instrumentality

ASurveyofEFLLearners’ReadingStrategies

By

ZhangSan

Athesis

submittedtotheForeignLanguageandLiteratureDepartmentof

BaojiUniversityofArtsandSciencesinpartialfulfillmentof

therequirementforthedegreeof

BACHELOROFARTS

in

ENGLISHLANGUAGE

Baoji,Shannxi

May,2012

ASurveyofEFLLearners’ReadingStrategies

ZhangSan

Abstract:ThispaperintendstoanalytheEnglishlanguagelearners

Consideringthatmostofthereadingstrategiesarepropodbyforeignscholarsof

thisfieldforESLlearnersratherthanforEFLlearners,asurveyisconductedasto

whetherChineEFLlearnersreallyapplythestrategiesandhowwellthestudents

atcollegeuthem...(有删节)InspiteofthefactthatmanyChinescholarslikeLiu

Yichun,YaoXimingandSongDeshenghavemadeaconsiderableamountofrearch

onreadingfrommanydifferentperspectives,theirstudiesarealmostallbadonthe

readingstrategiespropodbyforeignscholarsofthisfieldforESLlearnersrather

ore,itisnecessarytoconductasurveyastowhether

ChineEFLlearnersreallyapplythestrategiesandhowwellthestudentsat

dentssurveyedarelectedatrandomfromamongthe

Grade2001studentsoftheForeignLanguagesDepartment,BaojiUniversityofArts

andSciences,andclassifiedintotwogroups—thesuccessfulandthelesssuccessful—

erreading,

theysummarizewhattheyhavebeenreadingandthinkabouttheirfirstimpressions.

ThepaperconcludesthatEFLlearnersoughttohaveasmuchextendedreadingas

ffortsmustbemadetoenrichandenhancetheir

fundamentallinguisticknowledgeandskills,

EFLlearnersshouldhavetheabilitytorecognizeerrorsorcontradictionsintext,to

distinguishimportantideasfromunimportantones，tokeepabalancebetween

differen

importantly,toensurethesuccessinimprovingreadingcomprehension,thereaders

shouldreadoftenandregularly.

