sleepy hollow

IntroductiontoAmericanliterature

onialPeriod

anticPeriod(thefirsthalfof19thcentury)

ofRealismandNaturalism

iodaroundWWI

ernPeriod

onialPeriod(theearly17thand18thcentury)

nism:idealismandopportunism

inFranklin本杰明·富兰克林:

→―TheAutobiographyofBenjaminFranklin‖自传

→PoorRichard’sAlmanac穷查理历书(containingwittymaximsforachievingwealthasa

resultofhardworkandthrift)

Freneau(poem)菲利普·弗伦诺TheRisingGloryofAmerica蒸蒸日上的美洲

AmericanPuritanism

Puritans→Theearlyttlers

☆foundingfathersoftheAmericanation

☆Topurifytheritualsandlesntheauthorityofbishops→escapedtothenewworld,createa

newparadi

→advocatehighlyreligiousandmoralprinciples.

→AmericanPuritanismwasoneofthemostenduringshapinginfluencesinAmericanthought

andAmericanliterature.

ChapterTwoAmericanRomanticismandNewEnglandLiterature

LogicThread

Reprentativefiguresofthetime:

Pre-romanticism:WashingtonIrving,JamesFenimoreCooper库珀

Post-romanticism:

Novelists:NathanielHawthorne,HermanMelville

Poets:HenryWadesworthLongfellow,EdgarAllanPoe,WaltWhitman，EmilyDickinson

Essayists:RalphWaldoEmerson,HenryDavidThoreau

AmericanRomanticism

Theromanticperiodstretchesfromtheendoftheeighteenthcenturythroughtheoutbreakofthe

CivilWar(1790-1865).

ound

(1)Politicalbackgroundandeconomicdevelopment

TerritorialExpansionIndustrialGrowthTheCivilWar

The“newness”ofAmericansasanationisinconnectionwithAmericanRomanticism.→

optimismandhopeamongthepeople

AmericanRomanticism

Pre-romanticism

1770s-1830s

Post-romanticism

(NewEngland

Floweringtime

beforeAmericanCivil

Decliningtime

afterAmericanCivil

ThereisAmericanPuritanismasaculturalheritagetoconsider.

(2)foreigninfluence–RomanticmovementinEuropeancountries

Romanticismwasarebellionagainsttheobjectivityofrationalism.

Forromantics,thefeelings,intuitionsandemotionsweremoreimportantthanreasonandcommon

n.

Theystresdtheclorelationshipbetweenmanandnature;

Theyemphasizedindividualismandaffirmedtheinnerlifeofthelf.

WashingtonIrving(1783-1859)华盛顿·欧文------早期浪漫主义小说家

AHistoryofNewYork纽约的历史-----美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作；

TheSketchBook见闻札记

→①TheLegendofSleepyHollow睡谷的传说-----使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉的作家

→②RipVanWinkle

JamesFenimoreCooper1789-1851詹姆斯•费尼莫尔•库珀-----早期浪漫主义小说家

―LeatherstockingTales‖皮裹腿故事集

→ariesoffivenovels,thatis

☆thePioneers拓荒者(I823)☆theLastoftheMohicans(1826)最后的莫希干人

☆ThePrairie(1827)大草原☆ThePathfinder(1840)探路者

☆TheDeerslayer(1841)杀鹿者

→adventureintothewildernessoftheWest/

mitofRomanticism---NewEnglandTranscendentalism/

n/―Nature‖

avidThoreau/―Walden‖

n/―LeavesofGrass‖

rn/―TheScarletLetter‖

Meville―MobyDick‖

Post-romanticism(NewEnglandTranscendentalism)

WhatisTranscendentalism?

aldoEmerson(1803-1882)爱默生

→TheleadingNewEnglandTranscendentalist

→―Nature‖论自然-----新英格兰超验主义者的宣言书;TheAmericanScholar论美国学者

avidThoreau(1817-1862)

→TranscendentalistEmerson’sfriend

→Walden

ThemajorfeaturesofTranscendentalism

nscendentalistsplacedemphasisonspirit,ortheOversoul,asthemostimportantthing

intheuniver.

theindividualwas

themostimportantelementofsociety.

nscendentalistsofferedafreshperceptionofnatureassymbolicoftheSpiritorGod.

Naturewas,tothem,live,filledwithGod’soverwhelmingprence.

