passage

Whypagodasdon’tfalldown

A

Inalandsweptbytyphoonsandshakenbyearthquakes,howhaveJapan'stallestand

eminglyflimsiest不结实的;易损坏的(原型flimsy)oldbuildings—500orso

woodenpagodas宝塔—remainedstandingforcenturies?Recordsshowthatonly

twohavecollapdduringthepast1400years.(第1题)Thothathavedisappeared

astrous损失惨重

的Hanshinearthquakein1995killed6,400people,toppledelevatedhighways,

flattened使…成为平地officeblocksanddevastated毁灭;摧毁theportareaof

eftthemagnificentfive-storeypagodaattheTojitempleinnearby

Kyotounscathed未受损伤;未遭伤害(第2题)thoughitlevelled夷平anumberof

buildingsintheneighborhood.

Topple:~(over)beunsteadyandfall不稳而倒下:

Thepileofbookstoppledoverontothefloor.那一摞书倒在地板上了.

BJapanescholarshavebeenmystifiedforagesaboutwhythetall,slender

nlythirtyyearsagothatthebuildingindustryfelt

confidentenoughtoerectofficeblocksofsteelandreinforcedconcretethathadmore

thanadozenfloors.（第3题）Withitsspecialshockabsorbers减震器todampen

抑制theeffectofsuddensidewaysmovementsfromanearthquake,the

thirty-six-storeyKasumigakibuildingincentralTokyo—Japan'sfirstskyscraper

摩天楼—wasconsideredamasterpieceofmodernengineeringwhenitwasbuiltin

1968.

【重要词汇】mystify/ˈmɪstɪfaɪ;ˋmɪstəˏfaɪ/v(pt,pp-fied)[Tn]make(sb)

confudthroughlackofunderstanding;puzzle;bewilder使（某人）困惑不解;使

迷惑:I'mmystified;Ijustcan'tehowhedidit.我大惑不解,就是不明白他是怎

麽做到的.*hermystifyingdisappearance她神秘的失踪.

dampen(down)

tomakesomethingsuchasafeelingoractivitylessstrong

Thelightraindampenedthecrowd'nthusiasm.

Raisinginterestratesmightdampentheeconomy.

tomakeasoundormovementlessloudorstrong

Thespringdampenstheshockoftheimpact.

CYetin826,withonlypegs短桩andwedges楔子tokeephiswoodenstructure

upright,themasterbuilderKobodaishihadnohesitationinndinghismajestic雄伟

的Tojipagodasoaringfifty-fivemetresintothesky—nearlyhalfashighasthe

y,Japane

carpentersofthedayknewafewtricksaboutallowingabuildingtoswayandttle

itlfratherthanfightnature'sforces.

（第4题）Butwhatsortoftricks?

China,theywerefirstintroducedwithBuddhismandwereattachedtoimportant

temples.(第9题)TheChinebuilttheirpagodasinbrickorstone,withinner

staircas,andudtheminlatercenturiesmainlyaswatchtowers（第5题和第7题）

瞭望塔.WhenthepagodareachedJapan,however,itsarchitecturewasfreely

adaptedtolocalconditions—theywerebuiltlesshigh,typicallyfiveratherthan

ninestoreys,mademainlyofwoodandthestaircawasdispend（第5题）免除，

省掉withbecautheJapanepagodadidnothaveanypracticalubutbecame

eofthetyphoonsthatbatter接连猛击Japaninthe

summer,Japanebuilderslearnedtoextendtheeaves屋檐ofbuildingsfurther

beyondthewalls.（第6题）Thispreventsrainwatergushing流出,泻出,涌出

sinChinaandKoreahavenothingliketheoverhangthatis

foundonpagodasinJapan.

【重要词组】dispenwithsb/sthmanagewithoutsb/sth;getridofsb/sth用不着某

人[某事物];摆脱某人[某事物]:Heisnotyetwellenoughtodispenwiththepills.

他尚未痊愈,仍需吃药.

adapte(onelf)(tosth)becomeadjustedtonewconditions,etc适应（新环境等）:

Oureyesslowlyadaptedtothedark.我们的眼睛慢慢地适应了黑暗的环境.

