affix

Chapter3Morphology

nonymouswith“vocabulary”

Wordsarethefocusofthestudyoflexicon,sotheemphasisofthischapterfallsuponwords,.,theanalysisand

creationofwords.

turesofword

Wordismeaningful;wordisagrammaticalunit;wordcanbeudindependently;wordisrelativelystableand

uninterruptible.

Morphologyreferstothestudyoftheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.

Thetotalnumberofwordsstoredinthebrainiscalledthelexicon._________

WordsarethesmallestfreeunitsofIanguagethatunitesoundswithmeaning.

Morphologyisabranchoflinguistics,whereaslexiconisacomponentofIanguageinsteadofabranchoflin

guistics.

Openclasswordandclodclassword

Openclasswords----contentwordsofaIanguagetowhichwecanregularlyaddnewwords,suchasnouns,

adjectives,verbsandadverbs,.beatnik(amembeioftheBeatGeneration),hacker,email,

internet,“做秀，时装秀…”inChine.

Clodclasswords----grammaticalorfunctionalwords,suchasconjunction,articles,

prepositionandpronouns.

llestmeaningfulunitofIanguageiscalledamorpheme.

ayconsistofonemorphemeormoremorphemes,.

1-morpheme

2-morpheme

3-morpheme

4-morpheme

5-morpheme

7-morpheme

boy,desire

boy+ish,desir(e)+ble

boy+ish+ness,desir(e)+bl(e)+ity

gentle+man+li+ness,un+desir(e)+abl(e)+ityun+gentle+man+li+ness

anti+dis+establish+ment+ari+an+ism

Morph:whenpeoplewishtodistinguishthesoundofamorphemefromtheentiremorpheme,theymaysued

ephoneticrealizationofamorpheme

Allomorph:Amorphememaybereprentedbydifferentforms,e

phoneticvariantofamorpheme.

Somemorphemeshaveasingleforminallcontexts,suchas“dog,bark,cat”,r

instances,theremaybesomevariation,thatis,amorphememayhavealternateshapesorphoneticforms.

Theyaresaidtobetheallomorphsofthemorpheme,thepluralmorphememaybereprentedby:

map----maps_[s]

dog----dogs_[z]

watch----watches[iz]

mou----mice[ai]

ox----oxen_[n]

tooth----teeth

sheep——sheep_

Eachoftheunderlinedpartiscalledanallomorphofpluralmorpheme.

Affix

Prefix----morphemesthatoccuronlybeforeothers,.

un-,dis,anti-,ir-,etc.

Suffix----morphemesthatoccuronlyafterothers,.

-ful,-er,-ish,-ness,-able,-tive,tion,etc.

Root:Therootconstitutesthecoreofthewordandcarriesthemajorcomponentofitsmeaning.

Arootisthebaformofawordthatcannotfurtherbeanalyzedwithouttotallossofidentity.

Arootmaybefreeorbound(suchasmit,tain,cur,ceive).Anaffixisnaturallybound.

Freemorpheme&boundmorpheme

Freemorpheme----isonethatmayconstituteaword(freeform)byitlf,suchasbed,tree,

sing,dance,etc.

nnotstandby

themlves,suchas-sindogs,alinnational,dis-indisclo,edin“recorded”,etc.

orphemesarecalledfreemorphemes.

ealways

distinctionbetweenafreemorphemesandaboundmorphemeiswhetheritcanbeud

independentlyinspeechorwriting.

Freemorphemesaretherootsofwords,whileboundmorphemesaretheaffixes(prefixesand

suffixes).

Derivationalmorpheme&inflectionalmorpheme

Derivationalmorphemes----themorphemeswhichchangethecategory,orgrammaticalclassofwords,.

modern---modernize,length---lengthen,fool---foolish,etc.

Inflectionalmorphemes----themorphemeswhichareforthemostpartpurelygrammaticalmarkers,

signifyingsuchconceptsasten,number,caandsoon;theyneverchangetheirsyntacticcategory,never

addanylexicalmeaning,.

a)number:tablesapplescars__

b)person,finitenessandaspect:talk/talks/talking/talked

c)ca:John/John's

InflectionalmorphemesinmodernEnglishindicatecaandnumberofnouns,tenand

aspectofverbs,anddegreeofadjectivesandadverbs.

