英语国家概况

.

1/31

Unit1ABriefIntroductiontotheUnitedKingdom

gofBritain:UnionJack

〔英国国旗中没有显示出Welsh旗〕

icinformationofeachcountry:

Count

ry

CapitalArea

Memo

Engla

nd

London

最大

1.最不会把自己

的“英格兰文化

区别于其他文

化〞

.

2/31

2.一个高度城市

化的国家，80%

居住在城市，20%

工作于农业。

Scotl

and

Edinburgh

爱丁堡，此

名源于爱

尔曼语

〔Butthe

largest

cityis

Glasgowin

Scotland〕

第二大

1.英国最不平坦

的局部。〔the

Highlandsin

thenorthand

theSouthern

Uplandsinthe

south〕

quered

bytheromans

orthe

Anglo-Saxons.

Wales

Cardiff

〔加的夫〕

第三大

〔但在

British

Mainland

上是最

小〕

ich

coal

deposits.(储存)

asbeen

dominatedby

Englandfor

longerthanthe

.

3/31

ejoiningtheBritishparliament:

However,in1707byagreementoftheEnglishand

Scottishparliaments,ScotlandjoinedtheUnion.

encebetweentheBritishIsles,UK,

GreatBritain,andEngland:

othernationsof

theunion.

retainsitsown

language,Welsh.

England

itdidnotfallto

theAnglo-Saxon

invadersofthe

5thcentury.

North

ern

Irela

nd

Belfast

〔贝尔法

斯特〕

最小None

.

4/31

BritishIsles:

theislandofGreatBritain

theislandofIreland

surroundingisles

UK=GreatBritain+NorthernIreland

GreatBritain=England+Scotland+Wales

rmajorinvasionsinthehistoryof

GreatBritain:

Atfirst,EnglandwasoccupiedbyCelticpeople.

Thenin43ADBritainwasinvadedbytheRoman

Empire.

Result:EnglandandWalesbecameapartofthe

RomanEmpirefornearly400years.

theAngle-Saxoninvaded.

Result:Thelandtheylivedbecame"

Angle-land",laterchangedintoEngland,the

languagetheyspokenbecameEnglish.

PS：Oneofthebest-knownEnglishlegendsderives

.

5/31

5centuryAD,KingAuthor(亚

瑟王)unitedtheBritish,andwithhismagical

sword,Excalibur〔被称为“王者之剑〞的圣剑〕,

drovetheSaxonsback.

关于亚瑟王的一些名词：

Excalibur:被称为“王者之剑〞的圣剑;亚瑟王之魔

剑

CastleatTintagel(廷塔杰尔)inCornwall:

Tintagel传说为亚瑟王的诞生地，这是一个与亚瑟王

传奇有关的地方。

Knight：骑士

Camelot:卡米洛，传说中亚瑟王宫殿所在地。

theVikingsinvaded.(Fromthelate8thcenturyon)

Resultinacertainculturaldividebetween

northernersandsouthernersinEngland,whichcan

beexpresdas"Saxon"versus(对抗；与...相

对)"Dane".

PS:此时出现的历史人物是：

KingAlfredtheGreat：阿尔弗雷德国王，英国历

史上的著名国王，领导英国抗击北欧海盗的入侵。

.

6/31

theNormans(fromnorthernFrance,whowere

descendants(后代)ofVikings),Williamof

Normandyinvadedthiscountry.

Result:Thismarksthelasttimethatanarmyfrom

outsidetheBritishIslessucceededininvading

PS:与此时有关的历史人物是：

WilliamofNormandy(knownas“Williamthe

Conqueror〞)：征服者威廉，1066年通过英吉利海峡

〔EnglishChannel〕对英格兰宣战，打败了哈罗德国

王，获全胜。同年圣诞节威廉在威斯敏斯特教堂

(WestminsterAbbey)加冕成为英格兰国王，史称威廉

一世。〔WilliamtheFirstofEngland〕

WestminsterAbbey:威斯敏斯特教堂坐落在伦敦泰

晤士岸，原是一座天主教本笃会隐修院，始建于公元

960年，1045年进展了扩建，1065年建成，1220年

至1517年进展了重建。威斯敏斯特教堂在1540年英

王创立圣公会之前，它一直是天主教本笃会〔天主教

的隐修院修会之一〕教堂。1540年之后，成为圣公会

教堂。

KingHarold:哈罗德国王，英格兰最后一位撒克逊民

族国王，在关键的Hastings战斗中被杀。

.

