million years ago

litytopredictwhatthewriterisgoing/about/tryingtosaynextisbothanaidto

understandingandasignofit.

Apredictionbeginsfromthemomentyoureadthetitleandfromexpectationsofwhathe

theexpectations/predictionsarecontradicted,theyareuful

becautheyhavestartedyouthinkingaboutthetopicandmadeyouactivelyinvolved.

Ifyouformulateyourpredictionsasquestionswhichyouthinkthetextmayanswer,youare

preparingyourlftoreadforapurpo:toewhichofyourquestionsareinfactdealtwithand

readingismorepurpofulyouarelikelytounderstandbetter.

Naturallyyourpredictions/esnotmatterat

allaslongasyourecognizewhentheyarewrong,mistakenpredictionscantell

youthesourceofmisunderstandingandhelpyoutoavoidcertainfalassumptions.

etitleofthebookyoucanknow/foretell

ebeginningofthentences,

ntheextremes,youcanpredictwhat

willhappennextinastory,orhowawriterwilldevelop/prenthisargument,orwhatmethods

willbeudtotestahypothesis.

Becaupredictionensuresthereader’sactiveinvolvement,itisworthtraining.

ionisnotanend,rwords,wedonoteducate

childrenjust/poistofitthemforlife.

Inmanymoderncountriesithasforsometimebeenfashionabletothinkthat,byfree

educationforall,an

alreadyethatfreeeducationforallisnotenough;wefindinsome/manycountriesafarlarger

neoftheir

degrees,theyrefutodowhattheythinktobe"low"work,and,infact,workwithhandsis

thoughttobedirtyandshamefulinsuchcountries.

Butwehaveonlytothinkamomenttoe/know/understandthattheworkofacompletely

ivewithouteducation,

ecleanedourstreetsandtooktherubbishawayfromour

hous,weshouldgetterriblediasinourtowns.

Infact,whenwesaythatallofusmustbeeducatedtofitourlvesforlife,itmeansthat

wemustbeready/willing/educated/taughttodowhateverjobsuitedtoourbrainandability,

andtorealizethatalljobsarenecessarytosociety,thatisverywrong/incorrect/erroneoustobe

ashamedofone'sworkortoscornsomeoneel’chatypeofeducationcanbecalled

valuabletosociety.

）eingslearntocommunicatewitheachotherwillnonlinguisticmeansaswell

aslinguisticways/means/sarefamiliarwiththesayitwasn’twhathesaid;itwas

thewaythathesaiditwhen,byusing/sayingthewordwaywemeansomethingaboutthe

particularvicequalitythatwasinevidence.,orthetofashoulder,ortheobvioustensionof

gemayevenbentbytheaccompanyingtoneandgestures,sothat

eachofI’mready,youarebeautiful,andIdon’tknowwhereheiscanmeantheoppositeofany

ehave/meet/encounter/experiencedifficultyinfindingexactlywhat

inthecommunicationcausthechangeofmeaning,andanystatementwemakeleadstothe

sourceofthegapbetweentheliteralmeaningofthewordsandthetotalmessagethatislikelyto

kelytorefertosomethinglikea“glint”inaperson’s

eyes,ora“threatening”gesture,or“provocative”manner.

hebirdsfindtheirwayontheirenormouslylongjourneysTheyoungbirdsare

nottaughttheroadbytheirparents,noideahow

thebirdsfindtheirway,particularlyasmanyofthemflyat/bynight,whenlandmarkscould

erbirdsmigrateoverthea,wheretherearenolandmarksatall.A

certainkindofplover,forinstance/example,ndofthesummerthe

birdsmigratefromCanadatoSouthAmerica;theyfly2,500miles,non-stop,

onlyisthisverylongflightanextraordinaryfeatofendurance,buttherearenolandmarksonthe

oceantoguide/directthebirds.

Ithasbeensuggestedthatbirdscannthemagneticlinesofforcestretchingfromthenorth

tosouthmagneticpoleoftheearth,experimentshithertomade

toewhethermagnetismhasanyeffect/influencewhatsoeveronanimalshavegivennegative

,wherethereissuchabiologicalmysteryasmigration,evenimprobableexperiments

/thiswasbeingdoneinPoland,beforetheinvasionofthatcountry,onthe

swereattachedtothebirds’headsto

eif/nfinishedexperimentshad,

ofcour,tobestopped.

waslittlemorethanan

animal;largehead/brain,

hehadanuprightbody,hehadcleverhands;hehadinhisbrainspecialgroupsofnervecells,not

foundinanimals,thatenabledhimtoinventalanguageanduittocommunicatewithhis

litytospeakwasofverygreatu/value/significance/importancebecauit

wasallowedmentoshareideas,andtoplantogether,sothattasksimpossibleforasingleperson

alsoenabledideastobe

pasdonfromgenerationtogenerationsothatthestockofhumanknowledgeslowlyincread.

