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Chapter1Introduction

一、定义

1.语言学Linguistics

Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.(Apersonwhostudies

linguisticsisknownasalinguist)

2.普通语言学GeneralLinguistics

ThestudyoflanguageasawholeisoftencalledGenerallinguistics.

3.语言language

Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsudforhumancommunication.

语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。

4.识别特征DesignFeatures

Itreferstothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemof

communication.语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。

5.语言能力Competence（抽象）

Competenceistheidealur’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.

6.语言运用performance（具体）

Performanceistheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.

语言运用是所掌握的规则在语言交际中的具体体现。

7.历时语言学Diachroniclinguistics

ronicstudyoflanguageisahistoricalstudy,

whichstudiesthehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime.

8.共时语言学Synchronicallinguistics

Thestudyofagivenlanguageatagiventime.

9.语言langue（抽象）

Theabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallmembersofaspeechcommunity.

10.言语parole（具体）

Therealizationoflangueinactualu.

11.规定性Prescriptive

Itaimstolaydownrulesfor”correct”behavior,totellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayandwhat

shouldnotsay.

12.描述性Descriptive

Alinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyu.

Chapter2Phonology

一、定义

Phonetics（语音学）

Itisdefinedasthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage:itisconcernedwithallthesounds

thatoccurintheworld‟slanguages.（是指对语言的语音媒介进行的研究，它关注语言世界中的所有语音）

1.宽式音标Broadtranscription

Thetranscriptionofspeechsoundswithlettersymbolsonly.

2.窄式音标Narrowtranscription

Thetranscriptionofspeechsoundwithletterssymbolsandthediacritics.

3.清音Voiceless

Whenthevocalcordsaredrawnwideapart,lettingairgothroughwithoutcausingvibration,the

soundsproducedinsuchaconditionarecalledvoicelesssounds.

4.浊音Voicing

Soundsproducedwhilethevocalcordsarevibratingarecalledvoicedsounds.

5.元音Vowel

Thesoundsintheproductionofwhichnoarticulatorscomeveryclotogetherandtheairstream

passthroughthevocaltractwithoutobstructionarecalledvowels.

6.辅音Consonants

Thesoundsintheproductionofwhichthereisanobstructionoftheairstreamatsomepointofthe

vocaltractarecalledconsonants.

7.音位Phoneme

Thebasicunitinphonology,it‟sacollectionofdistinctivephoneticfeatures.

8.音位变体Allophones

Differentphoneswhichcanreprentaphonemeindifferentenvironmentsarecalledthe

allophonesofthatphoneme.

9.音素phone

notnecessarilydistinguishmeaning,it‟saspeechsoundweu

whenspeakingalanguage.

10.最小对立对Minimalpair

Whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundgmentwhichoccurs

inthesameplaceinthestrings,thetwowordsaresaidtoformaminimalpair.

11.超切分特征Supragmental

Thephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthegmentarecalledsupragmental

nsupragmentalfeaturesincludestress,intonationandtone.

12.互补分布complementarydistribution

Twoallophonesofthesamephonemearesaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.

13.语言的语音媒介Phonicmediumoflanguage

Thelimitedrangeofsoundswhicharemeaningfulinhumancommunicationandareofinterest

tolinguisticstudiesarethephonicmediumoflanguage.

在人类交际中有着一定意义、对语言学研究来说举足轻重。有限的声音是语音媒介。

14.爆破音stops

Whenaobstructioncreatedbythespeechorgansistotalorcomplete,thespeechsoundproduced

withtheobstructionreleadandtheairpassingoutagainiscalledastoporaplosive.

theyare[b][p][t][d][k][g]

Chapter3Morphology

一、定义

Morphologyreferstothestudyoftheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsare

formed

1.词素Morpheme

Thebasicunitinthestudyofmorphologyandthesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguage.

2.自由词素FreeMorpheme

Freemorphemesareindependentunitsofmeaningandcanbeudfreelyallbythemlves.

3.黏着词素Boundmorphemes

Boundmorphemesarethemorphemesthatcanotbeudbythemlves,mustbecombined

withothermorphemestoformwordsthatcanbeudindependently.

4.词根Root

Rootisthebaformofawordwhichcannotbefurtheranalyzedwithouttotallossofidentity.

5.词缀Affix

Thecollectivetermforthetypeofformativethatcanbeudonlywhenaddedtoanother

morpheme.

6.曲折词缀inflectionalaffixes

Themanifestationofgrammaticalrelationshipsthroughtheadditionofinflectionalaffixes,such

asnumber,ten,degreeandca.

7.派生词缀Derivationalaffixes

Themanifestationofrelationbetweenstemsandaffixesthroughtheadditionofderivational

affixes.

8.词干Stem

anbeabound

root,afreemorpheme,oraderivedformitlf.（Astemispartofaword-formwhichremains

whenallinflectionalaffixeshavebeenremoved,）e.g.“undesiralbe”inundesirables

9.形态学规则Morphologicalrules

Theyarerulesthatgovernwhichaffixcanbeaddedtowhattypeofstemtoformanewword.

10.前缀Prefix

Prefixesmodifythemeaningofthestem,butusuallydonotchangethepartofspeechofthe

originalword,exceptionsaretheprefixes„be-„and„en(m)-„

11.后缀Suffix

Suffixesareaddedtotheendofstems,theymodifythemeaningoftheoriginalwordandin

gthemorphologicalrules,wemustguardagainst

Over-generalization.