7/31

TheconquestofBritain(BeforeAD.1stC.,made

upofmanytribalkingdomsofCelticpeople)

WhenWhoWherefromWhich

part

conquered

43

AD—

AD.5t

hC

Latin-speaki

ngRoman

Mediterrane

ancountries

England

andWales

(not

Scotland

or

Ireland)

AD.5th

C

—106

6

Anglesand

Saxons

(the

forefathers

ofthe

English;the

foundersof

England)

Germany

Eastern

and

Southern

Britain

(not

Walesand

mostof

Scotland

.

8/31

)

mainly

England

Late

AD.8th

C–

AD10th

C.

theferocious

Vikings

Scandinavia

(北欧：瑞典、

挪威一带。丹

麦、芬兰、冰

岛等)

Northern

and

Eastern

England,

Scotland

AD11th

C

(1066

)

NormanFrench

(Williamthe

Conqueror

defeatedKing

Haroldatthe

Battleof

Hastings,and

builtthe

Towerof

London)

Normandy

(northern

France)

Thenext

few

hundred

years,

joining

various

partsof

the

British

Isles

under

.

9/31

English

rule

(England,

Wales,

Scotland,

Ireland)

tiesofEngland

London

Birmingham〔伯明翰〕—condlargestcityof

England.

Liverpool〔利物浦〕—condlargestportof

England

Manchester〔曼彻斯特〕—industrialand

commercialcentre.

其他名词解释：

:Londonisinthesouthofthecountry,

andisdominant〔主要的，主宰的〕intheUnited

farthe

largestcityinthecountry,withaboutone

.

10/31

venthofthenationpopulation;itistheat

ofgovernment(伦敦是英国政府所在地);itisthe

culturalcentre,hometoallthemajornewspapers,

TVstations,andwithfarandawaythewidest

lectionofgalleries〔画廊，美术馆〕,theatres

isthebusinesscentre,

headquartersofthevastmajorityofBritain's

bigcompanies;itisthefinancialcentreofthe

nation,andoneofthethreemajorinternational

financialcentresintheworld.

London’sfunction=Beijing+Shanghai+

Guangzhou=NewYork+Washington+LosAngeles

LondonAttractions:

(1).BigBen〔大本钟〔英议会大厦上的报时钟〕〕and

theHousofParliament〔英国的国会大厦〕.

(2).TheTowerofLondon〔伦敦塔(伦敦古堡,在泰

晤士岸,古代曾作宫殿与监狱,现为兵械库和博物

馆)〕，由威廉一世建造。

(3).TowerBridge〔伦敦塔桥，是一座上开悬索桥，

位于英国伦敦，横跨泰晤士河，因在伦敦塔附近而得

名，是从泰晤士河口算起的第一座桥〔泰晤士河上共

建桥15座〕，也是伦敦的象征。该桥始建于1886年，

.

11/31

1894年6月30日对公众开放，将伦敦南北区连接成

整体。〕

(4).StPaul'sCathedral(圣保罗大教堂,巴洛克

风格建筑的代表，以其壮观的圆形屋顶而闻名，是世

界第二大圆顶教堂，它模仿罗马的圣彼得大教堂，是

英国古典主义建筑的代表。)

(5).theRiverThames(泰晤士河Itisthelongest

riverentirelyinEnglandandthecondlongest

intheUnitedKingdom,aftertheRiverSevern.)

(6).TheEnglishRoyalFamilyresideinLondonat

BuckinghamPalace(白金汉宫(英国王宫))whereyou

canethefamous'ChangingoftheGuard'and

muchmore.

(7).Hadrian’sWall:哈德良长城。罗马人保卫不

列颠北疆的屏障，长118公里。

monwealthofNations/theBritish

Commonwealth〔英联邦国家〕：It’safree

associationofindependentcountriesthatwere

stablishedin

1931,

nationsarejoinedtogethereconomicallyandhave

.

