英文字典

TheGISGlossary

EnvironmentalSystemsRearchInstitute,Inc.

January2,1996

Thisglossarywillhelpfamiliarizeyouwithtermsassociatedwith

acharacterbelowtogotothat

pointintheglossaryoruthefindtoolfromyourbrowr.

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ

A

AAT

tiontour-definedattributes,

theAATcontainsthefromandtonodes,theleftandrightpolygons,thelength,aninternalquencenumberand

ofeatureattributetable.

ACCESSdirectory

Thesystemdirectbraryhas

anACCESSdirectorylocatedinthelibrary'sDATABASEdirectory.

accessibility

ESSIBILITYcommand

computesvaluesforaccessibilityasafunctionofthedistancebetweenlocationsandanempiricallyderived

distancedecayparameter.

accessrights

Theprivilegesaccordedaurforreading,writing,deleting,rights

arestatedas`noaccess',`readonly'and`read/write'.

ACODEfile

AnINFOdatafilestoringarcattributesforcoveragescreatedfromTIGER,DIME,

standsfor`ArcCODE'.TheACODEfileisrelatedbyCover-IDtotheArcAttributeTable(AAT)ofthecoverage.

addressmatching

phiccoordinatesandattributescanbe

mple,adatafilecontainingstudentaddresscanbematchedto

astreetcoveragethatcontainsaddresscreatingapointcoverageofwherethestudentslive.

ADS

edigitizingandeditingsystemudtoaddarcsandlabelpointstoacoverage.

ndattheArc:promptthatstartsanADSssion.

allocation

Theprocessofassigningarcsinanetworktotheclostcenteruntilthemaximumimpedanceorresourcecapacity

ofthecenterisreached.

AML

esinclude

theabilitytocreateon-screenmenus,uandassignvariables,controlstatementexecution,andgetandumap

ludesanextensivetofcommandsthatcanbeudinteractivelyorinAML

programs(macros)aswellascommandsthatreportonthestatusofARC/INFOenvironmentttings.

analysis

Analysisistheprocessofidentifyingaquestionorissuetobeaddresd,modelingtheissue,investigatingmodel

results,interpretingtheresults,elandspatialanalysis.

annotation

edfordisplay,notforanalysis.

ationstoredforannotationincludes

atextstring,thelocationatwhichitisdisplayed,andatextsymbol(color,font,size,etc.)o

TAT.

ANSI

AmericanNationalStandardsInstituteisanationalcoordinatorofvoluntarystandardsactivities,andanapproval

orgrksclolywith

internationalorganizations,particularlyISO,

ANSIstandardsapplytoeveryfacetoftoday'sworld,theireffortsintheareaofSQLandspatialextensionsto

SQLareofparticularinteresttotheGIScommunity.

Applicationprograminterface(API).AnAPIisatofsystemcallsorroutinesforapplicationprogramsto

llowsyourprogramtoworkwithother

programs,undamentaltoclient/wprovidesthis

rvicetoARC/INFOurs.

arc

redstringofvertices(x,ycoordinatepairs)ting

thearc'ticesateachendpointofanarcarecallednodes.

aefeaturecancontain

etopologicallylinkedtonodes(arc-nodetopology)andtopolygons(polygon-arctopology).

Thedescriptiveattributesofarcsarestoredinthearcattributetable(AAT).Seealsonode.

arc-nodetopology

ThetopologicaldatastructureARC/-node

topologysupportsthedefinitionoflinearfeatureandpolygonboundaries,andsupportsanalysisfunctionssuch

otopology.

archive

AprervedcollectionofhistoricalinformationpurgedfromanArcStormdataba.

ArcStorm

ArcStorm(ArcStorageManager)isadatastoragefacilityandtransactionmanagerforARC/rm

managesafeature-orienteddatabathatcanbeclolyintegratedwithdatabasystemssupportedby

ARC/INFO'sDATABASEINTEGRATOR.

ArcStormdataba

AnArcStormdatabaisacollectionoflibraries,layers,oredin

anArcStormdatababenefitfromthetransactionmanagementanddataarchivingcapabilitiesofArcStorm.

ArcTools

ArcToolsisacollectionofARC/INFOproductivitytoolsimplementedthroughanAML-bad(ARCMacro

Language)lsprovidesaur-friendlyapproachtocommonlyudARC/INFO

operationsandfunctions.

area

eneouxtentoftheEarthboundedbyoneormorearcfeatures(polygon)orreprentedasatof

polygons(region).Examples:states,counties,lakes,land-uareas,andcensustracts.

/INFOstoresanareameasureforeachpolygon

andregion.

ASCII

codesforreprentingalphanumericinformation

(e.g.,abytewithavalueof77reprentsacapitalM).Textfiles,suchasthocreatedwiththetexteditorofa

computersystem,areoftenreferredtoasASCIIfiles.

aspect

Thecompassdirectiontowardwhichaslopefaces,measuredindegreesfromNorthinaclockwidirection.

ASRG

graphicdatatransformedtotheEqualARC-condRasterChart/Map

(ARC)(usingRGB)isverysimilartoDMA(DefenMappingAgency)

ADRG(ARCDigitizedRasterGraphic).ADRGfilescanbeimportedintoARC/INFOwiththeADRGGRID

G(usingRGB)canbeconvertedwiththeADRGGRIDcommandifitisinatrueDMA

Gpermitscolorcodes,whichtheADRGGRIDcommanddoesnothandle.

attractiveness

Thepropertyorpropertiemple,

theattractivenessofaretailstorecouldbeafunctionoftheretailfloorspace,numberofparkingspaces,product

pricing,oracombinationofthefactors.

attribute

cteristicofageographicfeaturedescribedbynumbers,characters,imagesandCADdrawings,typically

storedintabularformatandlinkedtothefeaturebyaur-assignedidentifier(e.g.,theattributesofawellmight

includedepthandgallonsperminute).

oitem.

attributetable

/INFO,attributetablesareassociatedwitha

classofgeographicfeatures,lumn

reprentsoneattributeofafeature,o

featureattributetable.

azimuth

Thehorizontaldirectionofavector,measuredclockwiindegreesofrotationfromthepositivey-axis,for

example,degreesonacompass.

B

backup

Acopyofafile,atoffiles,orwholediskforsafekeepingincatheoriginalislostordamaged.

band

Onelayerofamultispectralimagereprentingdatavaluesforaspecificrangeoftheelectromagneticspectrumof

reflectedlightorheat(e.g.,ultraviolet,blue,green,red,near-infrared,infrared,thermal,radar,etc.).Also,other

ardcolordisplayofamultispectral

imageshowsthreebands,oneeachforred,iteimagerysuchasLANDSATTMandSPOT

providemultispectralimagesoftheEarth,somecontainingvenormorebands.

bandparate

Animageformatthatstoreachbandofdatacollectedbymultispectralsatellitescanninginstrumentsina

paratefile.

bandwidth

atatendtoexistaslarge

datats;thusmovingimagedatatsfromonecomputertoanotherrequireshighbandwidthorperformancewill

ownasthroughput.

bamap

,forexample,arecommonlyfoundon

bamaps.

batable

ewithview.

baudrate

Ameasureofthespeedofdatatransmissionbetweencomputerandotherdevices,measuredinbitspercond.

bit

stwopossiblevalues,0or1,

whichcanbeinterpretedasYES/NO,TRUE/FALSE,orON/obyte.

BLOB

atypeofacolumninanRDBMStablewhichcanstorelargeimageortextualdataas

attributes.

BND

Thefileinacoverageorgridwhichcontainsthecoverageextent.

Booleanexpression

fexpressionthatreducestoatrueorfal(logical)anexpressioncontainslogical

expressions(e.g.,DEPTH>100)anoperatorisakeywordthatspecifieshowto

noperatorsnegateapredicate(NOT),

specifyacombinationofpredicates(AND),orspecifyalistofalternativepredicates(OR).Forexample,DEPTH

>100ANDDIAMETER>ologicallection.

borderarcs

sthatcreatetheouteredgeboundaryofapolygoncoverage.

ARIAN,thetileboundaryarcsthatsplitapolygoncoverageintotiles.

breakline

Alinearfeaturethatdefinesandcontrolsthesurfacebehaviorofatinintermsofsmoothnessandcontinuity.

-digitizedfeaturescontainingx,y,zvaluessuch

asstreamsandshorelinescontaininganelevationattributeareoftenstoredasbreaklinefeatures.

buffer

nstant-andvariable-widthbufferscanbe

generatedforatofcoveragefeaturesbadoneachfeature'ultingbufferzonesform

polygons-areasthatarsareuful

forproximityanalysis(e.g.,findallstreamgmentswithin300feetofapropodloggingarea).

bug

Anerrorinacomputerprogramorinapieceofelectronicsthatcausittomalfunction.

byte

Amemoryanddatastorageunitcompodofcontiguousbits,mple,filesizesaremeasured

inbytesormegabytes(onemillionbytes).Bytescontainvaluesof0to255andmostoftenreprentinteger

numbersorASCIIcharacters(e.g.,abytewithanASCIIvalueof77reprentsacapitalM).Acollectionof

bytes(often4or8bytes)reprentsrealnumbersandintegerslargerthan255.

C

CAD

matedsystemforthedesign,drafting,anddisplayofgraphicallyoriented

information.

CADdrawing

Thedigitalequivalentofadrawing,mple,adrawingfile

orDWGfileinAutoCAD.

calibration

Theprocessofchoosingattributevaluesandcomputationalparameterssothatamodelproperlyreprentsthe

mple,inpathfindingandallocation,calibrationgenerallyrefersto

assigningorcalculatingappropriatevaluestobeenteredinimpedanceanddemanditems.

capacity

Themaximumresourcethatcanbeassigned(allocated)mple,thecapacityof

aschoolisthenumberofstudentsthatcanbeenrolledthere.

Cartesiancoordinatesystem

Atwo-dimensional,planarcoordinatesysteminwhichxmeasureshorizontaldistanceandymeasuresvertical

intontheplaneisdefinedbyanx,vemeasuresofdistance,area,and

directionareconstantthroughouttheCartesiancoordinateplane.

CASE

olsaredefinedprogrammingrulesforapplyingengineering

principles,methods,techniques,oolsassistinaccomplishingadefinableengineeringtaskin

thesoftwaredesignchnique

reducescustomizeddevelopmenttime,supplyingconsistentcodetsandsupportingtheentiresoftwarelifecycle

process.

CCITT

ComitéConsultatifInternationaledeTélégraphiqueetTéléphonique(ConsultativeCommitteeonInternational

TelephoneandTelegraph).CCITTisatechnicalcommitteeoftheInternationalTelecommunicationsUnion,a

internationalcommunicationsrecommendationsconcerning

standardizationofdatainterfaces,modems,/INFOisfullycompliantwithCCITTGroup

IV,/INFOsupportsthefollowingTIFFcompressionschemes:

CCITTGroup4forblack-and-whitedata(readonly);CCITTGroup3,one-dimensionalencodingfor

black-and-whitedata;andPackBits.

CD-ROM

-ROM5.25-inchdiskcanholdabout650

9660standarddefinestheformatofdataheldonCD-ROM.

cell

Seegridcell.

center

ialinteraction,acenterisconsidertohave

attractiveness.

CGM

ComputerGraphicsMetafileisagraphicimageexchangestandard,ANSI:x3.122-1986,ISO:8632-1986,for

/INFO,ArcViewVersion2,andPCARC/INFOsupportCGM.

character

r(e.g.,a,b,c,ord),digit(e.g.,1,2,or3),orspecialgraphicsymbol(e.g.,*,|,or-)treatedasa

singleunitofdata.

ypeforanattributedesig

example,thecharacterdatatypewouldbeappropriatefortheattributeCOUNTRY,ifthevaluesassignedarelike

UnitedStates,Brazil,Canada,Thailand,andsoon.

checkin

Checkinistheactofret

modifieddataischeckedin,alllocksonthedataarerelead.

checkout

CheckoutistheactoftakinglecteddataoutofanArcStormdatabaintoalocalcoverageforeditingpurpos.