Derivationalmorphemesareboundmorphemesaddedtoexistingformstoconstructnewwords.

Englishaffixesaredividedintoprefixesandsuffixes.

SomeIanguageshaveinfixes,boundmorphemeswhichareinrtedintoother

morphemes.

Derivationalmorphemes----affix(suffix,infix,prefix)+root

Inflectionalmorphemes

11

11typesofinfleetionalmorphemesinEnglish

Noun+-'s,-s/es[posssive;plural]Verb+-s/es,-ing,-ed,-ed/-en[3rdpersonsingular;

prentparticiple;pastten,pastparticiple]Adj+-er,-est[comparative;superlative]

Inflectionalmorphemesneverchangethegrammaticalcategoryofaword

Inflectionalmorphemesinflueneethewholecategory;

Derivationalmorphemesareopposite

Order:root(stem)+derivational+inflectional

Conclusion:classificationofmorphemes

Morphemes

Freemorphemes

Boundmorphemes

Inflexional

Derivational:affixes

Prefixes

Suffixes

Morphologicalrules

Therulesthatgoverntheformationofwords,.the“un-+----”rule.

unfairunthinkableunacceptable…

Compoundingisanotherwaytoformnewwords,.

Iandladyrainbowundertake…

Theprocessofputtingaffixestoexistingformstocreatenewwordsiscalledderivation

Wordsthusformedarecalledderivatives.

Compounds

Nouncompounds

daybreak(N+V)playboy(V+N)haircut(N+V)

callgirl(V+N)windmill(N+N)

Verbcompounds

brainwash(N+V)lipread(N+V)babysit(N+V)

Adjectivecompounds

maneating(N+Ving)heartfelt(N+Ved)

dutyfree(N+adj.)

Prepositioncompounds

into(P+P)

throughout(P+P)

Somepointsaboutcompounds

Whenthetwowordsareinthesamegrammaticalcategory,thecompoundwillbeinthiscategory,

postbox,landlady,icy-cold,blue-black…

Whenthetwowordsfallintodifferentcategories,theclassofthecondorfinalwordwillbethegrammatical

categoryofthecompound,.head-strong,pickpocket…

Compoundsiavedifferentstresspatternsfromthenon-compoundedwordquenee,.redcoat,green

hou…

Themeaningofacompoundisnotalwaysthesumofthemeaningsofitsparts.

Formationofnewwords

1.1nflection:itisthemanifestationofgrammaticalrelationshipsthroughtheadditionofinflectional

affixes,suchasnumber,person,finiteness,aspectandca.

tion

Derivationformsawordbyaddinganaffixtoafreemorpheme.

Sincederivationcanapplymorethanonce,itispossibletocreateaderivedword

mple,ifweaddaffixestothewordfriend,wecan

formbefriend,friendly,unfriendly,friendliness,unfriendliness,ocess

ofaddingmorethanoneaffixtoafreemorphemeistermedcomplexderivation.________

Derivationisalsoconstrainedbyphonologicalfactors.

SomeEnglishsuffixesalsochangethewordstress.

nding

ecombinationoffreemorphemes.

ThemajorityofEnglishcompoundsarethecombinationofwordsfromthethreeclass-

nouns,verbsandadjectives-andfallintothethreeclass.

Incompounds,therightmostmorphemedeterminesthepartofspeechoftheword.

Themeaningofcompoundsisnotalwaysthesumofmeaningofthecomponents.

sion(invention)

Conversionistheprocessputtinganexistingwordofoneclassintoanotherclass.

Conversionisusuallyfoundinwordscontainingonemorpheme.

ng(abbreviations)front,back,frontandback

Clippingisaprocessthatshortensapolysyllabicwordbydeletingoneormoresyllables.

ClippedwordsareinitiallyudinspokenEnglishoninformaloccasions.