12/31

monwealth

isiontobecomea

memberoftheCommonwealthislefttoeach

entthereare50membercountries

withintheCommonwealth.

hEmpire〔大英帝国〕:〔anempireinwhich

thesunnevert〞〔日不落帝国〕〕Aboutahundred

yearsago,asaresultofitsimperialist

expansion,Britainruledanempirethathadone

fourthoftheworld’speopleandonefourthof

theworld’r,thetwoworld

tish

coloniesbecameindependentoneafteranother.

TheBritishEmpiregraduallydisappearedandit

wasreplacedbytheBritishCommonwealthin1931.

opeanUnion(欧洲联盟，欧盟):TheUKhas

beenamembersince1973.

ood：罗宾汉，英国传说中一位著名撒克逊

族绿林好汉，在森林里盘踞，以劫富济贫、杀贪官污

.

13/31

吏为宗旨。

h:《麦克白》，莎士比亚创造的四大悲剧之一。

现实生活中的麦克白在1040年杀死堂兄，自立为格兰

国王。1057年在一场战争中被格兰支持的一方杀死。

mWallace:威廉·华莱士，格兰最伟大的民

族英雄之一。1298年7月3日，爱德华一世的军队入

侵格兰。华莱士率领格兰人民奋起对抗，但被爱德华

的军队打败。之后，他继续带着其队伍在格兰各地与

英军对抗，1305年被捕，后在伦敦被处决。

未收录：

theBruce:罗伯特·布鲁斯，14世纪格兰

争取国家独立的斗士，1306年成为格兰国王。1314

年大败英格兰军队，迫使英格兰成认他的地位。根据

《北安普顿条约》，英王成认他为格兰国王并完全放弃

英格兰队格兰主权的要求。

tleofBannockburn:班诺克本战役，格

兰历史上的一次大决战。由RoberttheBruce率领。

通过这次战争，格兰重获独立。

.

14/31

lizabeththeFirst:伊丽莎白一世，英

格兰历代最伟大的君主之一。她不愿发动战争，因而

保证国家稳步走向繁荣。伊丽莎白时代是英国最辉煌

的时代，以莎士比亚戏剧为标志的英国文学到达顶峰。

此时航海业也开场开展。伊丽莎白实行了一系列强国

政策，使英国成为海上霸主，走上了殖义道路。

heSixthofScotland(alsobecameJames

theFirstofEngland):格兰詹姆斯六世。因为伊丽

莎白无子嗣，他可继承英格兰王位。1603年，在伊丽

莎白逝世后，立即继承英格兰王位。

P7关于England的最后一段。

tleofCulloden:thelastbattleon

Britishsoil

ngSyne:著名的格兰民歌《友谊天长地久》

Scott：沃尔特·司各特，格兰小说家，历

史小说的首创者。

.

15/31

ofWales:威尔士亲王。EdwardtheFirst

namedhissonthePrinceofWales.

lyndwr:欧文·格林道瓦尔，自称威尔士王

子。率威尔士人对抗英格兰的通知但未成功。

ymru:威尔士党

Unit3TheGovernmentoftheUnitedKingdom

Monarchy(君主政体)(ruledbytheKing)

(1)Theoldestinstitutionofgovernment

(2)KingEgbert(埃格伯特国王):Theancestorof

England

underhisrulein829.

(3)Divine(神授的；天赐的)rightofkings(君

权神授):Theancientdoctrine〔教义；主义〕held

thatthesovereign〔元首；君主〕derivedhis

authorityfromGod,notfromhissubjects.〔臣

民〕Thiswasudbythekingsasanexcu

disputeoverthe

.

16/31

powerofthekingandtheparliamentledtothe

civilwar.

(4)theCivilwar〔战〕：Caudbyadispute〔争

辩〕overthepowerofthekingagainst

ublican

“roundheads〞,ledbyOliverCromwell,wanted

toabolishthemonarchyandtoreasrtthe

1642,theroyalists

weredefeatedandKingCharlesIwaxecuted

in1649.

Roundheads:以OliverCromwell奥利弗·克伦

威尔为首的圆颅党人，因剪短发而得名。支持国

王的一派成为“骑士派〞〔TheCavaliers〕

CharlesI:查理一世，英国斯图亚特王朝国王，

因对抗国会、压迫清教徒而引起战，被圆颅党人

大败，被国会处以死刑。

(5)MagnaCarta(大宪章):Amedieval〔中世纪的〕

Latinnamemeaning“GreatCharter〞.In

1215,KingJohnwasforcedbyagroupof

feudal(封建的)baronsandtheChurchtogrant

themacharter〔宪章〕oflibertyandpolitical

artaplacedsomelimitsonthe

.