Itwasthespecialadvantagesthatputmenfaraheadofallotherlivingcreaturesinthe

struggleforsurvival/nutheirintelligencehanding/overcomingtheir

difficultiesandmasterthem.

guageofmandifferssubtly

otusuallyuexpressionssuchas“itsdarling,”andwomentend

,thelanguageudinaddressingmenandwomen

differssubtly:wecancomplimentamanonanewnecktiewiththecompliment/words“whata

prettytie,thatis!”butnotwith“howprettyyoulooktoday!”----anexpressionrervedfor

upationofapersoncaushislanguagetovary,particularin

theuhemakesoftechnicalterms,thatis,intheuhemakesofthejargonofhisvacation.

Soldiers,dentist,hairdresrs,mechanics,yachtsmen,andskiersallhavetheirparticularspecial

mestheconquenceisthatsuchpersonshavedifficultyincommunicating

withpeopleoutsidethevacationonprofessionalmatersbecauthetechnicalvocabularyisnot

ghwecanrelatecertainkindsofjargontolevelsofoccupationand

professionaltraining,wemustalsonotethatalloccupationshavesomejargon,eventheofthe

aywellbeamorehighlydevelopeduofjargoninoccupations

thatrequireconsiderableeducation,inwhichwords,andtheconceptstheyu,aremanipulated

ratherthanobjects,forexampleinthelegalandteachingcircle/world/fieldandintheworldof

finance.

ceagebeganonOctober4,1957,rst

man-madesatellitewasfollowedbymanyothers,

conquestofthespacebetweentheplanets,andbetweentheearthandthesun,continuesata

rapidrate.

xploreouter

space,someofthequestionstheyhavelongasked/wonderedaboutwillbeansweredatlast.

eintelligentlifeoutsidetheearthAre

therepeople,orcreaturesofsomesort/kindlivingonMars,Venus,orsomeotherplanetofthe

solarsystemArethereplanetsorbiting/going/circlingaroundstarsotherthanoursun

lanetwouldhave

shorttimeago,wethought

,scientistsbelievethatmanystarshaveplanetsgoing

aroundthem.

…

Weknowthattherearenineplanetsinourownsolarsystem-Mercury,Venus,Earth,Mars,

Jupiter,Saturn,Uranus,therplanetxistinoursolarsystem,or

anywhereel,our

astronomersguessthatonestarinahundredhasatleastoneplanetwherelifecouldexist.

antwouldbelikelyto

containgreatas,icstorms

ssiblethatsimplelivingcellsmightfromwhenelectricitypasd

rimentmadein1952attheUniversityofChicagoemstoprovethis.

Bypassingelectricitythroughnonlivingmaterials,scientistmadecellslikethoofliving

creatures.

eginningofthenineteenthcenturytheonlyacceptablerolesforwomen

weredomestictherewasvirtuallynothingforthemtodoexceptstayathomeorhireoutas

maids,governess,and,beforelong,erenotallowedtoownproperty-in

mostcas,ngwifewasnotallowedtokeepherwages

ofparationordivorce,awoman

tolegal

status,which,

barredfrompublicoffice

mostpart,womenlackedopportunitiesfor

education,vocationaltraining,ionalconnsuswasthat

womenbelonginthehome,anddeterminedeffortsweremadetoethattheystayedthere.

’dneysiderscaneatleastaglimpof

ends

sailsofallshapes,ngtheyachtracesisafavorite

Saturdayactivity.

borbridgeconnectsthetwo.

Itwasbuiltin1932andcost20million.

’smagnificentoperahou

designerJornUtzonwonaninternationalcontest

allconcertsare

afternoonconcertsonthebuilding’souterwalkattractmany

listeners.

Sydney’refirst

hionableshops,restaurants,artsgalleriesandinteresting

ttimetovisitisSaturday,eis

oneoftheworld’smostattractivecities---Sydney,Austrian.

Unit10Architecturaldesigninfluenceshowprivacyisachievedaswellashowsocial

ceptofprivacyisnotuniquetoaparticularculturebut

whatitmeansisculturallydetermined.