Whendataischeckedout,rmdatacannotbemodified

directly,itmustfirstbecheckedout.

client/rver

Asoftwaresystemissaidtohaveaclient/rverarchitecturewhenthereisacentralprocess(rver)which

acceptsrequestsfrommultipleurprocess(clients).ArcStormisoneexampleofaclient/rverarchitecture

withinARC/INFO.

clip

Thespatialextractionofthofeaturesfromonecoveragethatresideentirelywithinaboundarydefinedby

featuresinanothercoverage(calledtheclipcoverage)-clippingworksmuchlikeacookiecutter.

COGO

rveyorsuCOGOfunctionstoentersurveydata,to

calculateprecilocationsandboundaries,todefinecurves,andsoon.

eoftheARC/INFOcoordinategeometrysoftwareproduct.

column

nhasanameandadatatypeappliedtoallvaluesinthecolumn.

command

Aspecificinstructiontoacomputerprogram,issuedbytheurtoperformadesiredaction.

commandlineinterface

sttoformsinterface.

commit

ewithrollback.

concurrencymanagement

Adatabamanagementprocessformaintainingconsistencyofthedatawhilesupportingsimultaneousaccessby

altechniqueistoallowanynumberofursreadaccessbuttoallowonlyoneurto

durwantingwriteaccesswillhavetowaituntilthefirstpersoncompletestheir

transaction.

conditionaloperator

ionaloperatorsareudtoqueryadataba.

ExamplesfromSQLinclude:=(equalto)BETWEEN<(lessthan)LIKE>(greaterthan)CONTAINING

conflation

Atoffunctionsandproceduresthatalignsthearcsofonecoveragewiththoofanotherandthentransfersthe

entprecedesthetransferofattributesandismostcommonlyperformedby

rubber-sheetingoperations.

connectivity

Thetopologicalidentatsharea

oarc-nodetopology.

constraints

mple,inaninteractionmodel,specifyingthatthenumberoftripsgenerated

fromanorigintoalldestinationscannotexceedtheorigin'sproductioncapacity.

contiguity

Thetopologicalidentificatio

polygon-arctopology.

continuousdata

llyreprentedbyatinorlattice(e.g.,

surfaceelevation).

contour

Alineconnectingpointsofequalsurfacevalue.

contourinterval

Thedifferenceinsurfacevaluesbetweencontours.

coordinate

Atofnumbersthatdesignatelocationinagivenreferencesystem,suchasx,yinaplanarcoordinatesystemor

anx,y,natesreprentlocationsontheEarth'ssurfacerelative

ovectorandCartesiancoordinatesystem.

coordinategeometry

SeeCOGO.

coordinatesystem

Areferencesysinatesystemis

usuallydefinedbyamapprojection,aspheroidofreference,adatum,oneormorestandardparallels,acentral

meridian,andpossibleshiftsinthex-andy-directionstolocatex,ypositionsofpoint,line,

ARC/INFO,ncoordinatesystemis

udtospatiallyregistergeographicdataforthesamearea.

Cover

#AuniquequencenumberautomaticallygeneratedbyARC/ternal

numberisudtodirectlyaccessfeatu

isoftenreferredtoasthe`recordnumber'.

Cover-ID

Anintegeridentifier,assignedbytheur,torelategeographicfeaturesandcorrespondingattributedata.

Cover-IDisanitemfoundinfeatureattributetables,with`Cover'replacedbythecoveragename(e.g.,forasoils

coverage,theCover-IDwouldbeSOILS-ID).Feature-IDandUr-IDaresynonymoustermstoCover-ID.

coverage

alversionofamapformingthebasicunitofvectordatastorageinARC/agestores

geographicfeaturesasprimaryfeatures(suchasarcs,nodes,polygons,andlabelpoints)andcondaryfeatures

(suchastics,mapextent,links,andannotation).Associatedfeatureattributetablesdescribeandstoreattributesof

thegeographicfeatures.

ageusuallyreprentsasinglethemesuchas

soils,streams,roads,orlandu.

coverageextent

Thecoordinatesdefiningtheminimumboundingrectangle(i.e.,xmin,yminandxmax,ymax)ofacoverageor

LOTandARCEDIT,mapextent

oBND.

coverageunits

Theunits(e.g.,feet,meters,inches)ofthecoordinatesysteminwhichacoverageisstored.

cross-tileindexing

esthatcrosstileboundariesarestoredasoneor

morefeaturesineachtileinsteadofasasinglefeature.

CSSM

entproducedbytheFederalGeographicDataCommittee

(FGDC)thatdescribesspatialmetadata.

cursor

icpointerudwithamoutopointtoalocationonaterminalscreen.

rnalpointertoarecordinatablewhichprovidesamechanismforprocessingalectedtofrecords.

Thecursorismovedonebyonethroughthetwhileoperationssuchasdisplay,queryandupdateare

performed.

cycle

finding,acycleisapathortourbeginningandendingatthesamenode.

ing,amanddownstreamdirectionalityare

undefinableinacycle.

D

DAL

'sformerstandardtoallowapplicationstocommunicatewithrelationaldatabas.

rograminstalledonthedatabarvertoprovideacommonSQL

aslicendthistechnologytoIndependenceTechnologies,

Inc.

danglelength

emovesdanglingarcsthatare

shorterthanthedanglelength.

danglingarc

Anarchavingthesamepolygononbothitsleftandrightsidesandhavingatleastonenodethatdoesnotconnect

nidentifieswhereapolygondoesnotcloproperly(e.g.,undershoot),wherearcsdon't

connectproperly,orwhereanarcwasdigitizedpastitsinterctionwithanotherarc(i.e.,overshoot).Adangling

mple,o

danglingnode.

danglingnode

Theendpointofadanglingarcnotconnectedtoanotherarc.

dataaccesscurity

Measurestakentocontrolsystemurs'easurescanincludelogicalviews

oaccessrights.

databa

Alogicalcollectionofinterrelatedinformation,managedandstoredasaunit,usuallyonsomeformof

tabaincludesdataaboutthespatiallocationand

shapeofgeographicfeaturesrecordedaspoints,lines,areas,pixels,gridcells,ortins,aswellastheirattributes.

databadesign

Theformalprocedesignis

characterizedbythefollowingphas:requirementanalysis,logicaldesignandphysicaldesign.

DATABASEdirectory

esystemdirectorythatLIBRARIANustomanage

plibraryhasonedatabadirectorynamedDATABASE.

dataconversion

/INFOsupportsdataconversionfrommanygeographic

dataformatssuchasDLG,TIGER,DXF,andDEM.

datadictionary

Acatalogofalldataheldinadataba,ferredtoas

DD/Dfordatadictionary/cialRDBMSshaveonlinedatadictionariesstoredinspecialtables

calledsystemtables.

dataintegrity

mple,tomaintainintegrity,numeric

erentialintegrity.

datamodel

alized,ur-definedviewofthedatarelatedto

applications.

developeddatamodelspecifies

entityclass,relationshipsbetweenentities,integrityrulesandoperationsontheentities.

/INFOcoveragesandgridsuageorelationaldatamodel,ahybriddatamodelthatcombinesspatialdata

(incoveragesorgrids)andattributedata(intables).OtherdatamodelsudinARC/INFOincludetins,images,

andgrid.

datat

Anamedcollectionoflogicallyrelateddataitemsarrangedinaprescribedmanner.

datatype

Thecharacteristicofes

includecharacter,floatingpointandinteger.

DATABASEINTEGRATOR(DBI)

ARC/INFOsoftware'slinktorelationaldatabamanagementsystems(RDBMS).DBIenablesARC/INFOurs

toaccesxistingcommercialdatabasandtakeadvantageofthepowerandcapabilitiesoftheRDBMS.

databalock

Lockingisamechanismbywhichdatabasystemscanpreventconflictingaccesstodatawhenmultipleursare

opersistentlock.

databamanagementsystem(DBMS)

upportsthestructuringofthe

databainastandardformatandprovidestoolsfordatainput,verification,storage,retrieval,query,and

manipulation.

datum

Atofparametersandcontrolpointsudtoaccuratelydefinethethree-dimensionalshapeoftheEarth(e.g.,as

aspheroid).mple,theNorthAmericanDatumfor

1983(NAD83)isthedatumformapprojectionsandcoordinateswithintheUnitedStatesandthroughoutNorth

America.

DBI

SeeDATABASEINTEGRATOR.

DBMS

Seedatabamanagementsystem.

DBMStable

Seeattributetable.

DCW

"DigitalChartoftheWorld."Thefirst1:1,000,contains

eMappingAgency'sOperationalNavigation

Charts.

DDE

ows

oneapplicationtondmessagesto,andgetinformationfrom,specificto

Windowsonly(RPC,RemoteProcedureCalls,isudintheUNIXenvironment).DDEissupportedinArcView

Version2fortheexchangeofdatawithotherbusinessapplicationswithouthavingtoconvertthedataorleave

ArcView.(SeeIAC.)

DDL

tementsthatcanbeudeitherinteractivelyorwithinprogramminglanguage

sourcecodetodefinedatabasandtheircomponents.

DEM

Seedigitalelevationmodel.

demand

cation,thepotentialforusingaportionofthesupplyofaresourceorcommodity.

ialinteraction,demandisthemeasureoftheneedforaparticulartypeofrviceorgoodsthatgenerates

mple,thedemandforagallonofmilkmaygenerateatriptoagrocerystore.

denormalization

Theprocessofrestructuringanormalizeddatamodeltoaccommodateoperationalconstraintsorsystem

limitations.

densify

Aprocessofaddingverticestoanarcatspecifieddistances,withoutalteringthearc'ewithspline

andgraintolerance.

descriptivedata

ludenumbers,text,images,andCAD

/INFO

referredtoasattributedata.

destination

Inspatialinteraction,mple,ashoporanofficewhereaconsumerora

ationsarereprentedascentersinanetworkcoverage,aspointsinapointcoverage,and

aslabelpointsinapolygoncoverage.

digitalelevationmodel

alreprentationofacontinuousvariableoveratwo-dimensionalsurfacebyaregulararrayofzvalues

ferred

toas`digitalterrainmodel'(DTM).

ationdatabaforelevationdatabymapsheetfromtheNationalMappingDivisionoftheU.S.

GeologicalSurvey(USGS).

matoftheUSGSdigitalelevationdatats.

DGM

approvedinJune1994bytheFederalGeographicDataCommittee

(FGDC).DGMdescribesthespecificationsforthecontent,quality,condition,andothercharacteristicsof

metadata(dataaboutdata).Thestandardprovidesacommontofterminologyanddefinitionsforthe

ablishesthenamesofdataelementsandgroupsofdataelementstobe

udforthepurpos,definitionsofthedataelementsandgroups,andinformationaboutthevaluesthatare

tobeprovidedforthedataelements.

DIGEST

TheDigitalGeographicInformationExchangeStandardisproducedunderauthorityofNATO'sDigital

isastandardfordigitalgeographicinformationwhichwill

enableinteroperabilis

compodofstandardsfortwodigitalgeographicformats:ARCStandardRasterGraphic(ASRG)andvector

relationalformat(VRF).ASRGisverysimilartoADRGandcanbeimportedintoARC/INFOasanADRGfile

/INFOVPFIMPORTandVPFEXPORTconvertorswillprocessthe

VRFdata.

digitalterrainmodel

Seedigitalelevationmodel.

digitize

degeographicfeaturesindigitalformasx,ycoordinates.

cessofusingadigitizertoencodethelocationsofgeographicfeaturesbyconvertingtheirmap

positionstoariesofx,gadigitizerbuttonrecordsanx,y

izedlineiscreatedbyrecordingariesofx,ycoordinates.

digitizer

ethatconsistsofatableandacursorwithcrosshairsandkeysudtodigitizegeographicfeatures.

fthepersonwhousadigitizingdevice.

digitizing

Seedigitize.