17/31

king’

isstillregardedasBritain’skeyexpression

oftherightsofcitizensagainsttheCrown.

〔王权〕

meMinisterandCabinet(阁)

(1)theCabinet

---agroupofimportantParliamentariansmet

withregularlybythekingorqueentoensuregood

relationsbetweenCrownandParliament.

(2)thePrimeMinister

----KingGeorgeIwas“imported〞fromGermany

in1714andwasnotinterestedinpolitics,sohe

leftthejobofchairingcabinetmeetingstoone

ofhiscabinetministers,calledtheprime

n1832,electionsreplaced

tywiththemostsupporters

intheCommonsformsthegovernmentandtheleader

ofthatpartybecomesPrimeMinister.

tishgovernmenttoday:

(1)Britainisbothaparliamentarydemocracy

〔代议制〕andaconstitutionalmonarchy.〔君

.

18/31

主立宪制〕

(2)Australia,Canada,NewZealandandIndia

India

recognizetheQueenastheirheadofstate,and

havetheGovernor-General(总督)asa

reprentativeoftheCrown.(王权)

stitution:

Britain,likeIsrael,hasnowrittenConstitution.

ThefoundationsoftheBritishStatearelaidout

instatutelaw(成文法),whicharelawspasdby

Parliament;thecommonlaws(普通法,判例法),

whicharelawstablishedthroughcommon

practiceinthecourts;andconventions(习惯法),

whicharerulesandpracticesnotexisting

legally,butregardedasvitaltotheworkingsof

government.

liamentandthegovernment

(1)theGreatCouncil(大议会)

---inmedievaltimes,thisreferredtoagroup

.

19/31

ofleading,wealthybaronswhoweresummonedby

thekingveraltimesayeartogivethekingsome

13thC.,reprentativesof

counties,townsandcitieswerealsoincludedin

sthebeginning

ofwhatweknowasParliamenttoday.

---Twohous:theHouofLordsandtheHou

ofCommons

---In1407,HenryIV,decreedthatallmoney

grantsshouldbeconsideredandapprovedbythe

Commons

(2)WilliamofOrangeandtheBillofRightsof

1689(权利法案)

---In1688,KingJamesII’sdaughterMaryand

herhusbandWilliamofOrangewereinvitedbythe

politiciansandchurchauthoritiestotakethe

throne,onconditionthattheywouldrespectthe

hisGlorious

Revolution,theBillofRightswaspasdin1689

toensurethattheKingwouldneverbeableto

ignoreParliament

.

.

20/31

erandfunctionsofParliament

Functions:

(1)Passlaws

(2)Providesthemeansofcarryingontheworkof

governmentbyvotingfortaxation

(3)Scrutinizegovernmentpolicy,administration

andexpenditureandtodebatethemajorissuesof

theday.

Power:(Parliamentissupreme(最高的;至上的)in

theBritishStatebecau:)

(1)Italonehasthepowertochangethetermsof

TheConstitution.

(2)TherearenolegalrestraintsuponParliament.

Itcanmakeorchangelawsandchangeoroverturn

establishedconventionsorevenprolongitsown

lifewithoutconsultingtheelectorate.(修改或

推翻已成定规的习惯法,甚至可以不用征得选民同意

而推迟选举日期)

eofMonarchytoday

Therolesofit：

(1).Symbolizethetraditionandunityofthe

.

21/31

BritishState

(2).Legallyheadoftheexecutive,(行政部)

(3).Anintegralpartofthelegislature(立法机

关)

(4).Headofthejudiciary(司法部)

(5).Commanderinchiefofthearmedforces

(6).“Supremegovernor〞oftheChurchof

England

MostBritonsfelttheQueen’simportantjobs

were:

(1).ReprentBritainathomeandabroad

(2).Setstandardsofgoodcitizenshipandfamily

life

ofLordsandtheHouofCommons

TheHouofLords:

ConsistsoftheLordsSpiritual(上议院的神职议

员),whoaretheArchbishops(大主教)andmost

prominent〔显著的；出色的〕bishops〔主教〕ofthe

ChurchofEngland;andtheLordsTemporal(上议

院的世俗议员),whichreferstotholordswho

eitherhaveinheritedtheatfromtheir

.

