queen mary

Name:李岩Major:MAStudentNumber:1Date:2016.11.23

Chapter5TheMeaningofLanguage

Exercis

fortautologies;Cforcontradiction;Sforotherntences:

aremonarchs.(t)

refemale.(s)

repoor.(s)

areugly.(s)

aremothers.(s)

remothers.(s)

efour-legged.(t)

efelines.(t)

estupid.(s)

ecarnivores.(s)

WashingtonisGeorge

Washington.(t)

Washingtonisthefirstprent.(s)

Washingtonismale.(s)

aremale.(t)

isaman.(c)

sarewiched.(t)

herisawitch.(s)

erisanonlychild.(c)

ningstarisn'ttheeveningstar.(c)

ningstarisn'tVenus.(s)

areadults.(c)

canliftoneton.(c)

sarehuman.(t)

elorfriendsareallmarried.

(c)

elorfriendsarealllonely.(t)

essideasaregreen.(c)

ity.

hedatthecolorfulball.

Meaning1:Welaughedwhenwesawthecolorfulball.

Meaning2:Thecolorfulballisveryfunnysowelaughed.

Meaning3:Welaughedwhenwesatonthecolorfulball.

nockedoverbythepunch.

Meaning1:Hewasknockedoverbythefistofothers.

Meaning2:Hewasknockedoverbythemachineofpunch.

icewereurgedtostopdrinkingbythefifth.

Meaning1:Thepolicewereurgedtostopdrinkingbythekindofwine.

Meaning2:Thepolicewereurgedtostopdrinkingforthefifthtime.

wouldfileitonThursday.

Meaning1:IsaidIwouldfilethedocumentsonThursday.

Meaning2:IsaidIwouldfilethereportonThursday.

trecommendvisitingprofessorstoohighly.

Meaning1:Icannotadvicetoofrequentlyvisitingprofessors.

Meaning2:Icannotintroducetoofrequentlytovisitprofessors.

Meaning3:Icannotadvicethatyouvisitprofessorstooofteninashorttime.

Meaning4:Icannotintroducethatyouvisitprofessorstooofteninashorttime.

enfeeforpetsownedbyniorcitizenswhohavenotbeenalteredis$1.50.(actual

notice)

Meaning1:Thelicenfeeforpetswhohasnotbeenalteredis$1.50andthelicenfeeforpets

ownedbyniorcitizens.

Meaning2:Thelicenfeeforpetsis$1.50andthelicenfeeforpetsownedbyniorcitizens

whohavenotbeenaltered.

oksbetteronahandsomemanthanatux?Nothing!(AttributedtoMaeWest)

Meaning1:Whatlooksbetteronahandsomemanthanapenguin?Nothing!

Meaning2:Whatlooksbetteronahandsomemanthanamanwithdinnersuit?Nothing!

:Mantotakecareofcowthatdoesnotsmokeordrink.(Actualnotice)

Meaning1:Wanted:Manwhowanttotakecareofcowdoesnotsmokeordrink.

Meaning2:Mantotakecareofcowandcowdoesnotsmokeordrink.

e:Severalolddressfromgrandmotherinbeautifulcondition.

Meaning1:ForSale:Severalolddressareingoodconditionandtheolddressaretaken

fromgrandmother.

Meaning2:ForSale:Grandmotherisinbeautifulconditionandveralolddressarefrom

grandmother.

ieslikeanarrow.

Meaning1:Timelikeanarrowfliesquickly.

Meaning2:Timefliesasifanarrow.

Meaning3:Timeflies,akindofinct,likeanarrow.

B.

BEGINCAMPAIGNTORUNDOWNJAYWALKERS

Meaning1:Policebegincampaigntoknockdownthejaywalkers.

Meaning2:Policebegincampaigntostopthejaywalkers.

ETSNINEMONTHSINVIOLINCASE

Meaning1:Thedrunkpersonhidesintheviolincaforninemonths.

Meaning2:Thedrunkpersonobtainstheviolincaforninemonths.

BILLDIESINHOUSE

Meaning1:AfarmernamedBilldiesinthehou.

Meaning2:TheBillforfarmerisnotpasdintheparliament.