DIME

SeeGBF/DIME.

directednetwork

ionofflowcanbedeterminedbyarc

direction(e.g.,eacharcisdigitizedsothatitisorienteddownstream),avalueinanitemintheAAT,orthrough

theuofalectionfile.

directory

Acomputertermidentifyingalocationonadiskcontainingatofdatafilesandotherdirectories

(subdirectories).ationofadirectoryisspecifiedwitha

pathname.

discretedata

Geographicfeaturescontainingboundaries:point,lineorareaboundaries.

disk

Astoragemediumconsistingofaspinningdiskcoatedwithamagneticmaterialforrecordingdigitalinformation.

diskette

Aninexpensive,low-capacitystoragemedium,usuallymeasuring3.5inchesindiameter,oftenreferredtoasa

floppydisk.

dissolve

Theprocessofremovingboundariesbetweenadjacentpolygonsthathavethesamevaluesforaspecified

attribute.

distance-decayfunction

Inspatialinteraction,themathematicalreprentationoftheeffectofdistanceontheaccessibilityandnumberof

eeitherapoweroranexponentialfunction.

DLG

icalSurvey(USGS),includingdatafromthebamap

categoriessuchastransportation,hydrography,contours,andpubliclandsurveyboundaries.

italformatstandardspublishedbyUSGSforexchangingcartographicdatafilesandinwhichthe

USGSdeliversDigitalLineGraphdatats.

DML

tementsthatcanbeudeitherinteractivelyorwithinprogramminglanguage

sourcecodetoaccessandretrievedatastoredinadatabamanagementsystem.

domain

Inadataba,thetofallowedvaluesforatablecolumn,forexampleallpositiveintegers.

doubleprecision

Referstoahighlevelofcoordinateaccuracybadonthepossiblenumberofsignificantdigitsthatcanbestored

/INFOdatatscanbestoredineithersingle-ordouble-precisioncoordinates.

Double-precisioncoveragesstoreupto15significantdigitspercoordinate(typically,13to14significantdigits),

osingleprecision.

downstream

Intracing,downstionofflowis

odirectednetwork.

drape

Aperspectiveorpanoramicrenderingoftwo-dimensionalfeaturessuperimpodonasurface.

DTM

italelevationmodel.

DXF

AutoCADandother

esareconvertibletoARC/INFOcoverages.

dynamicgmentation

Theprocessofcomputingthelocationsofeventsonlinearfeaturesatruntimebadoneventtablesforwhich

-systemfeaturesandevent-handlingcommandsprovidethedynamic

gmentationcapabilitywithinARC/INFO.

E

edgematching

Aneditingproceduretoensureth

areudwhenmatchingfeaturesinadjacentcoverages.

edit

Tocorrecterrorswithin,ormodify,acomputerfile,ageographicdatat,oratabularfilecontainingattribute

data.

embeddedSQL

SQLstatementsthatareembeddedinahostlanguageprogram.

entity

Acollectionofobjects(persons,places,things)esareidentifiedduringthe

conceptualdesignphaofdatabaandapplicationdesign.

entityrelationshipdiagram

Agrarelationshipdiagramsarea

ufulmediumtoachieveacommonunderstandingofdataamongursandapplicationdevelopers.

environment

Atofparametersdefiningvariousdisplay,editing,anddatamanipulationconditionsthatremainactiveduringa

mple,thedrawingenvironmentinARCEDITmightbe`arcs

on,labelsoff,son'.

EOS

rttostudytheearthasasystemwhiletrackinglong-termchangesona

,amissionoftheNationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration(NASA),willproduce

petabytes(1,000terabytes)ofsatelliteimagedataandalsolarge-scaledatats(terabytes[1,000gigabytes]aday)

tobemanipulatedandanalyzed.

equationitem

AnarithmeticexpressionudinplaceofanitemnameinanARC/mple,tolistfeature

areas,aurcouldspecifyLISTAREA;tolistareasinacresinsteadofsquarefeet,aurcouldspecifyLIST

AREA/43560.

Ethernet

AnetworkprotocoldefiningaspecificimplementationofthePhysicalandDataLinkLayersintheOSImodel

(IEEE802.3).Ethernetisalocalareanetwork,usingabustopology,thatprovidesreliablehigh-speed

communications(maximumof10millionbitspercond)inalimitedgeographicarea(e.g.,officecomplex,

universitycomplex).

Equator

Theparallelofreference0northorsouth.

event

rethreeeventtypes:linear,continuous,and

mple,nuous

eventisalineareventwherethestartpositionofagmentisthesameastheendpositionofitsprecedingevent,

eventoccursatapointalongaroute,forexample,anaccidentatmilepost6.3on

/INFO,o

route-system.

eventsource

ThisisanameassignedbytheurtoreferenceaDBMStablecontainingeventdataforuwiththedynamic

orelate.

extendedcharactert

Extendedcharactertssupportlanguageswhichrequire8-bitcharactersordouble-bytecharacters,suchas

ewithPOSIXcharactert.

externalfile

r,databainformationcanbestoredinfilesoutsideofthe

mple,featureattributetablesarestoredaxternal

INFOdatafilesmaintainedinthecoveragedirectory.

externalpolygon

Seeuniverpolygon.

F

featureattributetable

Atable/INFOmaintainsthefirst

eattributetablessupportedforcoveragesinclude:

.regions

.TATforannotation(text)whereisthecoveragename.

FDDI

FiberDistributedDataInterfaceisamediaaccess(transmission)control-levelprotocolwithtoken-ring

architecture,acide

requiredARC/INFOcommunications,theworkstationnetworkcommunicationssoftwaremustincludeTCP/IP

andNFScommunicationprotocols,ingofTCP/IP

communicationsforFDDItransmissionissupportedbyanetworkinterfacecardatthendingandreceiving

station,andthispackagingistransparenttoARC/INFOapplicationsanddata.

featureclass

ificationdescge

featureclassforreprentinggeographicfeaturesincludepoint,arc,node,route-system,route,ction,

orecoveragefeaturesareudtomodelgeographicfeatures;forexample,arcsand

,annotation,link,andboundary

featureclassprovidesupportingdataforcoveragedatamanagementandviewing.

ferringtogeographicfeatures,featureclass

includepoint,line,area,andsurface.

Feature-ID

SynonymoustermforCover-IDandUr-ID.

featurelectionbyattribute

Seelogicallection.

FGCC

FederalGeodeticControlCommittee:astandardscommitteeconcernedwithaccuracylevelsingeodeticcontrol.

WithintheUnitedStates,coordinatecontrolisbadontheNationalGeodeticSurvey'spublishedcontrolpoints

llectedusingthebasiccoordinatepointscanbereadbyARC/INFO.

FGDC

edofreprentativesofveralfederalagencies

andGISvendors,theFGDChastheleadroleindefiningspatialmetadatastandards,whichitdescribesinthe

ContentStandardsforSpatialMetadata(eCSSM,DGM,andSDTS.

field

Inadataba,anothertermforcolumn.

fielddatacollector

Anelectronicdevicetesof

devicesareavailable:onerecordsx,y,zcoordinatesusingasatellite-badglobalpositioningsystem(GPS),and

theotherdevicerecordsdistanceandbearingARC/INFOGENERATEisoftenudtoconvertGPScoordinates

whileARC/INFOCOGOhasaFIELDDATAconversionprogram.

file

Atofrelatedinformationthatacomputercanaccessbyauniquename(e.g.,atextfile,adatafile,aDLGfile).

Filesarethelogicalunitsmanagedondiskbythecomputer'aybestoredontapesor

disks.

filetransfer

TheprocessofcopyingdatafromonecomputertoanotheroroneDBMStoanother.

FIPS

alswithawiderangeofcomputersystemcomponents

includingthecomponentsofmostGISs:hardware,storagemedia,datafiles,codes,interfaces,datatransmission,

networking,datamanagement,documentation,programminglanguages,softwareengineering,performance,

curity,173istheprecursortotheSDTS(SpatialDataTransferStandard),whichincludes

standardizeddefinitionsforavarietyofdigitalmappingterms,addressingfederalrequirementsforaccuracy.

mentstandardstateandcountryidentificationcode;standardsapprovedforuby

152-2includesPOSIX.1Compliance.

font

Alogir,HelveticaandTimesare

threetypesoffont.

foreignkey

Oneorgnkeyistheprimarykey

orelate.

format

Thormatisthespecificdesign

mple,ARC/INFOhasspecific,proprietaryformatsudto

,DEM,andTIGERaregeographicdatatswithdifferentfileformats.

formsinterface

Agraphicurinterfacecharacterizedbyur-controlledmovementofacursorfromonedatafieldtoanother.

Contrasttocommandlineinterface.

from-node

Ofanarc'stwoendpoints,theonefirstdigitized.

functionalsurface

Asurfacereprentationwhichstoresasinglezvalue(asoppodtomultiplezvalues)foranygivenx,y

onalsurfacesarealsoreferredtoas2.5-dimensional

surfaces.

fuzzytolerance

Thefuzzytoleranceisanextremelysmalldistanceudtoresolveinexactinterctionlocationsduetolimited

nestheresolutionofacoverageresultingfromtheCLEANoperationora

topologicaloverlayoperationsuchasUNION,INTERSECT,orCLIP.

G

gazetteer

Aworkolacenameisknown,

-knowndigitalgazetteers

aretheUSGSGeographicNamesInformationSystem(GNIS)andthegazetteerintheDigitalChartoftheWorld

(DCW).InARCINFOthegazetteerspatialindexisdoneasagridofalphaandnumericreferenceswhichis

(pointsorpolygons)arethenoverlaidwiththisgrid,thensorted

oducesalistofplacenamessortedbothalphabeticallyandbyreferencegridnumber.

GBF/DIME

Forthe1980census,BureauproducedGeographicBaFiles(GBF)andDualIndependent

MapEncoding(DIME)files,containingcensusgeographicstatisticalcodesandcoordinatesoflinegmentsfor

lesprovideaschematicmapofacity'sstreets,addressranges,andgeostatistical

codesrelatingtotheCensusBureau'sreplacedbyTIGERforthe1990Census.

generalization

Ingeneral,/INFO,theprocessofremoving

verticesfromarcsaccordingtoaspecifiedtolerance.

geocode

mple,anaddresscanbe

ferredtoasaddress

geocoding.

geographicdata

positeofspatialdataanddescriptivedata.

geographicdataba

Acollectionofspatialdataandrelateddescriptivedataorganizedforefficientstorageandretrievalbymanyurs.

geographicdatat

OneofvengeographicdatatypessupportedbyARC/phicdatatsinARC/INFOinclude

coverages,grids,DBMStables,tins,images,lattices,andCADdrawings.

geographicfeature

Aur-definedgeographicphenomenonthatcanbemodeledorreprentedusinggeographicdatatsin

ARC/esofgeographicfeaturesincludestreets,werlines,manholecovers,accidents,lotlines,

andparcels.

geographicinformationsystem

SeeGIS.

geometry

Geometrydealswiththemeasuresandpropertiesofpoints,/INFO,geometryisud

toreprentthespatialcomponentofgeographicfeatures.

georeference

Toestablishtherelationshipbetweenpagecoordinatesonaplanarmapandknownreal-worldcoordinates.

georelationalmodel

Ageographicdatamodelthatreprentsgeographicfeaturesasaninterrelatedtofspatialanddescriptivedata.

ThegeorelationalmodelisthefundamentaldatamodeludinARC/INFO.

GIRAS

ilescontain

landu/landcoverinformationforareasintheUnitedStates,includingattributesforlandu,landcover,

politicalunits,hydrologicunits,censusandcountysubdivisions,federallandownershipandstatelandownership.

Thedatatsareavailabletothepublicinbothmapanddigitalform.

GIS

nizedcollectionofcomputerhardware,software,geographicdata,and

personneldesignedtoefficientlycapture,store,update,manipulate,analyze,anddisplayallformsof

geographicallyreferencedinformation.