22/31

forefathers(calledhereditarypeers)orthey

havebeenappointed(bythesovereign,atthe

suggestionofthePrimeMinisterandwerecalled

lifepeers(终身贵族).Thelordsmainlyreprent

themlvesinsteadoftheinterestsofthe

public.

TheHouofCommons:

TherealcenterofBritishpoliticallifewhich

consistsofabout650MembersofParliament(MPs)

Ps

areelectedintheGeneralElectionsandshould

makeanddebatepolicyintheinterestsofthe

peoplewhovoteforthem.

UnliketheLords,MPsreceiveasalaryofabout

￡soreceiveallowances(津

贴，补贴)forcretariesandrearchers,travel

andsoon.

MostMPsbelongtopoliticalparties-theLabour

Party,theConrvativesPartyandtheLiberal

Democrats.

ThePrimeMinisterisofcourtheleaderofthe

politicalpartywhichwinsthemostatsina

.

23/31

generalelection.

TheHouofCommonsistherealcentreofBritish

politicallife.

nstitutions〔体系〕:

TheQueen,theHouofLordsandtheHouof

Commons

Unit4Politics,ClassandRace

ntroductiontotheGeneralElect.

(1)Introduction:UKisdividedinto651

“constituencies〞〔选区；选区的选民〕,whichare

Parliament

Queen/KingTheHouofLords

(729LordsinOctober

2009)

TheHouofCommons

(646MPs)

LordsSpiritual

(神职议员)

LordsTemporal

(世俗议员)

Mostprominent(主要的)

bishops(主教)ofthe

ChurchofEngland

Archbishops〔大主教，主

教长〕

.

24/31

partywhichholdsamajorityoftho“at〞in

parliamentformsthegovernment,withitsparty

leaderasthePrimeMinister.

(2)Whythegeneralelectisimportant?

Theelectionisenasanopportunityto

influencefuturegovernmentpolicy-or,less

positively,thatwhateverelthefailingofthe

politicalsystem,atleasttheelectionprovides

theopportunityto“kicktherascalsout〞!(把

无赖赶出去)

ElectionsOccur?

Afteragovernmenthasbeeninpowerfor5years,

ithastoresignandholdaGeneralElection,in

whichallBritishadultsaregiventhechanceto

votefortheirconstituency’nment

cannotstandforlongerthan5Yearxceptin

exceptionalcas().

standforelectionasanMP?

Anyonewhoiligible〔有资格的，适宜的〕tovote

.

25/31

akeadepositof500

pounds,youareeligibletobeacandidate.

ppensinanelection?

Electorates(选民):Everyoneonthe“electoral

register〞receivesavotingcardinthemail

politicalparties:Partiesgettheirelectoral

campaignunderway-advertimentsinnewspapers,

door-to-doorcampaigning,postaldeliveriesof

leaflets,“partyelectoralbroadcasts〞onthe

television.

iticalPartiesinUK

TheConrvativeparty(保守党)

Origins

TheoriginsoftheConrvativePartycanbe

tracedtothe'Tory'factionwhichemergedinthe

laterventeenthcentury.

(1)TheConrvativePartyisthepartythatspent

mosttimeinpower.(p.54)

(2)TheConrvativePartyisthepartyof

.

26/31

individual.

(3)TheConrvativePartyisintendedtoprotect

theindividual’srighttoacquirewealthandto

spendithowtheychoo,andsofavouring

economicpolicieswhichbusinessmanprefer,such

aslowtaxes.

LabourParty(工党)

LabourPartywastupin1900tofightfor

reprentationfortheLabourmovement-trade

unionsandsocialistsocieties-inParliament.

ItsfirstleaderwasJamesKeirHardie,oneofthe

earliestLabourMPs.

LiberalDemocrats(自由党)

isapartyofthe“middle〞-manypeopleethem

ascomparativelyflexibleandpragmaticintheir

balanceofindividualandthesocial.

注：如今三大党以变化为：保守党，工党，格兰民族

党。

PoliticalTrends

(1)．Thatcher’s〔撒切尔夫人〕time(1979-1990)

.