RESOUT

Meaning1:Theromanticmanislected.

Meaning2:Stallionistested.

ELPSDOGBITEVICTIM

Meaning1:Agroupofpeoplehelpstheuglywomantohitthevictim.

Meaning2:Theballteamhelpsthewinnertohitthelor.

BRAINSHINDERSRESEARCH

Meaning1:Lackofintelligencehindersthedevelopmentoftherearch.

Meaning2:Lackoftalentshindersthedevelopmentoftherearch.

REFUSETOWORKAFTERDEATH

Meaning1:Minersrefudtoworkafterthedeathoftheirpeers.

Meaning2:Minersrefudtoworkaftertheirhardworkforalongtimebecautheyare

exhausted.

PSOFFSHELF

Meaning1:Theeyesightsmoveawayfromtheshelf.

Meaning2:Anfakedeyedropsofffromtheshelf.

LECOURTTOTRYSHOOTINGDEFENDANT

Meaning1:Juvenilecourtjudgethemurderofshootingdefendant.

Meaning2:Juvenileballparkattemptstoquestiontheshootingshooteroftheball.

ARYHAVINGBOTTOMSCRAPED

Meaning1:QueenMarymakesthebahavesigns.

icambiguity

edbythebank.

Meaning1:Hewaitedbythebankoftheriver.

Meaning2:Hewaitedbythefinancialinstitution.

allythatkind?

Meaning1:Ishereallythatkindofperson?

Meaning2:Ishereallythatgoodness.

prietorofthefishstorewasthesolehost.

Meaning1:Theproprietorofthefishstorewastheonlyowner.

Meaning2:Theproprietorofthefishstorewastheonlyonethatownsthestore.

gdrillwasboring.

Meaning1:Thelongmanoeuvreofmilitaryisveryboring.

Meaning2:Thelongmachineofdrillisveryboring.

gotthecleartitletotheland,itwasagooddeed.

Meaning1:Whenhegottherightsoftheland,itwasagooddeed.

Meaning2:Whenhegotthecleartitletotheland,itwasagoodcertificate.

sagoodrulertomakeastraightline.

Meaning1:Ifyouwanttomakeastraightline,youneedtouagoodinstrument,suchasa

goodruler.

Meaning2:Ifyouwanttomakeagoodteam,youneedagoodleader.

hatgasolinecanexplode.

Meaning1:Hesawthatgasolinecanblowup.

Meaning2:Hesawthatgasolinecanexpand.

uldehershop.

Meaning1:Youshouldunderstandhershop.

Meaning2:Youshouldlookathershop.

anlovesawoman.

Meaning1:Everymanlovesfemale.

Meaning2:Everymanloversthesamewoman.

ngeexerci:BillwantstomarryaNorweigianwoman.

Meaning1:BillwantstohaveaNorweigiansinglewomantobehiswife.

Meaning2:BillwantstohaveaNorweigian’swifetobehisownwife.

orcomplementary,gforgradable,rforrelationalopposites.

ABC

goodbadg

expensivecheapg

parentoffspringr

beautifuluglyc

faltruec

lessorleseg

passfailc

hotcoldg

legalillegalc

largersmallerg

poorrichc

fastslowg

asleepawakec

husbandwifer

rudepolitec

ms

a."Naked"barebear

b."Bametal"leadliedled

c."Worships"preypray

d."Eightbits"bytebite

e."Oneoffiven"eacee

f."Severalcouples"pairsparespears

g."Notpretty"plainplane

h."Purityofgoldmilk"karatcarrotcarat

i."Ahor'scoiffure"manemain

j."Setsloo"freefrieyfray

oragent,tfortheme,iforinstrument,sforsource,gforgoal,eforexperiencer.

at

undaball.

asg

ldrenranfromtheplaygroundtothewadingpool.

ati

hemenunlockedallthedoorswithapaperclip.

ati

ltedtheicewithablowtorch.

ag

ookedforacockroach.

at

awacockroach.

a

creamed.

t

melted.

iat

elescop,theboysawtheman.

atg

merloadedhayontothetruck.

ati

merloadedthehaywithapitchfork.

tga

wasloadedonthetruckbythefarmer.

mativeutterance:Tfortrue,Fforfal.

yapologizetoyou.(T)

yknowyou.(F)

ytestifythatshemettheagent.(T)

yknowthatshemettheagent.(F)

ysuppotheYankeeswillwin.(F)

bybether$2500thatBushwouldwin.(F)

ydimisstheclass.(T)

yteachtheclass.(F)

bypromitoleaveearly.(T)

yowetheIRS$1million.(F)

ybequeath$1000000totheIRS.(T)

ysworeIdidnotdoit.(F)

yswearIdidnotdoit.(T)

ments.

totheballparkagain.