GOSIP

mentprocurementspecificationsforOSI

protocols(eOSI).ThegovernmenthasmandatedthatallfederalagenciesstandardizeontheOSImodeland

ndors(Sun,IBM,HP,DEC,etc.)haveeithercompliedorare

workingtowardcompliance.

globalpositioningsystem

Asystemdinnavigation,

anditsprecisionsupportscadastralsurveying.

GPS

Seeglobalpositioningsystem.

graintolerance

Aparametercontrollingthenu

smallerthegraintolerance,densifytolerance,graintolerancecanaffectthe

shapeofcurves.

graphicalurinterface(GUI)

Agraphicalmethododof

issuingcommandsataprompt,theurperformsdesiredtasksbyusingamoutochoofrom`adashboard'

reintheformofpictorialbuttons(icons)I

toolsaredynamicandtheurmustmanipulateagraphicalobjectonthescreentoinvokeafunction;forexample,

movingasliderbartotaparametervalue(e.g.,ttingthescaleofamap).

graphicsdisplayterminal

lsobeudforgraphiclection

(e.g.,identifyingafeatureonthedisplay),digitizingandediting.

graphicspage

Thatareaonthegraphicsdisplaydevicerervedformapdisplay,its

aretypicallyincentecompod

onthegraphicspage.

GRASS

c-domainrasterGISmodelingproductoftheU.S.

ArmyCorpofEngineers'ConstructionEngineeringRearchLaboratory(USACERL).

gravitymodel

Amethodologyudinthegeography,

underlyingassumptionofthegravitymodelisthattheinfluenceofpopulationsononeanotherisinverly

proachisanalogoustotheviewofgravitationalattractionfrom

Newtonianphysics.

GRID

Afullyintegratedgrid(cell-bad)geoprocessingsystemforuwithARC/pportsaMap

Algebraspatiallanguagethatallowssophisticatedspatialmodelingandanalysis.

grid

Ageographicdatamodelreprentinginformationasanarrayofequallysizedsquarecellsarrangedinrowsand

idcellisreferencedbyitsgeographicx,orasterandgridcell.

gridcell

AdiscretelyuniformunitthatreprentsaportionoftheEarth,id

cellhasavaluethatcorrespondstothefeatureorcharacteristicatthatsite,suchasasoiltype,censustract,or

onalvaluesofthecellcanbestoredina

valueattributetable(VAT).

GUI

Seegraphicalurinterface.

H

hardware

Thephysicalcomponentsofacomputersystem-thecomputer,plotters,printers,terminals,digitizers,andsoon.

heuristic

Acomputationalmethodthatustrialanderrormethodstoapproximateasolutionforcomputationallydifficult

problems.

historicalview

InArcStorm,storicalview,thedatabais

notmodified,andnodataiscreatedlocally,itissimplya`read-only'viewofthepast.

history

Amablesthecreationof

historicalviewsandsupports`rollingback'thedatatoapreviousperiodintime.

hub

Atransportationhubisanod

areudatstrategiclocationsinanetworktoreducetransportationcosts.

I

IAC

abilityofonecomputerprogramtocommunicatewithanotherprogram.

WithIAC,two(ormore)programscanexecutesimultaneously,sharedata,andmakerequestsofeachother.

ARC/lsinAML(ARCMacroLanguage)support

real-timeGIS,anetworkGISprocessrver,interoperability,andopenintegrationbetweenARC/INFOand

ent/rverenvironmentthecommandreferencesontheclientsideareIACCONNECT,

IACDISCONNECT,andIACREQUEST;ontherversideareIACOPEN,IACCLOSE,and&IACRETURN.

identity

Thetopologicaloverlayofacoverage(input)withapolygoncoverage(identity).Foreachfeatureintheinput

coverage,theinterctionwithidentityfeaturesisdetermined,creatingnewfeaturesofthesamefeatureclassas

mple,aroad(inputcoverage,arcfeatureclass)passingthroughtwocounties(identity

coverage)wouldbesplitintotwoarcfeatures,eachwiththeattributesoftheroadandthecountyitpass

ewithinterctandunion.

identitylink

controlrubbersheetingand

o

link.

IEEE

andard1003.1-1990(akaPOSIX.1)definesCprogram

interfacesfortheoperatingsystemthatenablesourcecodeportabilitybeyondtheANSICdefinition(ePOSIX).

ARC/INFOandArcViewarefullycompatiblewithnetworkprotocolsthatsupportIEEE802.5,FDDIandX.25

transportstandards.

IGDS

raphIGDSfileformatscanbeconvertedtoandfromARC/INFO

coverages.

IGES

InitialGraphicsExchangeSpecification(IGES)

filescanbeconvertedtoandfromARC/INFOcoverages.

image

Agraphicreprentationordescriptionofascene,

examplesincluderemotelynddata(e.g.,satellitedata),scanneddata,eisstoredas

arasterdatatofbinaryorintegervaluesthatreprenttheintensityofreflectedlight,heat,orotherrangeof

valuesontheelectromagneticspectrum.

imagecatalog

Anorganizedtofspatiallyreferenced,possiblyoverlapping,imagesthatcanbeaccesdasonelogicalimage.

Animagecatalogisagroupofimagesondisk,imum,

itemsinthedatafileincludetheimagepathnameandtheboundingcoordinatesxmin,yminandxmax,ymax.

imageintegrator

AcollectionofimagemanagementanddisplaytoolsinARC/INFOthatallowsvectorandrasterdatatobe

ntegratorcommandsgeoreferenceimagestoreal-worldcoordinates,display

images,andmanageimagecatalogs.

impedance

Theamountofresistance(orcost)requiredtotraveralinefromitsoriginnodetoitsdestinationnodeorto

makeaturn(i.e.,movefromonearcthroughanodeontoanotherarc).Resistancemaybeameasureoftravel

distance,time,speedoftraveltimesthelength,impedanceindicatesmoreresistanceto

movement,,nceisudin

mumpathinanetworkisthepathofleastresistance(orlowest

impedance).

index

Specialdatastructureudinadatabatospeedarchingforrecordsintablesorspatialfeaturesingeographic

datats.

ARC/oitemindexing,cross-tileindexingandspatial

indexing.

indexcoverage

Thepolygoncoveragethatdescribes,andisudasaspatialindexfor,lygon

inanindexcoveragecorrespondstoatile.

INFO

AtabularDBMSudbyARC/INFOtostoreandmanipulatefeatureattributetablesandotherrelatedtables.

INFOdataba

ThecontentsofatofINFOdatafiles,featureattributetables,andrelatedfilesstoredineachARC/INFO

bdirectorycontainsallfeatureattributetablesforthetof

coveragescontainedintheworkspace.

INFORMIX

ArelationaldatabamanagementsystemtowhichARC/INFOhasaccessthroughtheDATABASE

INTEGRATOR.

INGRES

ArelationaldatabamanagementsystemtowhichARC/INFOhasaccessthroughtheDATABASE

INTEGRATOR.

integer

Anumberwithoutadecimal(0,1,25,173,1032,etc.).Integervaluescanbelessthan,equalto,orgreaterthan

zero.

interaction

Interactionisameasureoftheestimatednumberoftripsthatwillbegeneratedbetweenoriginsanddestinations

ctionsdependuponthepropertiesoftheorigintogenerateatrip,thepropertyofthe

destinationtoattractatripandthecostoftravelingbetweenthem.

interactionmatrix

AgeneratedINFOfilecontainingthenumberofinteractionsoccurringbetweenatoforiginsanddestinations.

Theinteractionmatrixcanbeanalyzedtomaketrade-areamaps.

inter-applicationcommunication(IAC)

Atechnologythatenablessoftwa

makesitpossibletodevelopapplicationsthatamlesslyintegratethecapabilitiesofanumberofprogramsby

providingawayforexternalapplicationstorequestrvicesofARC/INFOandforanAMLapplicationtoexploit

thecapabilitiesofotherapplications.

interface

Fordatacommunication,ahardwareandsoftwarelinkthatconnectstwocomputersystems,oracomputerandits

peripherals.

internalnumber

SeeCover#.

Internet

Aninternationalconsortiumofwideareanetworksthatoperateusingastandardtofaddressallowing

ernetisanoutgrowthofaDefenAdvancedRearch

ProjectsAgency(DARPA)rearchprojectintheearly1970stoprovideconnectivitybetweenscientistsrunning

onalregional,private,andpublicnetworkshavejoinedthe

pointthereareovertwomillioncomputersthatnowhavedirectaccesstotheresources

-Lisopentothegeneral

stablishedtogiveARC/INFOursawaytoexchange

technicalquestionsandinformation.

interpolation

Theestimationofzvaluesofasurfaceatanunsampledpointbadontheknownzvaluesofsurroundingpoints.

interct

Thetopologicalintegrationoftwospatialdatatsthatprervesfeaturesthatfallwithintheareacommontoboth

oidentityandunion.

ISDN

IntegratedServicesDigitalNetwork,providesWAN(eWAN)combinedtransmissionofanaloganddigital

offeredasaBasicRateServiceoneitheroneortwochannelsforWANrvicesofeither64

rvicesareavailablefromalong-distancetelephonecompany.

ISO

widefederationofnationalstandardsbodies(e.g.,

ANSIfromtheU.S.)icalCommittee(ISO/TC211)isdeveloping

internationalGeographicInformation/anyothercomputingstandards,ISO

maintainsanSQLstandardandisdevelopinganextendedversion,SQL3,whichwillsupportquerieson

geographicdatats.

ISO8211

ThethirdofthreepartsoftheSDTS(eSDTS)thatspecifiesdatatransferimplementation(i.e.,encoding

method).ISO8211isageneral-purpo,media-independentinterchangestandardwhovariablelengthrecords

maybewrittenonanymediumthatisabletoacceptthem,includingcommunicationslines.

ISO9000

Establishedin1987,ISO9000isaninternationaltoffiverelatedstandardsforqualificationofglobalquality

nceisaccomplishedthroughanapplicationprocessforISO9000

certificationincompanystandardsforinspectingproductionprocess,updatingrecords,maintainingequipment,

erninginternationalconsortiumisrecognized

worldwide.

ISO9660

ardfortheorganizationofdataon

CD-ROMmediaestablishedbytheInternationalStandardsOrganization.

isoline

Alineonasurfaceconnectingpointsofequalvalue.

item

Acolumnofinformationinanattributetable,forexample,asingleattributeofarecordinanINFOdatafile.

itemindexing

Ameansofacceleratinglogicalqueriesandtabular`relates'bycreatinganindexonaniteminadatabatable.

ITUM

Ineprocessofadjusting

terrainunitboundariessothatthereisincreadcoincidencebetweentheboundariesandoccurrencesof

interdependentterrainvariablessuchashydrography,geology,physiography,soilsandvegetationunits.

J

join

Seerelationaljoin.

L

labelpoint

Seepoint.

LAN

erdatacommunicationstechnologythatconnectscomputersatthesamesite.

ComputersandterminalsonaLANcanfreelysharedataandperipheraldevices,suchasprintersandplotters.

LANsarecompodofcablingandspecialdatacommunicationshardwareandsoftware.

Landsat

dsatremotensingsatelliteprogramwas

developedbyNASA(NationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration).(band

interleavedbyline)(bandinterleavedbypixel)BIParesupportedbyARC/INFOand

ArcView.

latitude-longitude

AsphericalreferencesystemudtomeasurelocationsontheEarth'deandlongitudeareangles

measuredfromtheEarth'scentertolocationsontheEarth'demeasuresanglesinanorth-south

udemeasuresanglesintheeast-westdirection.

lattice

Asurfacereprentationthatusarectangulararrayofmeshpointsspacedataconstantsamplingintervalinthe

ceisstoredasagrid,butreprentsthevalueofthesurface

onlyatthemeshpointsratherthanthevalueoftheentirecell.

layer

Athematictofspatiald

organizeadatabaormaplibrarybysubjectmatter(e.g.,soils,roads,andwells).Conceptually,layersina

oArcStormdatabaandmaplibrary.

layerindex

See

cross-tileindexing.

least-costpath

Thepath,amongpossiblymany,betweentwopointswhichhasthelowesttraversalcost,wherecostisafunction

oftime,distance,o

impedance.

left-righttopology

ThetopologicaldatastructureARC/-rightsupports

otopology.

legend

erenceareaonamapthatlistsandexplainsthecolors,symbols,linepatterns,shadings,andannotation

endoftenincludesthescale,origin,orientation,andothermapinformation.

bolkeyudtointerpretamap.