PeopleintheUnitedStatestendtoachieveprivacybyphysicallyparatingthemlvesfrom

ression“goodfencesmakegoodneighbors”isapreferenceforprivacyfrom

neighbors’ilycanaffordit,ivacy

isneeded,familymembersmayclotheirbedroomdoors.

Insomecultureswhenindividualsneedprivacy,itisacceptableforthemsimplytolookinto

,theydonotneedtoremovethemlvesphysicallyfromagroupinorderto

achieveprivacy.

YoungAmericanchildrenlearntherule“knockbeforeyouenter”whichteachesthemtorespect

others’s,too,oftenfollowthisrulepriortoenteringtheirchildren’

abedroomdooriscloditmaybea(n)signtootherssaying,“Ineedprivacy,”“I’mangry,”or“Do

notdisturb.I’busy.”ForAmericans,thephysicaldivisionofspaceandtheuofarchitectural

featurespermitanofprivacy.

Thewayspaceisudtohelptheindividualtoachieveprivacy,tobuildhomesortodesigncities

mmarizestherelationshipbetweenindividualsandtheir

physicalsurroundings:

istaketoactasthoughman

wasonethingandhishouorhiscities,orhislanguageweesomethingel.

ks,pamphlets,

documents,manuscripts,official,papers,photographs,andprintsamounttosome86million

items---anumberthatswellsdaybyday----houdon535milesofshelves.

Congressauthorizedalibraryin1800,whichamountedtothreethousandbooksandafew

aceit,Thomas

Jeffersonsoldthegovernmenthisownlibraryofalmost6500volumes---thefinestinthenation

lection,againhoudintheCapitol,hadgrownto55000whenafireburned

1866aportionoftheSmithsonianInstitution’slibrarywasaddedtothe

libraryofCongress,andinthesameyearthegovernmententeredaninternationalprogramby

yrightlaw

of1870ensuredthelibrarywouldalwaysbeuptodatebyrequiringpublisherstondtwo

copiesofeachbookpublishedtothelibraryinordertoobtaincopyright.

|

stiontoraitheCapitol

domeandfillitwithbookshelveswasrejected,andin1873Congressauthorizedacompetition

tyofdisputesdelayedconstructionformorethana

decade,butthelibrary’sThomasJeffersonBuildingwasfinallyopenedin1897.

ion,westartingtorealizethatwecan’tsolvethesolidwastedilemmajustby

thecountry,manyindividuals,communitiesandbusiness

havefoundcreativewaystoreduceandbettermanagetheirtrashthroughacoordinatedmixof

practicesthatincludessourcereduction.

udesmanyactionsthatreducethe

reductioncanconrveresources,

reducepollution,andhelpcutwastedisposalandhandingcosts(itavoidsthecostsofrecycling,

landfilling,andcombustion).

Sourcereductionisabasicsolutiontotoomuchgarbage:lesswastemeanslessofawaste

esourcereductionactuallypreventstheincreaofwasteinthefirstplace,it

comource

reduction,recyclingisthepreferredwastemanagementoptionbecauitreducestheamountof

wastegoingtolandfillsandconrvesresources.

cauofsymptomsmustbefound,andmeasurestorelievethemandtopreventrecurrence

ghthephysicianmaysuspectthat

theillnessisduetoemotionalratherthanphysicalcau,hemustarchcarefullyforany

tunknownforanillnessconsideredpsychosomatictobe

rougharchforphysicalcausofthe

symptomshelpstogainthepatient’sthathisconditionandsymptomsare

ganicbasisforhiscomplaintsisfound,heusuallywillfindthisnews

gnophysical

cauforthedisorderpointsthewaytounderstandingthepatient’thecau

IsitemotionalstressIfso,whatkindWhataretheproblemswhichareupttingthepatients

kofFrenchscientistJeanBaptisteLamarck(1744-1829)hascontributedtothe

kbelievedthattheenvironmentshapedthe

nature/trait/evedthatthebodiesofplantsand

animalschanged/hadtofittheirenvironmentandaufulphysicalchangewouldbepasdon

totheplant’soranimal’soffspring.

Forexample,Lamarckthoughtthatgiraffesdevelopedlongnecksbecautheyhadtostretch

toget/kdidn’tthinkthatgiraffes

possd/developed/hadlongnecksallatonce,ghtthattheearliestgroupof

giraffesstretched/ffspringinheritedthislonger

sdthivenlonger

anygenerations,giraffesdevelopedthelongnecksthat

theyhavetoday.