Entailments:Wehadbeentoballpark.

eregrettednotreceivinganewT-birdforLaborDay.

Entailments:ValerieadmittedreceivinganewT-bird;T-birdforLaborDay

rpetturtleranawaymadeEmilyverysad.

Entailments:Emilyhadaturtle;TheturtlehadleftandEmilywasverysad.

inistrationforgotthattheprofessorssupportthestudents.

Entailments:Theprofessorssupportthestudents:Theadministrationknowtheprofessors.

atrocitythattheWorldTradeCenterwasattackedonSeptember11,2001.

Entailments:TheWorldTradeCenterwasattackedonSeptember11,2001;TheWorldTrade

CenterwasattackedonSeptember11,2001isamirablething.

'ttolerablethattheWorldTradeCenterwasattackedonSeptember11,2001.

Entailments:TheWorldTradeCenterwasattackedonSeptember11,2001;Peoplecannot

toleratethetruththattheWorldTradeCenterwasattackedonSeptember11,2001.

ntsmorepopcorn.

Entailments:Disalikepopcorn;ThepopcornisnotenoughforDisa.

ankonemorebeerbeforeleaving.

Entailments:Marydrinkbeer;Afterdrinking,Maryleft.

owswhodiscoveredPlutoin1930.

Entailments:SomeonediscoveredPlutoin1930;JackknowsthepersonwhodiscoveredPluto

in1930.

etendedtobeasleep.

Entailments:Marywasawake;Marydidnotwanttosleep.

deicticexpression:here,italicreferstothedeicticwords.

rstandingthere.

eanimals.

day,allmytroublesemedsofaraway.

eofthisrockbandis"TheBeatles."

larationofIndependencewassignedin1776.

larationofIndependencewassignedlastyear.

conductlectricity.

asurechestistoyourright.

rethetimesthattrymen'ssouls.

satideintheaffairsofmenwhichtakenatthefloodleadsontofortune.

ature:

:Didyoumakeadoctor'sappointment?

Laura:Theirlinewasbusy.

Implicature:Lauradidnotmakeadoctor'sappointment

:Doyouhavetheplaytickets?

Laura:Didn'tIgivethemtoyou?

Implicature:IhavetheplatticketsandIhavealreadygiventhemtoyou.

:Doesyourgrandmotherhavealive-inboyfriend?

Laura:Sheisverytraditional.

Implicature:Mygrandmotherdoesnothavealive-inboyfriend.

:Howdidyoulikethestringquarter?

Laura:ttheviolistwasswell.

Implicature:Iliketheviolistratherthanthestringquarter.

:WhatareBoston'schancesofwinningtheWorldSeries?

Jack:Dobowlingballsfloat?

Implicature:ThereisnochancethatBoston'swinningtheWorldSeries.

:Doyouownacat?

Jack:Iamallergictoeverything.

Implicature:Idonotownacat.

:DidyoumowthegrassandwashthecarlikeItoldyouto.

Jack:Imowedthegrass.

Implicature:IdidnotwashthecarlikeItoldyouto.

:Doyouwantdesrt?

Jack:IsthePopeCatholic?

Implicature:No,Idonotwant.

vepolarityitems:

A:lifeafinger,holdacandleto,bear,botherto,atall,anymore,anylonger,any,ever,anybody,

budgeoninch.

dswithout"licen"

Forinstances:

thatanyonewillwininthegames.

sidentdespairthatanyonehastheabilitytosavehiscountry.

(Otherexamples:doubt,despair,deny,forbid,lack,few,rarely,barely,ldom,hardly)