LIBRARIAN

AtofsofIANcommands

createanddefineamaplibrary,movedatainandoutofalibrary,querythedatainamaplibrary,anddisplaythe

resultsofaquery.

library

ryhasaspatialextentwhichappliesto

alllayersinthelibrary.

line

orderedcoordinatesthatreprentstheshapeofgeographicfeaturestoonarrowtobedisplayedasan

areaatthegivenscale(e.g.,contours,streetcenterlines,orstreams),orlinearfeatureswithnoarea(e.g.,state

andcountyboundarylines).

earcinacoverage.

namap(e.g.,aneatline).

line-in-polygon

Aspatialoperationinwhicharcsinonecoverageareoverlaidwithpolygonsofanothercoveragetodetermine

whicharcs,orportionsofarcs,nattributesareassociatedwith

correspondingarcsintheresultinglinecoverage.

linesymbol

Asymbolfordrawingcoveragearcs.

linearevent

Seeevent.

linearfeature

mple,rivers,roadswithinapizza

deliveryarea,featuresarereprented

inARC/INFObyarcsorbytheroute-systemfeatureclass.

link

Acoveragefeatureclass;linksaretwo-pointgmentsthatreprentfrom-andto-locationsfortherubber

sheetingadjustmentprocess.

literal

Astring,anumber,oradatewhichdirectlyreprentsaconstantvalue.`XYZ123',`1234'and`6/10/57'are

examplesofastringliteral,anumericliteralandadateliteral,respectively.

localareanetwork

SeeLAN.

logfile

Acoverageorworkspacehistoryfilecontainingalistofallcommandsudtooperateonacoverageorall

commandsudintheworkspace.

logicalconnector

OneoftherervedwordsAND,ORandXORudtobuildcomplex

logicalexpressionsinaquery.

logicalexpression

Acombinationofitems,systemitems,systemvariables,literalsandarithmeticlogicaloperatorsfromwhicha

valueofTRUEorFALSEisderived;forexample,

$RECNOLE$NUM1HRS-WRKD*HRLY-WAGEGE600AND$MONTHEQ5$NUM1LE100

logicaloperator

leanexpression.

logicallection

Theprocessoflectingasubtoffeaturesfromacoverageusinglogicalexpressionthatoperatesonthe

attributesofcoveragefeatures(e.g.,AREAGT16000).Onlythofeatureswhoattributesmeetthecriteriaare

ownasfeaturelectionbyattribute.

longtransaction

Longtransactionssupportapplicationswherechangestoadatabamightspanveraldays,weeksormonths

anninganddesignactivities,suchassubdivisiondevelopment,require

longtransactions.

longitude

Seelatitude-longitude.

lookuptable

altabulardatafilecontainingadditionalattributesforfeaturesstoredinanassociatedfeatureattribute

lecanbeanexternalattributetableoranINFOtablethatdescribescoveragefeatures.

ample,welldepthcan

berecordedexplicitlyinthefeatureattributetable,butdisplayedandudasatofclass,suchas0to250

feet,251to500feet,lookuptablecontainsatleasttwoitems:therelateitemandanitem

namedeitherSYMBOLorLABEL.

M

macro

Atexcanbebuiltto

performfrequentlyud,aswellascomplex,MacroLanguage(AML)isudtocreate

macrosforARC/INFO.

many-to-onerelate

Arelateinwhichmanyrecordsinonetablearerelatedtoasinglerecordinanothertable.

map

AnabstractreprentationofthephysicalfeaturesofaportionoftheEarth'ssurfacegraphicallydisplayedona

splaysigns,symbols,pically

emphasize,generalize,andomitcertainfeaturesfromthedisplaytomeetdesignobjectives(e.g.,railroadfeatures

mightbeincludedinatransportationmapbutomittedfromahighwaymap).

mapextent

tangularlimits(xmin,yminandxmax,ymax)oftheareaoftheEarth'ssurfacedisplayedusing

ARC/entisspecifiedinthecoordinatesystemofthecoverageorothergeographicdatatud.

Typically,theextentofthegeographicdataba(oraportionofitdefinedbyazoomed-inview)definesthemap

extentfordisplay.

graphicextentofageographicdatatspecifiedbytheminimumboundingrectangle(i.e.,xmin,ymin

andxmax,ymax).

maplibrary

Anorganized,uniformlydefinedcollectionofspatialdatapartitionedbylayersandtilesintocomponentparts

braryorganizesgeographicdataspatiallyasatoftilesandthematicallyasatof

braryorganizes

coveragesspatiallybytilesandthematicallybylayer.

maplimits

Therectangraphicdataare

drawnwithinthemaplimits,lesandlegendscanbedrawnoutsidethe

maplimits.

mapprojection

AmathematicalmodelthattransformsthelocationsoffeaturesontheEarth'ssurfacetolocationsona

etheEarthisthree-dimensional,somemethodmustbeudtodepictamapin

ojectionsprerveshape;othersprerveaccuracyofarea,distance,

alsocoordinatesystem.

MapprojectionsprojecttheEarth'r,anysuchreprentationdistortssome

parameteroftheEarth'ssurfacebeitdistance,area,shape,ordirection.

mapquery

TheprocessoflectinginformationfromaGISbyaskingspatialorlogicalquestionsofthegeographicdata.

Spatialqueryistheprocessoflectingfeaturesbadonlocationorspatialrelationship(e.g.,lectallfeatures

within300feetofanother;pointatatoffeaturestolectthem).Logicalqueryistheprocessoflecting

featureswhoattributesmeetspecificlogicalcriteria(e.g.,lectallpolygonswhovalueforAREAisgreater

than10,000orlectallstreetswhonameis`MainSt.').Oncelected,additionaloperationscanbe

performed,suchasdrawingthem,listingtheirattributesorsummarizingattributevalues.

mapscale

ThereductionneededtodisplayareprentationoftheEarth'mentofameasureonthe

mapandtheequivalentmeasureontheEarth'ssurface,oftenexpresdasareprentativefractionofdistance,

suchas1:24,000(oneunitofdistanceonthemapreprents24,000ofthesameunitsofdistanceontheEarth).

Mapscalecanalsobeexpresdasastatementofequivalenceusingdifferentunits;forexample,1inch=1mile

or1inch=2,000feet.

mapction

ctionsareimplementedasARC/omaplibrary,layerandtile.

map-to-pagetransformation

rolshowcoveragecoordinatesare

transformedintographicsonthedisplayscreenorplotterpage.(Coveragesarenotmaps;theycontainthe

unscaledcoordinatesthatARC/INFOustodrawmaps.)

mapunits

Thecoordinateunitsinwhichageographicdatat(e.g.,acoverage)isstoredinARC/tscanbe

inches,centimeters,feet,meters,ordecimaldegrees.

markersymbol

Asymboludtoreprentapointlocationsuchasanairport.

masspoint

Irregularlydistributedsamplepoints,eachwithanx,ylocationandazvalue,whichareudasthebasic

sspointhasimportant,yetequal,significanceintermsdefiningthetinsurface.

Ideally,thelocationofeachmasspointisintelligentlychontocaptureimportantvariationsinthesurface's

morphology.

MDI

MultipleDocumentInterfacewasdevelopedbyMicrosoft,withmenus,buttons,tools,andwindowscalled

wisbadontheMDIstandard,includingmultipledocumenttypes:ProjectView,Table,

Layout,Chart,ntscanbeorganizedandmanipulatedinavarietyofstandardways:tiled,

cascaded,iconified,resized,orclod.

meridian

Alinerunningverticallyfromthenorthpoletothesouthpolealongwhichalllocationshavethesamelongitude.

ThePrimeMeridian(0)runsthroughGreenwich,ePrimeMeridian,measuresoflongitudeare

negativetothewestandpositivetotheeastupto180,halfwayaroundtheglobe.

meshpoint

shpointislocatedataconstantsampling

intervalinthexandydirectionsrelativetoacommonorigin,andcontainsthezvalueforthesurfaceatthat

intsoutsidethesurface,orwhichreprentholesinthesurface,areassignedanullvalue.

minimumboundingrectangle

Arectangle,orientedtothexandyaxes,

specifiedbytwocoordinates:xmin,yminandxmax,mple,theBNDdefinesaminimumbounding

rectangleforacoverage.

minimummappingunits

Foragivenmapscale,thesizeordimensionbelowwhichalongnarrowfeatureisreprentedasalineanda

mple,streamsandriverswillbereprentedaslinesiftheirwidthislessthan.10

inch,andpolygonssmallerthan.125inchonasidewillbereprentedasapoint.

model

Areprentationofrealityudtosimulateaprocess,understandasituation,predictanoutcome,oranalyzea

isstructuredasatofrulesandprocedures,includingspatialmodelingtoolsavailableina

geographicinformationsystem(GIS).Seealsospatialmodeling,datamodel,analysisandspatialanalysis.

modeling

Seemodel.

moment

Themomentre'screation,

deletionorupdatedateisttothetransaction'smoment.

morphology

,themorphologyofasurfaceisdefinedbythesamplepointsand

ines,whenproperlylocatedatlocationsofsignificantchangein

surfacebehavior,ices,themorphologyofasurface

cannotbedirectlyreprentedbysamplepointsandlinearfeatures;itmustbeimpliedfromthemeshpointz

values.

Mosaic

aicprojecthasbeenconductedbytheNationalCenter

forSupercomputingApplications(NCSA)inIllinoistoprovideasinglefront-endorurinterfacetomany

listoprentthequeryto,andresultsfrom,eachofthedifferentinformation

resourcesinasimilarwaytominimizethenumberof"systems"onemustbefamiliarwithtosuccessfully

reliesontheexistenceofrvers;

clientsoftwareexistsforXWindows,Macintosh,ersmustbeconnectedtothe

InternettouMosaic.

mou

Ahand-controlledhardwaredeviceforinteractingwithacomputerterminalorenteringdatafromadigitizer.A

mouisudtomakelectionsandpositionthecursortofieldsincomputerformswheninteractingwith

izermouisudtotracefeaturesandenterx,ycoordinatesoffeatures.

MSS

magewillhavedata

recor/INFOcanread

multispectalimagesinvariousformats.

N

NAT

hnode,theNATcontainsa

referencetooneofthearcsitconnectsto,o

featureattributetable.

nativemodeusage

AstatementsyntaxenteredinARC/ionofanSQLWHERE

clauinanARC/INFOnativemodeSQLlectionoperation,orthedeclarationofaDBMSCURSORare

examplesofnativemodeSQLusage.

NBS

NationalBureauofStandards,nowknownasNIST(eNIST).

neatline

Aborderlinecommonlydrawnaroundtheextentofamap.

network

rconnectedtofarcsreprentingpossiblepathsforthemovementofresourcesfromonelocationto

another.

ownasnetworkcoverage.

ferringtocomputerhardwaresystems,alocalareanetwork(LAN)orawideareanetwork(WAN).

NETWORK

TheARC/INFOsoftwareproductthatperformsaddressmatching/geocoding,allocation,routing,and

pathfindingacrosslinearnetworks.

networkcoverage

InARC/INFO,alinecoverageonwhichnetworktoolssuchasPATHandALLOCATEcanoperate.

networkelement

ThecomponentsofanetworkinARC/INFO,includingnetworklinksandnetworknodes,ofwhichthereare

threetypes:stops,centers,andturns.

networklink

Networklinksareinterconnectedlinearentitieswhichreprenttheconduitsfortransportation(e.g.,vehicles,

fluids,electricity)andcommunicationnetworks,forexample,

ARC/INFO,linksarereprentedasarcswithattributesstoredintheAAT.

networknode

Networknodesaretheendpointsandconnectingpointsofnetworklinks,forexample,interctionsand

interchangesofaroadnetwork,theconfluenceofstreamsinahydrologicnetwork,orswitchesinapowergrid.