NotallofLamarck’ientistsdonotbelievethatthe

environmenthasa(n)effect/ydon’tagreewith

thenotion/ideathataphysicalchangeinaplant’soranimal’sbodyispasdontotheoffspring.

Instead,theybelievethatachangemustoccurintheplant’soranimal’scellsbeforeachangein

offspringcantakeplace.

ybigcity,inwhichmillionsofpeopleliveandwork,fast,frequentmeansof

on,wheremostpeoplelivelong

distance/awayfromtheirwork,allofficers,factoriesandschoolswouldhavetochooifthe

bus,thetrainsandtheUndergroundstoppedwork.

OriginallytheLondonUndergroundhadsteamtrainswhichwerenotverydifferentfrom

otherEnglishtrains,exceptthattheywentalonginbigholesunderthegroundinordertokeep

rainsudcoal,whichfilledthe

ult,theoldtrainsweretakenaway,and

LondonUndergroundisveryclean,andtheelectric

trainsmakefasterrunspossible.

'

AteveryUndergroundstation/stoptherearemapsofalltheUndergroundlinesinLondon,so

ationhasitsnamewrittenup

clearlyandinlargelettersveraltimes,sothatonecanewhenonecomestowhereonemust

stationsonecanchangetoadifferentundergroundtrain,andinsomeplaces,

suchasPiccadilly,insonthethreelines

arenotonthesamelevel,getrains,onehastogo

dbetiringtohavetowalkupthestairs/steps,so

thestairsaremadetomovethemlves,andallthatthepeople/pasngershavetodoisto

,everythingisdonetomakethe

Undergroundfastandefficient.

“grandfather”clockWell,theclockswerepasdthroughthefamilyandso

werealwaysthoughtofas“grandfather’sclock.”Butthefirstdomestictimepieceswerehung

unatelydustgotintotheworksandevenworchildrenudto

tthefaceandworksandthentheweightsand

longtheclockwasnearlyallcaand

wasstoodontheground/floorandcalled,notsurprisingly,

“grandfather”clockswereveryexpensive,madeastheywerefromfinewood,oftenbeautifully

makersofthisperiodincludedThomasTompion,John

HarrisonandEdwardEast,butdon’tgettooexcitedifyoufindthattheclockGrandmaleftyou

youstartjumpingupanddowningandshouting,

“we’rerich,we’rerich,”rememberthatplentyofpeoplebeforethe20thcenturyhadtheideaof

makingcheapclocks/timepiecesoffamousoriginaland“borrowing”thenamesoftheirbetters.

Anddon’tforgetthatthefirstchimingmechanismwasn’tinvented/created/madeuntil1695,so

achimingclock,howevercharmingitsounds,willdatefromthe18thcentury.A

fake/fal/imitatedlate17thcenturygrandfatherclockmadebyEastsoldrecentlyforjustunder

20000.

ee

hoursonMondayandthesamenumberofhoursTuesday,Wednesday,Thursday,Friday,and

esntiallywhatishappeningtotheaveragechildinAmericantoday,exceptitis

notthescreeninthemoviehoudownthestreethesitsinfrontof,itisinsteadthetelevision

trightinyourownhou.

AccordingtotheNielnIndexfiguresforTVviewing,itisdaisthatbythetimeachild

graduatesfromhighschoolhehashad11000hoursofschooling,asoppodto15000hoursof

imethechildis18yearsold,hehasspentmorehours

hewillhavewitnesdbythattimesome18000

murdersandcountlesshighlydetailedcasofrobbery,arson,bombing,shooting,beatings,

forgery,smuggling,andtorture---averagingapproximatelyconeperminuteinthestandard

ral,venty-fivepercentofall

networkdramaticprogramscontainviolence.

BanduraofStandfordUniversityreaches/drawstwoconclusionsaboutviolenceon

TV:(1)thatittendstoreducethechild’sinhibitionsagainstactinginaviolent,aggressivemanner,

and(2)apointsoutthatachildwon’t

necessarilyrunoutandattackthefirstpersonheesafterwatchingviolenceonthescreen,but

that,ifprovokedlateron,hemayverywellputwhathehaslearnedintopractice.

Oneofthelessonsoftelevisionisthat,aveaproblemwithsomeone,

theschoolofTVsaystoslaphimintheface,emostoftheprogram

hasshownhowwellviolencehaspaidoff,punishmentattheendtendsnottohavemuchofan

inhibitoryeffect.