Someclippedwordshavebecomewidelyaccepted,

example,thewordsbus(omnibus),vet(veterinarian),gym(gymnasium),fridge

(refrigerator)andfax(facsimile)arerarelyudintheircompleteform.

ng

Blendingisaprocessthatcreatesnewwordsbyputtingtogethernon-morphemicpartsofexisting

mple,smog(smoke+frog),brunch(amealinthemiddleofmorning,replacingboth

breakfastandlunch),motel(motor+hotel).Thereisalsoan

interestingwordinthetextbookforjuniormiddleschoolstudents—“plike”(akind

ofmachinethatislikebothaplaneandabike).

-formation

Back-formatio

example,ally,the

wordtelevisionisformedbyputtingtheprefixtele-(far)totherootvision(viewing).Atthesametime,

thereisasuffix—ople

considerthe-sioninthewordtelevisionasthatsuffixanddropittoformtheverb

televi.

Acronymsareformedbyputtingtogethertheinitiallettersofallwordsinaphra

ortitle.

AcronymscanbereadasawordandareusuallyIongerthanabbreviations,whichareread

letterbyletter.

Thistypeofwordformationiscommoninnamesoforganizationsandscientificterminology.

Emple,the

wordsandwichisacommonnounoriginatingfromthefourthEarlofSandwich,whoputhisfood

betweentwoslicesofbreadsothathecouldeatwhilegambling.

e

Coinageisaprocessofinventingwordsnotbadonexistingmorphemes.

Thiswayofwordformationispeciallycommonincaswhereindustryrequires

mple,KodakandCoca-cola.

ing:EnglishinitsdevelopmenthasmanagedtowidenitsvocabularybyBorrowing

,Latin,French,ArabicandotherIanguageshaveallplayedan

activeroleinthisprocess,suchas“atom,electricity”fromGreek,“cancer,tumour”fromLatin,

“violin,pizza”fromItalian.

opoeia:itisawayofcreatingwordsbyimitatingthesoundsoftheoutsideworld.

SupplementaryExercisChapter3:Morphology

whethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFal:

logystusmallest

meaningfulunitsofIanguage.

aphonemeisthebasicunitinthestudyofphonology,soisamorphemethebasicunit

inthestudyofmorphology.

llestmeaningfulunitsthatcanbeudfreelyallbythemlvesarefreemorphemes.

orphemesincludetwotypes:rootsandaffixes.

tionalmorphemesmanifestvariousgrammaticalrelationsorgrammaticalcategoriessuch

asnumber,ten,degree,andca.

stingformtowhichaderivationalaffixcanbeaddediscalledastem,whichcanbeaboundroot,afree

morpheme,oraderivedformitlf.

esusuallymodifythepartofspeechoftheoriginalword,notthemeaningofit.

reruore,

wordsformedaccordingtothemorphologicalrulesareacceptablewords.

ically,thestressofacompoundalwaysfallsonthefirstelement,whilethecondelementreceives

condarystress.

eachblankbelowwithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:

11.M___isthesmallestmeaningfulunitofIanguage.

ix“-ish”inthewordboyishconveysag______meaning.

13.B__________morphemesarethothatcannotbeudindependentlybuthavetobecombined

withothermorphemes,eitherfreeorbound,toformaword.

sareoftwotypes:inflectionalaffixesandd_________affixes.

15.D______affixesareaddedtoanexistingformtocreatewords.

_____isaddedtotheendofstemstomodifythemeaningoftheoriginalwordanditmay

cachangeitspartofspeech.

17.C________isthecombinationoftwoorsometimesmorethantwowordstocreatenewwords.

esthatgovernwhichaffixcanbeaddedtowhattypeofstemtoformanewwordarecalledmrules.

sofmorphemicanalysis,d_____________canbeviewedastheadditionofaffixes

tostemstoformnewwords.

_____canbeaboundroot,afreemorpheme,oraderivedformitlftowhichaderivational

affixcanbeadded.

echoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement:

pheme“vision”inthecommonword“television”isa(n)___________.

orm

rpheme

poundword“bookstore”dicatesthatthemeaningofa

compound_______________________.

umtotalofthemeaningofitscomponents

aysbeworkedoutbylookingatthemeaningsofmorphemes

ameasthemeaningofafreephra.

theabove.

tofspeechofthecompoundsisgenerallydeterminedbythepartofspeechof_______________.

stelement

ondelement

thefirstorthecondelement

efirstandthecondelements.

