,the

formerinvestigationand

Foundtheproblem,thelatterlegislationimprovement.

Thelegislationisquitespecific,forexample,the

legislationstipulatesthateveryfloorofafactorymusthave

twoexits,atleast

oorareaofmore

than460squaremeters,itmustbere-

Increaanexit;and,aslongasthebuildingismorethan30

metershigh,itmustbebuiltatleastoneoutdoor

ewallandfirestaircatothefirewall

andotherconstructionnormativelegalprovisions;limitwork

Thenumberofpeoplepersquaremetreofspace,thelimit,the

possibilityofsafeevacuation,etc..

Alltheunfavourablefactorsofthetrianglefiredisasterhave

becomethebasisoflegislation."Laborlaw"stipulatesthat

workers

1912,thelegislationstipulatedthatitshouldexceed7

storeys

Theautomaticfiresprinklersystemmustbeinstalledonthe

nyone,morethantwo

Theautomaticalarmsystemmustbeinstalledatthelevelof

ofthetrianglecompany

scattered

Thewastecartonsandclothinamessaretheimportantreasons

fortherapidexpansionofthefire,andtherearelegislative

provisionsfortheworkplace

Thewasteconcentrationmodeprovidesforfirepreventioncodes

ire,30ofthedeadwerekilled

Burnedintheopenelevator,NewYorkthenmadelegislationin

July1911,andlaterallthecitiesinthestate

Theelevatorshaftmustbeclod.

Thebuildingsandfirecodesareprobablycommonknowledge

today,nearly100yearsagoatthebeginningofthiscentury,

Formostpartsoftheworld,newthingsareunheardof.

Afterthecompletionofthelegislation,ifthereisno

governmentadministrationofthefactory'sroutineinspection

andenforcementofthelaw,infrontof

inistrationinNew

,thelegislature

Ithasfurtheradoptedlegislationtostrengthentheauthority

andcapacityoftheexecutivebranch,forexample,greatly

increasingtheMinistryoflabour

Thepreparationofsupervisors,thelegislativeprovisionsof

theresponsibilitiesandpowersofvariousdepartments,andso

ngintoday'sreview,everybody

Itisacknowledgedthatalmostacenturyagothischangehas

beeneffectiveandsuccessful.

Thenewdealbeginsonthisday

aceofsuchatragedy,

asocietyistolearn,never

Prisonisthetouchstoneofwhetherthesocietyishealthyor

ca,thepressassumedtheircustody

Thereportcallsforthedutyofsocialconscience,andtrade

legislature

Asabranchoflegislation,theyhavesuccessfullyreprented

lementationofthe

regulations,

Obviously,employers'productioncostswillbegreatly

incread.

nariesofsocial

hangesaremanifestedin

egislationsoonsurpasd

urrightsandinterests

Thelegislationofbenefithasmaderapidprogressin

Roovelt'eltwasinthefireadozentimes

Thepresidentwalectedonlytwoyearslater,butRoovelt's

LaborSecretarysaid,

March25,1911,"NewDeal"

Thedayhasalreadybegun".Youcanevensaythatariesof

socialvulnerablegroupswereprotectedin60s

Legislation,fromthisday,notwhat

peoplesimplyimagine,afreeeconomycountry

Itiscertainthatcapitalistscanmakeslavesbycontract,and

onthecontrary,ahealthysocietycandoit

Asocietycontracts,regulatingthestrong,protectingand

rlaborissacredornotiswhether

toembraceitornot

Thereisthisslogan,butwhethertheirlivesarerespected,

146lives,veinbooks,

liveincommemorationofeachyear

Inmotion.50thanniversary,theUnitedStateshadaparadein

aris90thanniversary,wearehere

ocumentary,wesawinterviews

withfiresurvivors

The16yearoldfemaleworkerlivedmorethan100yearsoldand

sphotoswerenowretained

icturesalso

appearedonthenet-today'sAmericans,forthe90yearsago

Amemorialwebsitewastablishedforthevictims.