Keywords:EFLlearners;readingstrategies;cognitivestrategies;thesuccessful

readers,thelesssuccessfulreaders

外语学习者阅读策略研究

张三

【内容提要】(前有删节)随意抽取宝鸡文理学院外语系英语专业2001级学

生为调查对象，根据他们在2002年英语专业四级考试中的成绩将其分为成功者

和不成功者两类，并采用阅读测试和问卷调查对他们的阅读成绩和策略进行对比

分析。调查发现，虽然绝大多数受试者都不同程度的使用了阅读策略，但是成功

者外语学习的动机较高，语言能力较强，更擅长推断、自我监控和自我评价。通

过对被调查者在答题上的错误进行分析发现，他们在回答涉及隐含信息并需要推

理和判断的问题时，所犯错误更多。这表明达多数学生不能很好地使用一支信息

推断出原文的隐含意义。及时做出了推断，也只是表面性和暂时性的，没能有效

利用其他有用信息。总的来说，只有当外语学习者具有最基本的语言能力，并有

较强的学习的自主性之后，阅读策略才对他们更有益处。好的阅读策略有助于外

语学习者更加有效的阅读，用最少的努力获得最大的好处。因此，有效的读者同

时也是积极主动的读者，有清晰的阅读目的，在阅读前、阅读中或阅读后都能使

用一系列的阅读策略。阅读前，先把目光放在标题、副标题和小标题上，以此来

引发相关的思想、记忆和联想。阅读时，试图创造与作者对话的气氛，尽力明确

作者的意图。阅读后，对所读作品做出小结，回忆起初阅读时的印象，起到建立

新图式、新概念的目的。此外，外语学习者还要尽可能多地开展延伸性阅读

（extendedreading），丰富和提高语言基本知识与能力，增进对世界的了解和

认识，具备批判性阅读的能力；不要过分依赖某种策略，而应该在各种策略之间

寻求平衡，并能针对不同材料使用不同的策略；要善于使用元认知策略对外语学

习，特别是阅读进行计划、监控和评估；经常性阅读和定期阅读是阅读理解力提

高的重要保证。

【关键词】EFL学习者；阅读策略；认知策略；成功者；不成功者

CONTENTS

uction…………………………………………………..…..…..……….……1

eadingmodelsandtheories………………………………………4

有删节

y………………………………………………………………….....23

4.1Subjects……………………..………………………………………….....23

4.2Instrument…………………………………………………………….....23

4.3Datacollection……………………………………………….……….......23

ssuccessful………………….……….....24

4.3.2Thestudents‟uofreadingstrategies…………………………......26

……

4.3.4Theratesoferrorsinthequizonreadingcomprehension……...29

alysisanddiscussion………………………………………..31

5.1Theuofthestrategiesbyallthestudents…………………………...31

5.2Differencesinusingthestrategiesbybothgroups…………………….32

5.3Erroranalysis…………………………………………………………..35

5.4Discussion……………………………………………………………...38

sion……………………………………………………………...41

References…………………………………………………………………...44

Acknowledgements………………………………………………………...47

以上为论文封面以及摘要建立一个文件夹。

NaturalisminSisterCarrie:AnAnalysis

uction

Naturalism,asaliterarygenre,

fundamentalnaturalistdoctrineisprentedinEmileZola‟s1880essay“leroman

experimental”.Init,Zolaclaimsthatthenaturalistwritershouldsubjectbelievable

rwords,taketheknownand

sthattheliteraryartist“mustoperatewith

characters,passions,humanandsocialdataasthechemistandthephysicistworkon

inertbodies,asthephysiologistworkonlivingbodies”(Zhang,2000:425),whichthe

Frenchinitiatedandbegantodevelopnaturalism,Americansarecreditedwith

,guidedbyZola,Americannaturalisticwritersthought

thatsincehumanbeingsare,inEmileZola‟sphra,“humanbeasts”,characterscould

bestudiedthroughtheirrelationshipstotheirsurroundings(Zhang&Ma,1998:88).

Thenaturalistsbelievedinstudyinghumanbeingsasthoughtheywere“products”

thataretobestudiedimpartially,withoutmoralizingabouttheirnatures.

Somentencesarepurpofullydeleted.

……

Allinall,bytheshapingofCarrieMeeber,Douet,Hurstwood,aswellasthe

wholestory,Dreirwellshowshisliterarytrendandwellplayshisroleasa

naturalist.

cificperiodthestorybefallen

It‟snaturaltodiscusstheculturalandeconomicbackgroundinwhichthe

novelSisterCarrieistin,togetherwithabriefprentaionofAmericandreamin

twoctionslayabasicfoundationandsound,solid

frameworkforturtheranalysisofthenovelSisterCarrieper.

2.1ThecultureandeconomicalbackgroundofCarrie’stimes

DreirfirstlyinsistedthattheculturethatCarriereflectsisgroundedin

rDreirassignstoCarrie‟smigrationin1889,andher

1890,oneyear

afterDreirimaginesCarrie‟sarrivalinChicago,womenmadeupventeenpercent

ofthenationallaborforce,withwomenbetweentheagesoffifteenandtwenty-four

h

theearlynineteenthcentury,theeconomyhadbeenprimarilyagricultural,withthe

nsitionfromanagricultural

economycenteredinthefamilytoanindustrialordercharacterizedbymanagerial

capitalismdependedonthedevelopmentoffactoriesthroughoutthenineteenth

iesdemandedcentralizedlabor,largegroupsofunrelatedpeople

isshift,worknecessarily

movedoutsidethehome.

……

AmongthousandsofruralAmericanswhorushedtocitiestofindjobsandto

buildthemlvesnewlivesandidentities,Carriealsocapturetheexcitementofthat

edoutofherhometownheadingforChicago.

2.2Americandreaminthe19thcentury

Duringtheindustrialrevolutionofthe19thcentury,inbigcities,therewere

colorfultheatres,restaurants,supermarketsanddancingroommergingfuriously,

worldofprices.