【重要词汇】overhang/ˈəuvəhæŋ;ˋovɚˏhæŋ/npartthatoverhangs悬

垂的部分:abird'snestundertheoverhangoftheroof房檐下的鸟巢.

ETheroofofaJapanetemplebuildingcanbemadetooverhangthesidesof

thestructurebyfiftypercentormoreofthebuilding'soverallwidth.（第8题）

Forthesamereason,thebuildersofJapanepagodasemtohavefurtherincread

theirweightbychoosingtocovertheextendedeavesnotwiththeporcelain瓷tiles

瓦ofmanyChinepagodasbutwithmuchheavierearthenware陶器tiles.

【难句解析】TheroofofaJapanetemplebuildingcanbemadetooverhang

thesidesofthestructurebyfiftypercentormoreofthebuilding'soverallwidth.

句子结构theroof…canbemadeto….by…

日本寺庙的屋顶可以被建造成各面都延伸出庙宇本身，延伸的范围在该寺庙整体

宽度的50%或者更多。

FButthisdoesnottotallyexplainthegreatresilience弹性

theanswerthat,likeatallpinetree,theJapanepagoda—withitsmassive

trunk-likecentralpillar柱子knownasshinbashira—simplyflexes伸缩，弯曲and

sways摇动,摇摆duringatyphoonorearthquake?Forcenturies,manythoughtso.

Buttheanswerisnotsosimple（11题B选项）becauthestartling令人吃惊的

thingisthattheshinbashiraactuallycarriesnoload不负重atall.

（11题A选项）Infact,insomepagodadesigns,itdoesnotevenrestonthe

ground接触地面,butissuspended悬挂fromthetopofthepagoda—hanging

loolydownthroughthemiddleofthebuilding.（11题C选项）Theweightofthe

buildingissupportedentirelybytwelveouterandfourinnercolumns.

GAndwhatistheroleoftheshinbashira,thecentralpillar?Thebestwayto

understandtheshinbashira'sroleistowatchavideomadebyShuzoIshida,a

da,knowntohisstudents

as'ProfessorPagoda'becauofhispassiontounderstandthepagoda,hasbuilta

riesofmodelsandtestedthemona'shake-table't,the

shinbashirawasactinglikeanenormousstationarypendulum钟摆.Theancient

craftsmen,apparentlywithouttheassistanceofveryadvancedmathematics,

emedtograsptheprinciplesthatwere,morethanathousandyearslater,

appliedintheconstructionofJapan'oearlycraftsmen

hadfoundbytrialanderrorwasthatunderpressureapagoda'sloostackoffloors

couldbemadetoslithertoandfro来回地;往复地independentofoneanother.

Viewedfromtheside,thepagodaemedtobedoingasnakedance—witheach

concutive连续的floormovingintheoppositedirectiontoitsneighboursabove

nbashira,runningupthroughaholeinthecentreofthebuilding,

constrainedindividualstoreysfrommovingtoofarbecau,aftermovingacertain

distance,theybangedintoit,transmittingenergyawayalongthecolumn.（11题D

选项）

【重要词汇】Stack：pileorheap,usuneatlyarranged堆,摞（通常指堆放得整齐

的）:awoodstack木材堆*astackofnewspapers

slither：slideorslipunsteadily摇晃不稳地滑动或滑行:slitheringdangerously(on

themuddypath)（在泥泞的路上）危险地滑行*

【重要词组】bangintosb/sthcollidewithsb/sthviolently猛撞着某人[某物]:He

ranroundthecornerandbangedstraightintoalamp-post.他跑过拐角处时迎面撞

在灯柱上.