TheDevelopmentofTranscendentalism

☆Nature(in1836)byRalphWaldoEmerson

Nature’svoicepushedAmericanRomanticismintoanewpha,thephaofNewEngland

Transcendentalism,thesummitofAmericanRomanticism.

TranscendentalistClub

☆TranscendentalismwasindebtedtothedualheritageofAmericanPuritanism,thereligious

endentalists’emphasisontheindividualwasdirectlytraceable

ereisgoodreasontostate

thatNewEnglandTranscendentalismwasRomanticismonthePuritansoil.

☆iredawholenew

generationoffamousauthorssuchasEmerson,Thoreau,Hawthorne,Melville,Whitmanand

Dickinson.

NathanielHawthorne(1804-1864)

☆Novels:

ScarletLetter《红字》HesterPrynne;TheHouofSevenGables《七个尖角阁的房子》;

TheBlithedaleRomance《福谷传奇》;TheMarbleFaun《大理石神像》

☆Shortstorycollections:

Twice-ToldTales《故事新编》MosfromanOldMan《古屋青苔》

HermanMelville赫尔曼·梅尔维尔1819-1891

MobyDick/TheWhiteWhale莫比·迪克/白鲸

EdgarAllanPoe埃德加·爱伦·坡1809-1849

→ThefirstprofessionalwriterinAmerica

Thefirstwriterofdetectivestoryintheworld

-----歌特风格；首开近代侦探小说先河，又是法国象征主义运动的源头

TheFalloftheHouofUsher厄舍古屋的倒塌(novel);

→TheRaven乌鸦(poem)

TamerlaneandOtherPoems帖木儿和其他诗;

ToHellen致海伦（以诗为诗；永为世人共赏的伟大抒情诗人-----叶芝）

WaltWhitman(1819-1892)沃尔特·惠特曼

OneofthegreatinnovatorsinAmericanPoetry

Freever

Growingupinaworking-classbackground,havinglittleeducation

LeavesofGrass草叶集

→SongofMylf‖自我之歌revealsaworldofequality,withoutrankandhierarchy.

Poets

①EmilyDickinson(1830-1886)

ThePoemsofEmilyDickinson埃米莉·迪金森诗集(love,death,nature,friendship,and

immortality)

②HenryWadsworthLongfellow亨利·沃兹沃思·朗费罗1807-1882

→APsalmofLife生命礼赞（shortpoem）

→TheSongofHiawatha海华沙之歌----美国人写的第一部印第安人史诗

③;WilliamCullenBryant1794-1878柯伦·布莱恩特

→ToaWaterfowl致水鸟-----英语中最完美的短诗

HarrietBeecherStowe哈丽特·比彻·斯托1811-1896----UncleTom’sCabin汤姆叔叔的小屋

Chapter3TheAgeofRealismandNaturalism

Thethreestrongadvocatesof19thcenturyAmericanrealism

WilliamDeanHowells(critic)豪威尔斯HenryJames威廉·詹姆斯MarkTwain马克·吐温

HenryJames1842-1910

→James’novel’s―internationalsituation”aretagainstabackgroundbetweenAmericaand

Europe

→James’contributiontoliterarycriticismisimmen.

Tohim,―artwithoutlifeisapooraffair‖.

―theaimofthenovelistoreprentlife‖.

→HisrealismwascalledasPsychologicalrealism.

rverofthemindratherthanarecorderofthetimes.

TheAmerican,DaisyMillerThePortraitofaLady贵妇人画像

TheWingsoftheDove鸽翼TheAmbassadors大使

MarkTwain马克·吐温

1.―TheAdventuresofTomSawyer‖汤姆·索耶历险记

2.―TheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn‖----hismasterpiece/哈克贝利·费恩历险记

TheGildedAge镀金时代

forhislocalism,colloquialstyle,humorandbitterattacks

AmericanNaturalism:pessimisticrealism

lismcamefromFrance.

s:civilwar,socialupheavals

☆Darwin’stheoryofevolution:thesurvivalofthefittest‖

→Menwereconditioneddominatedbysocialandeconomicforces,byheredityand

environment.

esofnaturalistwriting:

listwritersturnedliterarycreationintoamechanicalrecordofsociety,inawayof

vermadecommentsonthe

charactersandtheirbehaviors.

racterswereoftenfiguresoflowsocialandeconomicclass

resdmenhadnofreewill,theirliveswerecontrolledbyheredityandenvironment.

anNaturalistwriters:StephenCrane,FrankNorris,JackLondon,HenryAdams,

TheodoreDreir.