27/31

TheRiofThatcherism

Inoppositionduring1975-1979thenewleader

developedaradical〔激进的〕agenda〔议事日程〕

foundeduponthe'freemarket',rollingback

governmentintervention〔介入；干预〕andleaving

asmuchaspossibletoindividualinitiative〔主

动权；第一步〕.ThiswasthecoreofThatcherism.

ThatcherledtheConrvativestothree

successivevictoriesin1979,

wasthedominantpoliticalpersonality

throughoutthe1980s,especiallyaftercuring

widelycreditedwithrestoringBritain'sstatus

asanenterpri-badeconomyandasa

significantinfluenceontheinternational

stage.

MargaretThatcher(玛格丽特•撒切尔)thusbecame

theUK’sfirstwomanPrimeMinister.

(2)．JohnMajor’stime(1990-1997)

Thesuccessortoemergefromthiscontestwasthe

relativelyunknownfigureofJohnMajor,the

candidatethoughtmostabletounifyadivided

.

28/31

bandonedthe'polltax'and

continuedThatcher’spoliciesandsupportfor

theConrvativesimprovedenoughforhimtohold

ontoanarrowmajorityinthegeneralelection

1997electionhewas

defeatedbyTonyBlairfromLabourParty.

(3)．TonyBlair’stime

Yourfamilybetteroff:lowinflation,and

mortgagesaslowaspossible,morepeopleoff

benefitandintowork,arisingminimumwageand

morehelpforfirsttimebuyers.

Yourchildachievingmore:modernschoolsforall,

strongdiscipline,andaguaranteedplacein

training,sixth-formoranapprenticeship.

Yourchildrenwiththebeststart:morechoice

overparentalleaveformumsanddads,more

childcareforunder-5s,andafterschoolcarefor

over-5s.

Yourfamilytreatedbetterandfaster:no-one

waitingmorethan18weeks,guaranteed,for

hospitaltreatment-withchoiceoverwhereand

when.

.

29/31

7.2typesofeducationalsystems

chools公立学校：partofnational

educationsystem

schools(Independentschools)公学、私

立学校

toprivatector

publicschoolsbecautheyareen

as‘public’alternativestohavingprivate

tutors.

sssystemintheUK.

Manual(or“blue-collar〞蓝领)wouldusually

callthemlvesworking-class.

Office(or“white-collar〞白领)wouldusually

callthemlvesmiddle-class.

WhatisdistinctiveabouttheBritish

class-system,andwhichmarksitasdifferent

fromtheAmericanorChinesocialstructure,is

thatishasalsoretainedahereditary

aristocracy.

Socialclassisdividedbyeducation,income

levels,certainculturalcharacteristics

.

30/31

有关名词：

TheSun：《太阳报》，英国通俗报纸〔popularpaperof

tabloid〕。

TheGuardian:《卫报》，英国一份重质量的严肃报纸

〔qualitypaper〕。

Classstructure:-middleclass2.

iddleclass4.

-skilleda

t

thelowestlevelofsubsistence.

(种族的；民族的)relationsintheUK.

〔1〕Around5%ofBritishcitizensarefrom

asofthe

worldinparticularhavesuppliedthemajorityof

Britain’srecentimmigrants:SouthAsia,that

is,India,Pakistan(巴基斯坦)andSriLanka(斯

里兰卡(南亚岛国));andCaribbean(加勒比海的)

countriessuchasJamaica(牙买加)and

Trinidad.(特立尼达)

〔2〕ConquencesforBritishsociety:mainly

.

31/31

negativesideofthingslieslargelyinthe

attitudeofsomeoftheirwhite

eopleudtoanethnically

uniformsocietyfeeltheirwayoflifetobe

threatenedbythenewcomers,andperhapse

themlvesasbeingineconomiccompetitionwith

them,especiallyiftheydofeeleconomically

incure,

NationalFront,thebestknownofsuchracist

groups,hasneversucceededingettinganMP

elected,buttheirimpactishigh.

另外补充：

1.英国医疗保健计划：Britainisregardedasa

stemisfundedoutof

nationalinsurancecontributionsandtaxation.

InBritainthetermappliesmainlytotheNational

HealthService(NHS),nationalinsuranceand

socialcurity.

英国被认为是福利制度的国家。此制度的所需资金来

源于全国保险税和赋税。在英国，这主要是指国民保

健制度，国民保险和社会保障制度。