InARC/INFO,networknodesareudtomodelstops,centers,knodesarereprentedas

nodes,withattributesstoredinanNAT.

networkingprotocols

Anetworkingprotocolissoftwarethatprovidesacommunicationgateway(link)allowingtheexchangeofdata

olsareafixedtofrulesudtospecifytheformatofanexchange

ofdata.

NFS

TheNetworkFileSystem(NFS)protocolallowsagivencomputertoaccessadiskonanothercomputerovera

ddiskcanbeaccesdjustaasilyasifitwerelocaltotheur's

ccesstoadiskacrossanetwork,thediskmustbeNFSmountedontheur'slocalmachine.

Seeyoursystemadministratorforsuchoperations.

NIST

NationalInstituteofStandards&TechnologyistheagencythatproducestheFederalInformationProcessing

Standards(FIPS)mentagenciexcepttheDepartmentofDefen.

NMAS

Nationalmapaccuracystandardsarespecificationsofaccuracystandardsforwell-definedmappointson

oftheBudget.

node

stopologicallylinkedtoallarcsthatmeetatthenode.

Seealsonetworknode.

htheory,thelocationatwhichthreeormorelinesconnect.

amplepointinputtoatinbecomesanodeinthe

glenodeistopologicallylinkedtoalltrianglesthatmeetatthenode.

nodematchtolerance

Theminimumradialdistancewithinwhichtwonodeswillbejoined(matched)toformonenode.

normalization

Aconceptualdatabadesigntaskthatinvolvesapplyingdatadependencytoadatamodeltoavoiddata

inconsistenciesbyprohibitingredundancy.

NTF

NationalTransferFormat(BritishStandardBS7567).NTFisanexchangeformatthatpermitsthetransferof

heformatudbytheBritishOrdinanceSurvey.

nullvalue

ticularcolumnofarowinatableisnull,

isnotthesameasblankorzero.

O

OCR

OpticalCharacterRecognitionistheautomaticrecognitionandinterpretationoftext.

ODBC

ardAPI(applicationprograminterface)udtocommunicatewith

databamanagementsystems,developedbyMicrosoft,w

supportsODBCforDBMSsontheMicrosoftWindowsplatform.

OGC

TheOpenGISConsortium,agroupcompodofsoftwarevendors,academics,governmentagencies,

consultantsandsoftwareintegrators,irstprojectistodevelopan

opengeodatainteroperabilityspecification(OGIS).

OGIS

TheOpenGeodataInteroperabilitySpecificationbeingdevelopedbyOGCtosupportinteroperabilityofGIS

systemsinaheterogenouscomputingenvironment.

OLE

objectsfromoneapplicationtobeembedded

withinanother(e.g.,takinganExcelspreadsheetandputtingitintoaWorddocument).ArcViewVersion2does

d,itsupportsDDE(eDDE).OLEsupportisplannedfor

futurereleasofArcView.

OMG

TheObjectManagementGroupisacomputingindustrycollaborationtopromoteobject-orientedinteroperability

ntinuetodevelopspecificationswhichaddressthemany

aspectsofthisproblem,themostpopularofwhichistheCommonObjectRequestBrokerArchitecture

(CORBA).

one-to-many

Arelateinwhichonerecordinatableisrelatedtomanyrecordsinanothertable.

OPENLOOK

Agraphicalurinterface(GUI)fortheXWindowsystemdevelopedbyAT&T(OpenLook)andSun

Microsystems(OPENLOOK).(SeealsoOSF/Motif).

onlineaccess

Directaccesstodatathatdoesnotinvolvefiletransfer.

opticaldisk

Adigldisksareslower,butstore

lopticalplatterscanbeinstalledina

ldisksareudwhenverylargeamountsofdataneedtobestored.

operatingsystem

Computersratingsystem

controlstheflowofdata,theapplicationofotherprograms,theorganizationandmanagementoffiles,andthe

displayofinformation.

ORACLE

ArelationaldatabamanagementsystemtowhichARC/INFOhasaccessthroughtheDATABASE

INTEGRATOR.

OS

Seeoperatingsystem.

OSF

TheOpenSoftwareFoundationisaninternationalconsortiumthatpromotesthestandardizationoftheUNIX

operatingsystem.

OSF/MOTIF

Anindustry-standardgraphicalurinterfacedevelopedbytheOpenSoftwareFoundationfortheUNIX

workstationenvironment.

OSI

OpenSystemsInterconnect,aven-layerhierarchicalreferenceinterfaceandcommunicationsmodelsponsored

byISO,1984,knownastheOSIReferenceModel:layer7--applications,layer6--prentations,5--ssion,

4--transport,3--network,2--datalink,

OSImodelisudtodevelopinterfacesandintegratetwodissimilarsystems(i.e.,PCsandUNIXorUNIXand

mainframes).

origin

erencelocationforaplanarcoordinatesystem,usuallyreprentedbythevalues0,0.

pulationgroup,anorigin

sarereprentedasnodesinanetworkcoverage,aspointsinapoint

coverage,andaslabelpointsinapolygoncoverage.

overlay

Seetopologicaloverlay.

overshoot

odanglingarc.

P

pageextent

Definesarectangularportionofthegraphicspagetobedisplayed.

pan

Tomovetheviewingwindowup,down,orsidewaystodisplayareasinageographicdatatwhich,atthe

currentviewingscale,ozoom.

parallel

rtyoftwoormorelinesthatisparatedatallpointsbythesamedistance.

atorisaparallelwholatitudeis0.

Measuresoflatituderangefrom0to90northoftheEquatorandfrom0to-90tothesouth.

PAT

agecanhaveeitherapointattributetableorapolygon

attributetable,tiontour-definedattributes,aPATcontainsdataonareaandperimeterofa

polygon(valuesare0forpoints),aninternalquencenumberandfeatureidentifier.

eattributesaremaintained,however,thenameoftheattributetableis

PAT,ygonandmanyregionattribute

tureattributetable.

path

Anorderedtofnetworklinksandnetworknodeswhichconnectsanorigintoadestination(center).

pathfinding

Theprocessoffindingapathbetweenanoriginanddestination,whichusuallyinvolvesdeterminingaleast-cost

path.

pathname

mesarealwaysspecifictothecomputeroperatingsystem.

PaulReveretour

AteisderivedfromAmerican

history,afterthefamousrideofPaulRevere.

peak

Apointaroundwhichallslopesarenegative(i.e.,downward).

peripheraldevice

Ahardwaredevicenotpartofthecentralcomputer(e.g.,digitizers,plotters,andprinters).

persistentlock

Along-termdatabalockrequiredwhenurswishtomaintainaconsistentviewoftheirdatawhiledoing

modificationsoveralongtransaction.

petabyte

abyteiquivalentto1,000terabytes.

pit

Apointaroundwhichallslopesarepositive(i.e.,upward).

pixel

ed

toasacellinanimageorgrid.

point

ex,ycoordinatethatreprentsageographicfeaturetoosmalltobedisplayedasalineorarea;for

example,thelocationofamountainpeakorabuildinglocationonasmall-scalemap.

tpossibletohavepoint

prentingpointfeatures,thex,ylocationofthelabelpoint

entifyingpolygons,thelabelpointcanbelocatedanywherewithin

utesforpointsarestoredinaPAT.

point-in-polygon

Atopologicaloverlaypare

assignedtheattributesofthepolygonswithinwhichtheyfall.

pointevent

Seeevent.

polygon

onisdefinedbythearcsthatmakeupitsboundaryanda

nshaveattributes(PAT)thatdescribethegeographicfeature

theyreprent.

polygon-arctopology

ThetopologicaldatastructureARC/INFOustoreprentconnectivitybetweenarcstoformpolygons.

Polygon-arctopologysupportsthed

alsotopology.

polygonoverlay

Atopologicaloverlayprocedurewhichdeterminesthespatialcoincidenceoftwotsofpolygonfeaturesand

createsanewtofpolygonsbadonidentity,interct,orunion.

POSIXcharactert

POSIXcharactertssupportlanguageswhichonlyrequire7-bitcharacters(suchasUSEnglish).Seealso

extendedcharactert.

POSIX1003.1A

ArevisiontothePOSIX1003.1standardthatdefinesatofstandardoperatingsysteminterfacesandan

environmentforapplicationprogramswritteninC.

POSIX1003.4a

Definesthreadsupporttofacilitatewritingmultitaskingoperations,particularlyrverapplications.

PostScript

PostScriptisapage-descriptioncomputerlanguagedeveloped,marketed,andtrademarkedbyAdobeSystems,

riptisparticularlyufulincomputerized

riptfilescanbeplottedonnon-PostScript

plottingdevicesbymeansofRasterImageProcessor(RIP)software.

precision

Referstothenumberofsignificantdigitsudtostorenumbers,andinparticular,ionis

importantforaccuratefeaturereprentation,/INFOsupportssingleprecisionand

doubleprecision.

preliminarytopology

topologydefinesregion-arcandregion-polygonrelationships.A

topologicalregionhminaryregion

rwords,preliminaryregionshave

nopolygontopology.

primarykey

Oneoforeignkey.

production

usuallyafunctionofthe

mple,ahouholdproductionfortwoadultsandonechildmightbeonetripper

weekforgroceries,twotripsperdayforwork,threetripspersixmonthstoeadentist,ctions

betweenanoriginandacenterareestimatedbasonhowmuchofanorigin'sproductionwillbeattractedtoa

particularcenter.

profile

Averticalctionalviewofasurfacederivedbysamplingsurfacevaluesalongactionline.

projection

Seemapprojection.

projectionfile

agefilethatstorestheparametersforthemapprojectionandcoordinatesystemofageographicdatat

(e.g.,acoverage).

ilecontaininginputandoutputprojectionparametersthatcanbeudtoconvertageographicdatafile

fromonecoordinatesystemtoanother.

proximaltolerance

Theminimumdistarmorepoints

arefoundwithintheproximaltolerancedistanceofeachother,onlythefirstpointreadispasdforfurther

processing.

pudonode

Anodewheretwo,andonlytwo,arcsinterct,orasinglearcthatconnectswithitlf.

Q

quadrangle(quad)

Seetopographicmap.

quadtree

Aspatialindexwhichrecursivelydecomposadatat(e.g.,image)intosquarecellsofdifferentsizesuntileach

ospatialindexing.

query

Seemapquery.

R

raster

ofcellswiththesamevalue

ogrid.

RAT

Seerouteattributetable.

RDBMS

amanagementsystemwiththeabilitytoaccessdataorganized

intabularfilesthatcanberelatedtoeachotherbyacommonfield(item).AnRDBMShasthecapabilityto

recombinethedataitemsfromdifferentfiles,orelate.

realnumbers

Decimalnumbers(e.g.,3.1417,0.25,1.8992,6.0).

record

tributetable,asingle`row'erms,arecordisanalogoustoatuple.

mple,thereisonerecordintheARCfileforeacharcinacoverage.

rectification

Theprocessbywhichanimageorgridisconvertedfromimagecoordinatestoreal-worldcoordinates.

Rectificationtypicallyinvolvesrotationandscalingofgridcells,andthusrequiresresamplingofvalues.

referentialintegrity

Thecapabilitytoensurethatchanges

example,atablewillnotbegivenaforeignkeyvaluethatdoesnotexistasaprimarykeyinanothertable.

region

Acoveragionscanbedefined

shaveattributes(PAT)thatdescribethegeographicfeaturetheyreprent.

registeredtable

ADBMStablewhichispartofanArcStormdatabaissaidtobe`registered'withthedataba.

relate

Anoperationthatestablishesatemporaryconnectionbetweencorrespondingrecordsintwotablesusinganitem

commontoboth(i.e.,relatekey).Eachrecordinonetableisconnectedtothorecordsintheothertablethat

ewithrelationaljoin.

relatekey

orelate,primarykeyandforeignkey.

relation

Seetable.

relationaldataba

Amethodofstructuringdataascollectionsoftablesthatarelogicallyassociatedtoeachotherbysharedattributes.