StephenCrane(1871-1900)斯蒂芬·克莱恩

Maggie:AGirloftheStreets街头女郎梅姬（美国文学史上首次站在同情立场上描写受辱妇

女的悲惨命运）

TheRedBadgeofCourage红色英勇勋章TheBlackRiders(hisfirstbookofpoems)

TheodoreDreir(1871-1945)

Dreir’sworks

SisterCarrie1900

(Afeatherinwind,

doesnotemtopossswhatmaybecalledamoralfibreinher.)

JennieGerhardt1911

TrilogyofDesire欲望三部曲(Financer金融家1912,TheTitan巨人1914,TheStoic斯多葛1915)

AnAmericanTragedy美国的悲剧1925（被称为美国最伟大的小说）

FrankNorris(1870-1902)弗兰克·诺里斯-------TheOctopus1901章鱼

JackLondon(1876-1916)杰克·伦敦

MartinEden—masterwork马丁·伊登TheCalloftheWild野性的呼唤

TheSea-Wolf海狼WhiteFang白獠牙

OHenry(1862---1910)欧·享利

1.―TheGiftofMagi‖

2.―TheCopandtheAnthem‖

forhisfascinatingplot,humoroustouch,interestingpuns,localism,and

unexpectedendings.

Americanliteratureinthe1920sand1930s

:/―theWasteLand‖RobertFrost

sts:Fitzgerald/―theGreatGatsby‖

Hemingway/―FarewelltoArms‖

Faulkner/wroteabouttheSouth

Americanliteratureinthe1920s

Poetry:heWasteland.

Novel:SinclairLewisMainStreet1920

TheodoreDreirAnAmericanTragedy1925,sistercarrie

raldTheGreatGatsby1926,

ErnestHemingway,TheSunAlsoRis1926,AFarewelltoArms,1929,

WilliamFaulknerTheSoundandtheFury,1929,

Drama:EurgeneO’Neill,TheEmperorJones,1920,AnnaChristie,1921,TheHairyApe1922,

HarlemRenaissance.

JazzAge

HistoricalBackground:WWI,peace-makingperiod/boomtime.

AfterWWI,peoplefoundthatthewarwhichcostmillionsoflivesfailedtoprovideanabiding

solutionstotheworld’sproblems,

disillusionmentaboutthevalueofwar,accompaniedbytheboomingofAmericaneconomydrove

stlesslypursued

stimulusandpleasures,wallowinheavydrinking,e,they

hopedtoekrelieffromriousproblems.

TheLostGeneration迷惘的一代

→adisillusionmentaboutthevalueofwar

→disgustedbythenewfrivolous,greedywayoflifeinAmerica

WhentheFirstWorldWarbrokeout,manyidealisticyoungAmericansvolunteeredtotakepart

scoveredthatmodernwarfarewasnotgloriousor

heroic.

Disillusionedbyslogansofpatriotismandglory,disgustedbythenewfrivolous,greedywayof

lifeinAmerica,itersleftAmericaand

oodaside,asonlookers,andwrote

otefromtheirownexperiencesinthewar,andtheirownobrvations.他

们不再相信虚伪的道德说教，而以玩世不恭的生活态度来表示自己的消极抗议。―迷惘的一

代‖的代表作是海明威的《太阳照样升起》（1926）。

AnAmericanwomanwriternamedGertrudeStein(1874-1946),whohadlivedinParissince

1903,welcomedtheyoungAmericanwriterstoherapartmentwhichwasalreadyfamousasa

deSteinwastheadvisor,friendofsomeoftheAmericanartistsandwritersof

undjoinedhergroupforafewyearsintheearly1920’er,they

encouragedandhelpedsuchyoungwritersasthenovelistErnestHemingwayand

gs,herwritersweredrawntoGertrudeStein’s

ledthem―TheLostGeneration‖,anamewhichstucktothem,becautheyhadcut

themlvesofffromtheirpastinAmericainordertocreatenewtypesofwritingwhichhadnever

beentriedbefore.