【难句解析】Theancientcraftsmen,apparentlywithouttheassistanceofveryadvanced

mathematics,emedtograsptheprinciplesthatwere,morethanathousandyearslater,

appliedintheconstructionofJapan'sfirstskyscraper.古代的工匠在明显没有先进的数学

知识的情况下，似乎已经掌握了一千年以后应用于日本第一摩天大楼的理论。

H

AnotherstrangefeatureoftheJapanepagodaisthat,becauthebuildingtapers逐

渐尖细,witheachsuccessivefloorplanbeingsmallerthantheonebelow,noneofthe

vertical垂直的pillarsthatcarrytheweightofthebuildingisconnectedtoits

rwords,afive-storeypagodacontainsnoteven

onepillarthattravelsrightupthroughthebuildingtocarrythestructuralloadsfrom

rprisingisthefactthattheindividualstoreysofa

Japanepagoda,unliketheircounterpartlwhere,arenotactuallyconnectedto

esimplystacked堆积oneontopofanotherlikeapileofhats.

Interestingly,suchadesignwouldnotbepermittedundercurrentJapanebuilding

regulations.（第10题和第13题）

I

Andtheextra-wideeaves?Thinkofthemasatightropewalker's走钢丝表演者

balancingpole平衡杆.Thebiggerthemass重物ateachendofthepole,theeasierit

eholdstruefora

pagoda.'Withtheeavextendingoutonallsideslikebalancingpoles,'saysMr

Ishida,'thebuildingrespondstoeventhemostpowerfuljoltofanearthquakewitha

gracefulswaying,neveranabruptshaking.'Hereagain,Japanemasterbuildersofa

thousandyearsagoanticipated预见到conceptsofmodernstructuralengineering.

【重要词组】holdtrue=remainvalid,applicableorunchanged

Questions1-4

DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeclaimsofthewriterinReadingPassage1?Inboxes

1-4onyouranswersheet,write

YES

ifthestatementagreeswiththeclaimsofthewriter

NO

ifthestatementcontradictstheclaimsofthewriter

NOTGIVENifitisimpossibletosaywhatthewriterthinksaboutthis

解析：原文：Recordsshowthatonlytwohavecollapdduringthepast1400years.

2

解析：原文：Yetitleftthemagnificentfive-storeypagodaattheTojitempleinnearbyKyoto

unscathed未受损伤;未遭伤害

EN

解析：B段提到了thirtyyears这两个单词。但是并为提及Tojipagoda周围建筑的就年代。

原文如下

Itwasonlythirtyyearsagothatthebuildingindustryfeltconfidentenoughtoerectofficeblocks

ofsteelandreinforcedconcretethathadmorethanadozenfloors.

4Thebuildersofpagodasknewhowtoabsorbsomeofthepowerproducedbyvereweather

解析：原文：Clearly,Japanecarpentersofthedayknewafewtricksaboutallowingabuildingto

swayandttleitlfratherthanfightnature'sforces.

显然，当时的日本木匠知道一些方法，这些方法使得建筑物通过摇摆给稳定下来，而不是和

天气对抗。

在这里问题中的vereweatherconditionsnature’sforces对应。

Questions5-10

Classifythefollowingastypicalof

AbothChineandJapanepagodas

BonlyChinepagodas

ConlyJapanepagodas

Writethecorrectletter,A,BorC,inboxes5-10onyouranswersheet.

5easyinterioraccesstotopB

6tilesoneavesA

7uasobrvationpostB

8sizeofeavesuptohalfthewidthofthebuildingC

9originalreligiouspurpoA

10floorsfittingloolyovereachotherC

Questions11-13

Choothecorrectletter,A,B,CorD.

Writethecorrectletterinboxes11-13onyouranswersheet.

11InaJapanepagoda,theshinbashira

D

Abearsthefullweightofthebuilding.

Bbendsunderpressurelikeatree.

Cconnectsthefloorswiththefoundations.

Dstopsthefloorsmovingtoofar.

阅读区间为F和G段。

12ShuzoIshidaperformxperimentsinordertoC

Aimproveskyscraperdesign.

Bbeabletobuildnewpagodas.

Clearnaboutthedynamicsofpagodas.

Dunderstandancientmathematics.

解析：阅读G段。

13ThestoreysofaJapanepagodaareC

Alinkedonlybywood.

Bfastenedonlytothecentralpillar.

Cfittedloolyontopofeachother.

Djoinedbyspecialweights.