Anydataelementcanbefoundinarelationbyknowingthenameofthetable,theattribute(column)name,and

orelate,relatekey,andrelationaljoin.

relationaljoin

Theoperationofrelatingandphysicallymergingtwoattributetablesusingtheircommonitem.

remotensing

sincludeaerialphotography,

radar,andsatelliteimaging.

resampling

Theprocessofreduc,pixel

countislowered,individualpixelsizeisincread,led

imagesare"coar"ly,this

/INFO,theGRIDfunctionRESAMPLEsupportsresampling

ofrasterdatausingCubicConvolution,BilinearInterpolation,NearestNeighborAssignment,andcustom

"NearestData"assignmentmethods.

resolution

tionistheaccuracyatwhichagivenmapscalecandepictthelocationandshapeofgeographicfeatures.

Thelargerthemapscale,caledecreas,resolutiondiminishesand

featureboundariesmustbesmoothed,simplified,mple,smallareasmayhavetobe

reprentedaspoints.

cebetweensamplepointsinalattice.

thesmallestfeaturethatcanbereprentedinasurface.

berofpointsinxandyinagridorlattice(e.g.,icalSurvey

one-degreeDEMis1201x1201meshpoints).

restore

Toreturnadrmprovidesa

restoremechanism.

RMSerror

recalculatedwhenregisteringamaptoadigitizer,indicatingthediscrepancy

ertheRMSerror,themoreaccuratethe

otic.

rollback

ewithcommit.

route

AfeatureclassinARC/INFOth

ectionsreprenttheportion

ofanarcudinaroute,teattributetable(RAT)storesroute

oroute-systemandroutemeasure.

routeattributetable(RAT)

additiontour-definedattributes,

alsoroute-system,ction,SEC,andfeatureattributetable.

routemeasure

Alocationalongaroute,definedasameasurefromastartpoint,wheremeasuresincludedistance,time,

milepost,aybemorethanonestart

orendwithinaroute,inwhichca,mple,there

aremanyplacesthatarewithinaone-minuterespontimefromafirestation.

route-system

Acollectionofroutesreprentingparateinstancesofacommonlinearentity,forexample,allschoolbus

elinecoveragecancontainmanyroute-systems,mple,a

roadcoveragecancontainabusroute-system,

oevent.

row

izontaldimensionofatablecompodofatofcolumnscontainingone

dataitemeach.

ontalgroupofcellsinagrid,orpixelsinanimage.

RPC

ARemoteProcedureCall(RPC)isacommunicationmechanismwhichallowsoneUNIXprocessto

ommunicatingprocesscanbeondifferentcomputersovera

rmrversandclientsuRPCstocommunicatewitheachother.

rubbersheeting

eprentingfrom-andto-locationsare

udtodefinetheadjustment.

run-lengthencoding

ormoreadjacentcellsinarowhavethesamevalue,the`run'isrecorded,asoppodtorecordinganindividual

eadjacentcolumnshavingthesamevalue,thegreaterthecompression.

S

satelliteimage

iteimagesmaybeproducedphotographicallyor

byon-boardscanners(e.g.,MSS).

scale

Seemapscale.

scalebar

Amapelementthatshowsthemapscalegraphically.

scanning

Tannersalsousoftwareto

convertrasterdatatovectordata.

scratchfile

Atemporaryfileholdingintermediatedataduringanoperation,suchaswhencalculatingarcinterctions,or

buildingfeaturetopology.

SDTS/TVP

SpatialDataTransferStandard/dStatesFederalstandarddesignedtosupport

thandardspecifiesastructureand

contentforspatiallyreferenceddatainordertofacilitatedatatransferbetweendissimilarspatialdatabasystems.

TVPaddressawidevarietyofvectordatatypes,models,andstructures,aswellasassociatedattributedata.

AlsoknownasFederalInformationProcessingStandard(FIPS)173.

SEC

tionto

ur-definedattributes,theSECcontainsinformationonboththeroutenumberandarcnumbertowhichthe

ctionbelongs,thestartingandendingpositionxpresdaspercentagesofthearclength,startingandending

positionxpresdasmeasuresalongtheroute,

alsofeatureattributetable.

ction

AfeatureclassinARC/INFO

formtheinfrastrunsarethearcs,

orportionsofarcs,oSEC.

ctionline

Alineonasurfacedefiningthepositionofaprofile.

lectioncoverage

tifiestheareatoextractdatafrom,orinrtdatainto,

amaplibrary.

tuid

Aprocesswhichcantitffectiveurtosuper-ur(root).Thatis,althoughanyurcanruntheprocess,the

mpleofatuidprocessisthe

ArcStormwrviceprocess.

shadesymbol

ApatternudtoshadepolygonsinARC/ymbolpatternsincludecrosshatch,repeating,andsolid

fill.

SIF

Standardinterchangeformat,ardorneutralformatudtomovegraphics

filesbetweencomputersystems.

singleprecision

Referstoalevelofcoordinateaccuracybadonthenumberofsignificantdigitsthatcanbestoredforeach

-precisionnumbersstoreupto7significantdigitsforeachcoordinate,retainingaprecisionof5

metersinanextentof1,000,/INFOdatatscanbestoredaithersingle-ordouble-precision

odoubleprecision.

sliverpolygon

Asmallarealfeaturecommonlyoccurringalongthebordersofpolygonsfollowingthetopologicaloverlayoftwo

ormorecoverages.

slope

Ameasureofchangeinsurfacevalueoverdistance,mple,ari

of2metersoveradistanceof100metersdescribesa2%atically,slopeis

referredtoasthefirstderivativeofthesurface.

SNA

kingprotocolpopularinIBMenvironments.

snapping

Theprocessofmovingafeaturetocoincideexactlywithcoordinatesofanotherfeaturewithinaspecified

snappingdistance,ortolerance.

soundex

Aphoneticspelling(uptosixcharacters)ofastreetname,the26lettersinthe

Englishalphabetarereplacedwithaletterinthesoundexequivalent:

English:ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ

Soundex:ABCDABCHACCLMMABCRCDABWCAC

Wherepossible,geocoding,

initialcandidatestreetnamesarefoundusingsoundex,o

geocode.

spatialanalysis

Theprocessofmodeling,examining,lanalysisisufulforevaluating

suitabilityandcapability,forestimatingandpredicting,refour

traditionaltypesofspatialanalysis:topologicaloverlayandcontiguityanalysis,surfaceanalysis,linearanalysis,

andrasteranalysis.

spatialdata

Informationaboutthelocationandshapeof,andrelationshipsamong,geographicfeatures,usuallystoredas

coordinatesandtopology.

spatialfeature

Seegeographicfeature.

spatialindexing

Ameansofacceleratingcoveragedrawing,spatiallection,andfeatureidentificationbygeneratingfeature-bad

indexesforoneormorefeatureclassofacoverage.

spatialinteraction

Ananalyticaltechniquethatestimatesthenumberofinteractionsoccurringbetweenanoriginanddestination

berofinteractionsisbadonthepropertiesoftheorigintoproduceatrip(production),the

destination'lofspatialinteraction

modelingistobeabletomodelandpredictthenumberofinteractionsoccurringbetweenpopulationsfora

particulartypeofactivitysuchasretailing.

spatialmodeling

rethreecategoriesofspatialmodelingfunctionsthatcanbe

appliedtogeographicfeatureswithinaGIS:(1)geometricmodels,suchascalculatingtheEuclideandistance

betweenfeatures,generatingbuffers,calculatingareasandperimeters,andsoon;(2)coincidencemodels,suchas

topologicaloverlay;and(3)adjacencymodels(pathfinding,redistricting,andallocation).Allthreemodel

categoriessupportoperationsonspatialdatasuchaspoints,lines,polygons,tins,onsare

orgaomodelandanalysis.

spatialorder

Anindexassignedtofeaturesbadontheirrelativeclonessintwo-dimensionalspace.

spatialquery

Seemapquery.

spike

shootlinecreatederroneouslybyascanneranditsrasterizingsoftware.

alousdatapointthatprotrudesaboveorbelowaninterpolatedsurfacereprentingthedistributionof

thevalueofanattributeoveranarea.

spline

eoperationinrtsverticestocreatea

ograintoleranceanddensify.

SQL

ped

byIBMinthe1970s,ithasbecomeanindustrystandardforquerylanguagesinmostrelationaldataba

managementsystems.

SQL/MM

Aninternationalstandardffort,sponsoredbyISOtoextendSQLtosupportmultimediaapplications,including

accessandmanipulationofgeographicdata.

SRG

Standardizedrastergraphic,adigitalreprentationofamaporchart,whichiscapturedbyautomaticdigitization

(scanning),storedonadigitalstoragemedia,anddisplayedonarasterscreenorrasterplotter;obtainedbya

istsofarasterdatatofRGBintensitiesorcolour(sic)

codes.

stationfile

AnAMLfilecontainingcommandsneededtoestablishtheenvironmentforgraphicdisplayandgraphicinput.

Typically,stationfilescontaincommandsthatdefinetheDISPLAYdevice,theAML&TERMINALdevice,the

typeofDIGITIZER,ifany,andthemethodtobeudforCOORDINATEinput.

stop

Stopsarelocationsvisitedinapathortour;theymayreprentcustomersonadeliveryrouteorcitiesina

ndstopattributesaremaintainedinINFOfilesreferredtoasstopsfiles.

stopimpedance

udtocomputetheimpedanceofapathortour.

stoptransfer

udtofindthetotalnumberoftransfersonapath

ortour.

string

Ariesofalphanumericcharactersofanylengthenclodbyquotes.

subclass

Aspecialfeaturection,

region,route-system,mple,aroadcoveragemayhavethree

route-systemsstoredassubclassformaildelivery,streetcleaning,andgarbagepickup.

supply

pleofatypeofsupplyistheavailabilityofmilkat

grocerystores,carsatacardealer,orthenumberofmoviescreensatatheater.

surface

Ageographicphenomenonreprentedasatofcontinuousdata,suchalevationorairtemperatureoveran

orsharpbreakinvaluesofthephenomenon(breaklines)indicatesasignificantchangeinthe

structureofthephenomenon(e.g.,acliff),escanbereprentedby

modeosurfacemodel.

surfacemodel

easurfacecontainsaninfinitenumberofpoints,some

delcontainsaformalizeddatastructure,rules,and

x,y,softwarepackagesupportstwodata

modelsforreprentingsurfaces:latticeandtin.

SYBASE

ArelationaldatabamanagementsystemtowhichARC/INFOhasaccessthroughtheDATABASE

INTEGRATOR.

symbol

mple,linesymbolsreprentarcfeatures;markersymbols,

points;shadessymbols,polygons;andtextsymbols,aracteristicsdefinesymbols,including

color,size,angle,otextsymbol,markersymbol,shadesymbol,andlinesymbol.

symbolenvironment

DefinesthetypesofmapsymbolsandtheircharacteristicsduringagraphicdisplayssioninARC/

arefourtypesofactivemapsymbols:line,marker,shade,andtext.

systemtables

Tableswhichcontaininformationaboutadataba,suchasthedatadictionaryanddatabatransactions.

T

table

Atofdataelementsthathasahorizontaldimension(rows)andaverticaldimension(columns)inarelational

isoften

oredinatablearestructurallyequivalenttorecordsfromflatfilesinthattheymustnot

containrepeatingfields.

TAT

tiontour-definedattributes,theTAT

ofeatureattributetable.

TCP/IP

TheTransmissionControlProtocol(TCP)isacommunicationprotocollayeredabovetheProtocol(IP).Theare

low-levelcommunicationprotocolswhichallowcomputerstondandreceivedata.

template

agecontainingcommonfeatureboundaries,suchasland-waterboundaries,foruasastartingplace

tessavetimeandincreatheprecisionoftopologicaloverlays.

mplatecontainingneatlines,Northarrow,logos,andothercartographicmapelementsforacommon

mapries.

ytabulardatafilecontainingonlyitemdefinitions.