ErnestHemingway(1899-1961)

hisstoriesofcourageinthefaceoftragedy

IcebergTheory

TheSunAlsoRis1926AFarewelltoArms1929《永别了，武器》

ForWhomtheBellTolls1940

以西班牙内战为背景的反法西斯主义的长篇小说《丧钟为谁而鸣》

TheOldManandtheSea1952

《老人与海》塑造了以桑提亚哥为代表的―可以把他消灭，但就是打不败他‖的―硬汉形象‖

一个人并不是生来要被打败的，你尽可以把他消灭掉，可就是打不败他。

Hemingwayhero

Heisnsitive,oneevenwhenwith

mewhatanoutsider,keepingemotionundercontrol,stoicand

ldwhichisntially

chaoticandmeaningless,aHemingwayherofightsasolitarystruggleagainstaforcehedoesnot

renessthatitmustendindefeat,nomatterhowhardhestrives,

engendersanofdespair,

thiscouragethatenablesamantobehavelikeaman,

istheesnceofacodeofhonorinwhichallofHemingway’sheroesbelieve.

itzgerald(1896-1940)

→TheliteraryspokesmanofJazzAge

→ThisSideofParadi1920人间天堂→TheBeautifulandDamned1921漂亮冤家

→TheGreatGatsby1925了不起的盖茨比(TheAmericanDreamisdead)

→TenderIsTheNight1934夜色温柔→TheLastTycoon1941最后的巨头

WilliamFaulkner(1897-1962)

getNobelPrizeforLiteraturein1930

stream-of-consciousnessandmultiplepointofview.

约克纳帕塔法世系小说（YoknapatawphaCounty）

TheSoundandtheFury《喧嚣与骚动》AsILayDying《我弥留之际》Sanctuary《圣堂》

LightinAugust《八月之光》Absalom,Absalom!《押沙龙，押沙龙》

GoDown,Mos《去吧，摩西》

SherwoodAnderson(1876-1941)舍伍德·安德森

Winesburg,Ohio1919《俄亥俄州的温斯堡》

PoorWhite1920穷白人

DeathintheWoods1933最后一本重要短篇集《林中之死及其它》

（海明威和菲茨杰拉德都受过他很大影响，海明威曾说：―他是我们所有人的老师‖。

SinclairLewis辛·刘易斯(1885-1951)

MainStreet1920

Babbitt1922ThefirstAmericanwritertogetNobelPrizeforLiteraturein1930(美国第一

个获诺贝尔奖)

Babbitt:prentsadocumentarypictureofthenarrowandlimitedmiddle-classmind

辛·刘易斯的《大街》（1920）粉碎了―村镇是美好的世外桃源‖的神话。他后来的作品对商业、

科技、宗教界的问题都作了揭露，他所塑造的巴比特成了庸俗、浮夸、讲求实利的中产阶级

的典型人物

Imagism意像派

Background：

☆ImagismcameasareactiontothetraditionalEnglishpoetics

☆tomeettheneedofexpressingthetemperoftheage.(therapidchangeofsociety)

☆theleader:EzraPound

(1)"Directtreatment"

Directtreatmentofthe“thing”,whethersubjectiveorobjective

(2)"EconomyofExpression"Touabsolutelynowordthatdoesnotcontributetothe

prentation:

(3)"Rhythm"Asregardingrhythm,tocompointhequenceofthemusicalphra,not

inthequenceofametronome.

EzraPound(1885-1972)艾兹拉·庞德--Cantos诗章InaStationoftheMetro在巴黎地铁站

RobertFrost(1874-1963)

ThemostpopularAmericanpoetofthe20thcentury

TheRoadNotTaken没有走过的道路雪夜林畔小驻MendingWall修墙

20thcentury

☆LittleTheatremovementandGeorgePierceBaker(47WorkshopatHarvard)

→experimentalplaysbysuchstudentsasEugeneO’NeillandSidneyHoward

☆theTheatreoftheAbsurd(荒诞派戏剧)

EugeneO’Neill(1888-1953)尤金·奥尼尔

TheAmerica’sgreatestplaywright,andtheonlyonetoreceivetheNobelPrize

TheEmperorJones琼斯皇TheHairyApe1922毛猿BeyondtheHorizon天边外

Desireundertheelms(1923)Theicemancometh(1946)

LongDay’sJourneyintonight(1955);送冰的人来了;

ArthurMiller(1915-)-----PlaywrightDeathOfASalesman1949

Americanliteratureinthe1930s

Background:adarkdecade→TheGreatDepression

→Left-wingwritingbecomethemainstreamof1930’sAmericanliterature

☆JohnDosPassos

☆JohnSteibeck

JohnSteinbeck(1902-1968)

AwardedNobelPrizein1962

TheGrapeofWrath1939OfMiceandMen(1937)

TortillaFlat煎饼坪1935InDubiousBattle1936胜负未决

JohnDosPassos1896-1970

→ManhattanTransfer(1925).