ChicagoaswellasNewYorkbestreprentedtheoverallcharacteristicsofAmerican

capitalismandhigh-developedeconomyfrombeingfueledbyproductiontobeing

hicagowasthecitythatmostpeopleofmiddleclass

andwesternAmericansdreamingfor,Carriewasamongthepeople,whobelieved

odiespopularaspirationsandthe

notionofthe“Americandream”definedlaterbyJamesTruslow(1878-1949)was

……

Finally,themythologyofAmericandreamissurethatCarrierisfromragsto

mayreprentabroadprincipleofAmericanculture-itsquestfor

economicdominationoftheworld,shemightbeenasanallegoryforAmerican

ideals,oftenwaveringandcompromidingeopoliticalapplication,andrvinga

varietyoflf-interestedpressuregroups.

annatureinanaturalist’ye

Amongtheforcesthatsweepandplaythroughouttheuniver,untutoredmanis

ilizationisstillinamiddlestage,scarcelybeast,inthat

itisnolongerwhollyguidedbyinstinct;scarcelyhuman,inthatitisnotyetwholly

guidedbyreason.(Dreir,2000:59)

3.1Instrumentality----forthefulfillmentoftheeverlastingdesire

DreirthimlftoprojecttheAmericanvaluesforwhathehadfoundthem

insuchasocietywithsuchavaluesystem,the

humanindividualisobsdwithanever-ending,yetmeaninglessarchfor

satisfactionofhisdesires.

……

Dreirfurtherproclaimedthattoapopulacefirmlyinthegripofmaterial

existence,thedesireforsomethingmoreisadestructiveenergythatcanneverbe

exhausted;ood,whosuccessasmanagerofahighclass--

drinkingestablishmentisnotsufficient,fixeshisfurtherambitiononCarrie,andis

desireforsomethingmore,thelongingforfulfillment,is

alsohope,andthereforeinnocence,,atthetopofher

profession,isleftlookingforsomethingmore,butasweunderstandshewillnever

findit---shehasunfulfilledtheclostthingtograceinDreir‟stheology.

3.2Humanbestiality---theindifferenceinpeople’srelationships

Dreir,whohasbeeninfluencedbySpencerandDarwin‟stheory,reachesa

eshisconvictionthatmanisdrawing

awayfromanimalnature(instinct),andstilldoesn‟

tosay,hsisterCarrie,Dreir

showsusanextraordinaryatomizednature,thegenerallaceofanysubstantivesocial,

orevenpersonal,andtiesbetweenindividuals.

……

Howcruel,howanimalizedtheindividualsare!Allthepeopleshowlittle

interesttotheirrelationships,e

animalizedinsteadofhumanized.

3.3Thenaturalisticforgivingtreatment

Sincenaturalisticwritersbelievemanhasnofreewill,theydonotattemptto

rdoessharewiththenaturaliststheirrefusaltojudge-to

wuponCarrieintheearlypartofthe20th

centurywerecaudbyitsprentationofawomanwhohad„sinned‟andnotbeen

et,sheisnotevenemawarethatsheissinful.

……

Dreirhere,asinallhisworks,feelsthatpeoplesimplydowhat,beingmadeas

theyare,theyhavetodo,andthattheyare,ingeneral,betterthantheircircumstances.

Anyhow,Dreirwantshischaracterstostandoutsideanysortofmoralityandthathe

edrivenbythepleasure---painprinciple,bythe

animalinstinctDreirhimlfrefersto.

inismoffate

eivesofmanas

controlledbyhisinstinctsorhispassions,orbyhissocialandeconomicenvironment

andcircumstances.

4.1Themeaningofdeterminism

Determinismreferstothebeliefortheorythathumanactionsandeventsare

ingtoKarlMarx,

thatdeterminismresultsfromman‟livesinaworldof

orcosts$4.5,board$4aweek,cheaplunch$10,mustface

thereality,actly,inSisterCarrie,thereisnot

yCarrie,Hurstwood,

Minine,aswellasHurstwood‟swifeandchildrenaremotivatedbythesamematerial

values,theyaresingle-mindedlyambitious,andgovernedbythesamensitivityto

wealthandstatus,averyoneel.