Terabyte,TB

yteofdataiquivalentto1,000gigabytesofdataor1,000,000megabytesof

abyteequals1,erunit,10

12

bytes.

terminal

Adevice,usuallyadisplaymonitorandakeyboard,udtocommunicatewiththecomputer.

textsymbol

Atextstyledefinedbyfont,size,characterspacing,color,andsoon,udtolabelmapsandcoveragefeaturesin

ARC/INFO.

Thiesnpolygons

Polygonswhoboundarien

emathematicallydefinedbytheperpendicularbictorsofthe

ructureisudtocreateThiesnpolygons.

theme

Aur-definedperspectiveonacoverage,grid,tinorimagegeographicdatatspecified,ifapplicable,bya

coveragenameandfeatureclassordatatname,attributesofinterest,adataclassificationscheme,and

theme-specificsymbologyfordrawing.

thematicdata

See

descriptivedata.

tic

RegistrationorgeographiccontrolpointsforacoveragereprentingknownlocationsontheEarth'

allowallcoveragefeaturestoberecordedinacommoncoordinatesystem(e.g.,UniversalTransverMercator

[UTM]metersorStatePlanefeet).Ticsareudtoregistermapsheetswhentheyaremountedonadigitizerand

totransformthecoordinatesofacoverage(e.g.,fromdigitizerunits[inches]toUTMmeters).

TICfile

ThecoveragefileudtostoreticcoordinatesandticIDsforacoverage.

ticmatchtolerance

Thedistanceixceeded,the

digitizingmatchtoleranceis

udtoensurealowRMSerrorduringmapregistrationonadigitizer.

TIFF

Taggedinterchange(image)pportsblack-and-white,

gray-scale,pudocolor,andtrue-colorimages,allofwhichcanbestoredinacompresdoruncompresd

commonlyudindesktoppublishingandrvesasaninterfacetonumerousscannersand

graphicartspackages.(SeeCCITT.)

TIGER

TheTopologicallBureau

ilescontainstreetaddress

rangesalonglinesandcensustract/scriptivedatacanbeudtoassociateaddress

informationandcensus/demographicdatawithcoveragefeatures.

tile

Thespatialunitbywhichgeographicdataisorganized,subdivided,ubdivide

theareacoveredbyamaplibraryandorganizethelibrarydatabylocation(e.g.,countiesmightbethetilesina

statewidedataba).Atilecanbearegular,geometricshape(e.g.,amapsheet),oranirregularshape,suchasa

oLIBRARIAN.

tin

cereprentationderivedfromirregularlyspacedsamplepointsand

datatincludestopologicalrelationshipsbetweenpointsandtheirneighboring

mplepointhasanx,ycoordinateandasurface,ointsareconnectedbyedges

ealsocalledirregulartriangular

meshorirregulartriangularsurfacemodel.

TIN

TheARC/INFOsoftwareproductudforsurfacereprentation,modeling,anddisplay.

TOLfile

Acoveragefilethatcontainsprocessingtolerances(fuzzy,ticmatch,danglelength)andeditingtolerances(weed,

grain,editdistance,snapdistance,andnodesnapdistance).ARC/INFOusTOLfilevaluesasdefaultsinmany

automation,editing,andprocessingoperations.

to-node

Ofanarc'stwoendpoints,ofrom-node.

topographicmap

ntainingcontoursindicatinglinesofequalsurfaceelevation(relief),oftenreferredtoastopomaps.

icalSurveyinthe7.5-minutequadrangle

riesorthe15-minutequadrangleries.

topologicaloverlay

Ananalysisp/INFOsupports

oidentity,interctandunion.

topology

Thespatialrelationshipsbetweenconnectingoradjacentcoveragefeatures(e.g.,arcs,nodes,polygons,and

points).Forexample,thetopologyofanarcincludesitsfrom-andto-nodes,anditsleftandrightpolygons.

Topologicalrelationshipsarebuiltfromsimpleelementsintocomplexelements:points(simplestelements),arcs

(tsofconnectedpoints),areas(tsofconnectedarcs),androutes(tsofctions,whicharearcsorportions

ofarcs).Redundantdata(coordinates)areeliminatedbecauanarcmayreprentalinearfeature,partofthe

boundaryofanareafeature,gyisufulinGISbecaumanyspatialmodelingoperationsdon't

requirecoordinates,mple,tofindanoptimalpathbetweentwopoints

requiresalistofthearcstnates

areonlyneededfordrawingthepathafteritiscalculated.

tour

Atourisaminimum-impedancepaththatstartsatanorigin,visitsanumberofstopsandreturnstotheorigin

/INFOprovidesa

heuristicsolutiontothetravelingsalesmanproblembyorderingthestopsandthenfindingtheleast-costpath

whichvisitsthem.

tracing

Theprocessofdeterminingwhichportionsofanetworkconnect.

trade-areamap

Amapshowin-areamapscan

bemadefromtheinformationcontainedinaninteractionmatrix.

transaction

actioncanbeterminatedbyeithermakingpermanentor

rollingbackallupdates.

transformation

Theprocessthatconvertscoordinatesfromonecoordinatesystemtoanotherthroughtranslation,rotation,and

/INFOsupportsthetransformations:similarity,affine,piecewilinear,projective,NADCON

datumadjustmentusingminimum-derivedcurvaturetransformation,andapolynomialtransformationtowarp

gridsandimages.

travelingsalesmanproblem

Thisisaclassictourprobleminwhichahypotheticalsalesmanmustfindthemostefficientquenceof

destinationsinhisterritory,stoppingonlyonceateach.

trustedlogin

Aurissaidtohaveatrustedlogintoanothercomputerwhenthaturisnotpromptedforapasswordwhen

accessingtheremotecomputer.

tuple

Arowinarelationaltable;synonymouswithrecord,obrvation.

turn

Atureprentrelationships

betweennepertiesofaturnare

storedinaturntable.

turnimpedance

mpedanceformakingaleftturncanbe

differentfromthatofarightturnoraU-turnatanode.

turntable

anbesixteenpossibleturn

impedancesbetweenfournetworklinksmeetingatanode(i.e.,left,right,straight,andU-turnforeachofthe

fournetworklinks).

triangulatedirregularnetwork

Seetin.

U

undershoot

odanglingarc.

union

Atopologicaloverlayoftwopolygonalspatialdatatswhichprervesfeaturesthatfallwithinthespatialextent

ofeitherinputdatat;thatis,ointerctandidentity.

univerpolygon

's

theonlypolygonthatneverhasalabelpoint,aequalsthenegativesumof

ferredtoastheexternalpolygon.

upstream

Intracing,upionofflowis

ectednetwork.

Ur-ID

SynonymoustermforCover-IDandfeature-ID.

USGSDEM

AdigitalelevationmodelproducedbytheSurveyBranchoftheUnitedStatesDepartmentoftheInterior,

consistingofaregulararrayofelevationsreferencedintheUniversalTransverMercator(UTM)coordinate

atacorrespondtothestandard1:24,000-scale7.5x7.5-minutequadranglesor1:250,000

ionsareinmetersorfeetreferencedtomeanalevel.

USNMAS

alMapAccuracyStandards:AccuracystandardsforpublishedmapsinEnglishunitsdefining

scribedinabsoluteterms;however,itisnotdescribed

instatisticaltermsandsomeinconsistencieshavebeennoted,therebymakingitunusableforengineeringmapping

(large-scalemapping),andisnotconvenienttouinconjunctionwithmappingfromspace(remotensing).

V

valueattributetable(VAT)

tiontour-definedattributes,theVAT

containsthevaluesassignedtocellsinthegridandacountofthecellswiththovalues.

vector

Acoordinate-banearfeatureis

ionalvectordatastructuresincludedouble-digitizedpolygonsand

arc-nodemodels.

vertex

Oneofatoforderedx,ycoordinatesthatconstitutesaline.

virtualtable

See

view.

view

ineaviewtoaccessasubtofthecolumnsstoredin

arow,accessatofcolumnsstoredindifferentrows,oravoidcreatingaredundantcopyofdatathatisalready

stored.

VPF

VecteMappingAgencyfor

/INFOincludesabidirectionalVPFtranslator.

VRF

ionalmodel-badformatverysimilartotheDMAVPF(DefenMapping

AgencyVectorProductFormat).

W

WAIS

t/rversoftwaresystemthatprovidessophisticatedindexingoffilesbad

onallwordsineachfileandprovidesscoringand"relevancefeedback"entthen

lectswhichfileorfilestoretrievefromtherverfromalistoffileordocumenttitles,rankedbyascore

ingcanincludeBooleanconstructsandaccesstostructuredinformationsystems

(likedatabas)addresdattheoperatingsystem

level.

WAN

e

arecompodofspecialdatacommunicationshardwareandsoftwareandusuallyoperateacrosspublicor

dedicatedtelephonenetworks.

watchfile

AtextfilethatrecordsallnongraphicinputandoutputduringanARC/ilescanbeedited

andconvertedtoAMLprograms.

weedtolerance

leranceisaparameterthatcanbe

dingnewarcs,ifaninputvertexiswithintheweeddistanceofthelast

vertex,edingexistingarcs,itisthetoleranceudbytheDouglas-Peuckeralgorithm.

ximityofverticesononearctoverticesonanotherarcwithinthetolerance

doesnotcauthemtobeweeded;thisiscontrolledbytheproximaltolerance.

workspace

AdirectorycontaininggeographicdatatsforuwithARC/pacecontainsanINFOdirectory

/INFOworkspaceshavethreeprimaryus:asaurworkarea,tostoreall

themapctionsforeachtileinamaplibrary,andasautomationworkspacestostorealltheversionsofasingle

coverageasitprogressthroughthecoverageautomationprocess.

WorldWideWeb

DevelopedbytheEuropeanLaboratoryforParticlePhysics(CERN)

(WWW)

wsonetoprepareelectronicdocumentsthat

arecompositesof,orpointersto,manyd

employsahypertextmarkuplanguage(html)tocreatethedocumentsitrvesandtofollow"links"knownas

UniversalResourceLocators(URLs)rverdoes

notprovidearchcapabilities,ratheritprovidexplicitlinkagebetweenfilesontheInternetusinghypertext.

Thisallowsonetoorganizeinformationinaparticularway,but,unlessthelinkxist,doesnotpermitthe

beaccesdbyMosaic(e

Mosaic).

X

XWindows

AsystemdevelopedatMITthatallowsapplicationstobedisplayedinwindowsandsharedamongdifferent

bleonallUNIXoperatingsystemssupportedbyARC/INFOandArcView.

ARC//INFOorArcViewcanberunonany

X-compliantterminalorXStationonallsupportedUNIXplatformsoronanyPCorMacintoshthrough

emulationsoftware.

XWindows/Motif

ARC/INFOandArcViewoperateintheXWindows/MotifenvironmentonallsupportedUNIXworkstation

platforms.

X.25

CCITTrecommendation/ISCstandardforwideareanetworks.

X.400

ISOstandardforelectronicmail.

X-OpenConsortium

AnassociationofAmericanandEuropeanvendorsformedin1984topromoteopensystems.

XPG3

AnX/videsacshellvariablenamedPSALLOCto

makeAIXXPG3-compliant,resultinginaddingmoreswapspaceondisk,protectsARC/INFOfromanoutside

applicationbug-inducedcrash,andincreasapplicationperformance.

Z

Z39.50

AnANSIprotocolstandardforWAN(wideareanetwork)informationqueryandexchangetosharelibrary

referencingrequestsviadistributedelectronicaccesstoinformation.

z-value

Thevalueofasurfaceataparticularx,ylocation(e.g.,elevation).Oftenreferredtoasspotvaluesorspot

elevations.

zoom

Toenlargeanddisplaygreaterdetailofaportionofageographicdatat.

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