→HisUSAtrilogy:

The42ndParallel(1930),1919(1932)

TheBigMoney(1936).（TheUSAtrilogyalsoincludedwhatbecameknownasnewsreels）

ThebigTime最好的岁月

TheGrandDesign伟大的设想

times

varietyofliterarytrends

iterature/AlexHaley/“Roots”

writer/SaulBellow

AmericanliteratureafterWorldWarII

TheBeatGeneration垮掉的一代

Inthemiddleofthe1950’s,agroupofwritersinSanFranciscoputonaconcertedand

well-publicizedrebellionagainst―official‖derswerepoet

c杰克·凯鲁亚克

BeatMovementwasarevoltagainstthefrightened,conrvativepoliticalmoodcreatedby

SenatorMcCarthy,againstthegreedy,money-eking―respectable‖lifeofthedominantmiddle

classbutparticularlyagainsttheliteraryformalismofAmericanwritingaftertheSecondWorld

War.

Inliterature,theytookWaltWhitmanastheirmodel,whohadbrokenalltheliteraryrules

ofhistimeandlivedanexuberant,freelife.

Inrejectingthecarefullywrittenworksoftheircontemporarywriters,theBeatsinstead

ntedtoexpresmotion

“raw”,exactlyasitwasfelt,ratherthan“cooked”throughmemoryandtranslationintoart.

JackKerouac杰克·凯鲁亚克《在路上》(OntheRoad,1957)，；艾伦·金斯堡

Theyear1960“blackhumor”

Theliberationfromofficialstandardsofcorrectnessgaveritoaburstofsatirical,bizarre,ribald

novelsbynewAmericanwriterswhospecializedinasawaytocriticizetheArmy,the

bureaucracyandotherinflexible,repressiveaspectsofAmericansociety.

约瑟夫·海勒、克特·小伏尼格、托马斯·平钦

约瑟夫·海勒(JophHeller)的《第二十二条军规》(Catch-22)

TheNakedandTheDead”writtenbyNormanMailer

KurtVonnegutSlaughterhouFive五号屠场

ThomasPynchon品钦GravityRainbow万有引力之虹

杰罗姆·塞林杰《麦田捕手》(TheCatcherintheRye,1951)

二战后小说

杰罗姆·塞林杰er(1919--)《麦田捕手》(TheCatcherintheRye,1951)

约翰．厄普代克(JohnUpdike)《兔子，跑吧》(Rabbit,Run,1960,

伯纳德•马拉默德、索尔•贝娄和诺曼·梅勒，都是犹太人

伏拉狄米·纳伯科夫(VladimirNabokov)《罗丽泰》(Lolita,1955)

SaulBellow(1915--)

DanglingMan1945TheVictim1947TheAdventuresofAugieMarch

1953

HendersonTheRainKing1959Herzog1964

r’sPlanet1970Humboldt’sGift1975

NormanMailer(1923--)-------TheNakedAndTheDead1948

African-AmericanLiterature

→BeforetheCivilWar(---1861)(1840-1860)

Slavenarratives—Autobiographicalrecordsofslaverybyescapedslaves

FrederickDouglass:Blackleader(abolitionist）

TheHarlemRenaissance

→(ThefirstfloweringofAfrican-AmericanLiterature)

Time:1920---theearly1930sPlace:theHarlemdistrictofNewYorkWriters:LangstonHughes

RichardWright

RalphEllisonInvisibleMan看不见的人（19520

ToniMorrison

LangstonHughes(1920—1967）

ThepoetLaureateofHarlem"TheNegroSpeaksofRivers",Thewearyblues

―explaintheNegroconditioninAmerica

黑人作家首部黑人小说即为莱特(RichardWright)于1940年发表的《土生子》(NativeSon)；

埃利森(RalphEllison)《隐形人》(InvisibleMan)；

包德温(JamesBaldwin)《向苍天呼吁》(GoTellItontheMountain)1953；

ToniMorrison(1931--

TheonlyAfrican-AmericanwriterwhowontheNobelPrizeforliteraturein1993

TheBluestEyeSulaSongofSolomonTarBabyBeloved

HistoryofAsianAmericanLiterature

AmyTanandHerWork

JoyLuckClub