24._____arethothatcannotbeudindependentlybuthavetobecombinedwithothermorphemes,

eitherfreeorbound,toformaword.

orphemes

25._______isabranchofgrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherules

bywhichwordsareformed.

me

ningcarriedbytheinflectionalmorphemeis______.

mic

ic

orphemesarethothat__________.

beudindependently

becombinedwithothermorphemes

herbefreeorbound

becombinedwithothermorphemes.

28.__modifythemeaningofthestem,butusuallydonotchangethepartofspeechofthe

originalword.

es

s

29._______areoftenthoughttobethesmallestmeaningfulunitsoflanguagebythelinguists.

ces

30.“-s”intheword“books”is____________.

ethemainfeaturesoftheEnglishcompounds?

sthetypesofmorphemeswithexamples.

SuggestedanswerstosupplementaryexercisChapter3

thefollowingterms:

logy:Morphologyisabranchofgrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherules

bywhichwordsareformed.

tionalmorphology:Theinflectionalmorphologystudiestheinflections

tionalmorphology:Derivationalmorphologyisthestudyofword-formation.

me:Itisthesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguage.

rpheme:Freemorphemesarethemorphemeswhichareindependentunitsofmeaningandcanbe

udfreelyallbythemlvesorincombinationwithothermorphemes.

orpheme:Boundmorphemesarethemorphemeswhichcannotbeudindependently

buthavetobecombinedwithothermorphemes,eitherfreeorbound,toformaword.

:Arootisoftenenaspartofaword;itcanneverstandbyitlfalthoughitbearsclear,definite

meaning;itmustbecombinedwithanotherrootoranaffixtoformaword.

:Affixesareoftwotypes:tionalaffixes

manifestvariousgrammaticalrelationsorgrammaticalcategories,whilederivationalaffixesareaddedtoan

existingformtocreateaword.

:esmodifythemeaningofthestem,butthey

usuallydonotchangethepartofspeechoftheoriginalword.

:Suffixesareaddedtotheendofthestems;theymodifythemeaningoftheoriginalwordandin

manycaschangeitspartofspeech.

tion:Derivationisaprocessofwordformationbywhichderivativeaffixesareaddedtoanexisting

formtocreateaword.

nding:Compoundingcanbeviewedasthecombinationoftwoorsometimesmorethantwowords

tocreatenewwords.

thefollowingquestions:

thefollowingterms:

logy

tionalmorphology

rpheme

tion

thefollowingquestions:

tionalmorphology

me

orpheme

nding

Morphology

ethemainfeaturesoftheEnglishcompounds?

Orthographicallyacompoundcanbewrittenasoneword,twoparatewordswithorwithoutahyphenin

tically,ically,the

meaningofacompoundisidiomatic,ically,the

wordstressofacompoundusuallyfallsonthefirstelement.

sthetypesofmorphemeswithexamples.

Freemorphemes:Theyaretheindependentunitsofmeaningandcanbeudfreelyallbythemlves,

forexample,“book-”intheword“bookish”.

Boundmorphemes:Theyarethothatcannotbeudindependentlybuthavetobecombinedwithother

morphemes,eitherfreeorbound,toformawordsuchas“-ish”in“bookish”.Bound

senaspartofaword;itcanneverstandbyitlf

althoughithasaclearanddefinitemeaning,suchas“gene-”intheword

“generate”.Affixesareoftwotypes:tionalmorphemesmanifestvarious

grammaticalrelationsorgrammaticalcategoriessuchas“-s”intheword

“books”tionalaffixesareaddedtoanexistingformto

createawordsuchas“mis-”intheword“misinform”.Derivationalaffixescanalsobedivided

esoccuratthebeginningofawordsuchasword

“dislike”,whilesuffixesoccurattheendofawordsuchas“friendless

“dis-”inthe

-less”intheword