……

Asanaturalist,sawa

“biologicaldeterminism”inherentinman‟sphysicalnaturewhichexplainthe

apter33,heexplainsthat:

Ithasbeenshownexperimentallythataconstantlysubduedframeofmindproduces

certainpoisonsintheblood,calledkatastates,justasvirtuousfeelingsofpleasure

sonsgeneratedby

remorinveighagainstthesystem,andeventuallyproducemarkedphysical

deterioration.(Wang&Hu,1999:257)

4.2Theeffectofchance

Poorandpureassheis,Carrieemstobetrappedinthebottomstratumsof

society,ceplaysanimportantroleto

firstmeetsDrouetonthetrainleaving

omeshismistressafterwardsandlearnsHurstwoodthroughthe

etdoesnothappentositbesideCarrie,herexperience

rrielosherjobanddecidestoreturnher

hometown,sheagainmeetswithDrouetcoincidentally,sinceherlifeischanged.

WhenshelivesinNewYork,CarriebecomesahouholdnameinBroadway,while

neverhas

herownthought.

……

Thus,whenHurstwoodwenttoNewYorkwithCarrie,helistalmosteverything,

woryet,thepoorbarheinvestedwithallhisleftmoneycollapdbecau

elostallhismoney,his

hopeaswellashinergy,hislifeonlyledtodeath.

4.3Determinationofenvironment

Carrieimphasizedtobeapassiveindividualwhocomesintoanimationunder

erthinksaboutanythingshehasn‟

imitateverythingperfectlyandthatiswhysheisbecomingwhatpeoplewantherto

chersarenotprimarilythemenwhokeepherbutotherwomen-the

successionofneighborsandfriendswhoinstructherinthelongingforclothes,jewels,

irescomefromother

people‟sdesires.

……

sion

SisterCarriebestembodiesDreir‟snaturalisticbeliefthatwhilemenare

controlledandconditionedbyheredity,everyshapeofa

systemthatdeterminesthebasisofhumanbeings,whoareleftwithnofreedomof

rsoughttograsptheworkingofsociallawsastheyaffecthumanfate,

toexplaintheexternalforcesofman‟,theworldhecreatesis

purelyphysicalandmechanistic,aworldinwhichmanisnsitivetooutsidestimuli,

whichinturnproduceastateofmind,andtoinside“chemicals”.(Owens,1990:26)

……

FromthenovelSisterCarrieon,DreirtshimlftoprojecttheAmerican

insucha

societywithsuchavaluesystem,humanbeingsareobsdwithaneverlasting,

never-ending,e

so-calledsuccessofCarrieisnotonlyatragedyforherlfbutalsoforAmerican

society,forsheisaproductofthesociety（3,509words）

单独一页（或者更多页）

References

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n:NankaiUniversityPress,

1990.

Dreir,g：WorldBooksPublishingHouPress，2000.

Ellis,:OxfordUniversityPress

1994.

Hart,ordCompaniontoAmericanLiterature,k:

OxfordUniversityPress,1965.

Hu,

(Ed.),BilingualeducationinChina:practices,policesandconcepts(pp.94-126).

Clevedon:MultilingualMatters,2007.

Michel,endEditionofYorkNotes::Longman

GroupUKLimitedreprintedbyWorldPublishingCorporation,Beijing,1982.

offull-timeteachersbyfieldofstudyinregularhigher

vedon16September2008from:

/edoas/website18/36/

Owens,anLiteraryScholarship,:DukeUniversity

Press,1990.

Spolsky,k:OxfordUniversity

Press,1999.

Ur,dge:CambridgeUniversityPress,

2000.

费·鲍良克.教育论.北京：人民教育出版社,1984.

项茂英.情感因素对大学英语教学的影响.外语与外语教学,2003(3).

崔永禄.霍克斯译《红楼梦》中倾向性问题的思考.外语与外语教学,2003(9).

单独一页

Acknowledgements

Firstofall,Iowemyearnestgratitudetomytutor,rherinsightful

lectures,ouldexpressmythanks

toherforbeingcriticalanddemandingandyetcaringandsupportive,whichtherefore

helpsbroadenandenrichmyknowledgeinthecourofacademicpaperwriting.

Secondly,specialthankswillalsogototheotherteacherswhotaughtmeduring

myfouryearsofcollegelife.

Lastbutnottheleast;Iamindebtedtoallmyfriendsandclassmateswho

constantlyoffertheirconcern,expectationandsuggestiontome.

以上为论文正文以及参考文献和鸣谢建立一个文件夹。