nobelprize

诺贝尔医学奖（Nobelprizeinmedicine）

诺贝尔医学奖(Nobelprizeinmedicine)

TimewinnerNationalAwardreasons

StudyonrumtherapyGerman"EmilAdolfvonBehringin1901,

especiallyinthetreatmentofdiphtheriaapplicationonthe

contribution,whichopensupanewwayintherearchfieldofmedicine,

sodoctorshaveapowerfulweaponagainstdiaanddeath"

OnmalariarearchworkinBritainin1902"RonaldRoss,which

showshowmalariaentertheorganism,aswellasthemethodof

successfulrearchofthisdiaandagainstthisdialaidthe

foundation"

In1903,NielsRybergFinnDenmarkcontributedtotheuof

concentratedlightradiationtotreatdias,especiallylupus

vulgaris,whichopenedupnewwaysformedicalrearch"

In1904,IvanPavlov,Russia,workedonthephysiologyofdigestion,

andknowledgeofimportantaspectsofthesubjectwastransformedand

amplified"

In1905,RobertKoch,Germany,"relatedrearchanddiscoveryof

tuberculosis.""

In1906,CamiloGolgi,Italy,workedonthestudyofthestructure

ofthenervoussystem"

SantiagoRamonyCajalSpain

ThestudyoftheroleofprotozoainpathogenicityinCharles

LouisAlphonLaveran,France,in1907"

1908-IRAIlychMechnikovRussiaintheworkontherearchof

immunity"

PaulEhrlichGermany

In1909,EmilTheodorKocher,Switzerland,studiedthephysiology,

pathology,andsurgeryofthethyroidgland"

In1910,AlbrechtCor,Germany,contributedtotheunderstanding

ofcellularchemistrybystudyingproteinsthatincludenuclear

material"

In1911,AlvaGulstrand,Sweden,workedonthestudyofeye

refraction"

AlexisKarel,France,1912,"workonvascularstructuresand

vascularandorgantransplantationstudies.""

In1913,CharlesRobertRiche,France,workedonallergyrearch"

1914RobertBarani,thephysiologyandpathologyof

vestibularorgans"

ThediscoveryofimmunityinBelgium,Belgium,in1919"

In1920,AugustClouDenmarkdiscoveredtheregulationmechanismof

capillarymotion"

ThediscoveryofheatproducedbymusclesinArchibaldHill,England,

in1922"

OttoMaierhofer,Germany,foundaconstantrelationshipbetween

oxygenconsumptionandlactatemetabolisminmuscle"

In1923,FrederickGrantBanting,Canadadiscoveredinsulin"

JohnMacLeodCanada

In1924,WilliamEinthoven,HollandinventedtheECGdevice"

In1926,JohannesFibigDenmarkfoundratcancer"

In1927,JuliusWagner-Yao,Austriadiscoveredthetherapeutic

valueofmalariavaccinationinthetreatmentofparalyticdementia"

In1928,CharlesNicole,France,workedontyphusrearch"

In1929,ChristianAckerman,Holland,foundanti-neuritis

vitamins"

SirFrederickHopkins"discovered"stimulatedgrowthofvitaminsin

england"

In1930,KarlLandsteiner,Austria,discoveredthehumanbloodtype"

1931-OttoHeinrichWarburgGermany"foundinnatureandmodeof

actionofrespiratoryenzymes"

In1932,sirCharlesScottCheringtondiscoveredthecorrelation

functionofneuronsinengland"

EdgarAdrianBritain

In1933,ThomasHuntMorgandiscoveredtheroleofchromosomesin

genetics"

In1934,GeorgeWhipple,theUnitedStatesfoundthetreatmentof

anemiaoftheliver"

GeorgeMinotAmerica

WilliamMoffetAmerica

In1935,HansSpemann,Germany,discoveredtheorganizerof

embryonicdevelopment(theembryonicregionthatplaysacentralrolein

embryonicdevelopment)"

Thediscoveryofthechemicaltransmissionofnerveimpulsin

HenryHarrietDale,England,in1936"

OttoLeviAustria

1937shengjergjiAlbertofHungary"relatedtothebiological

combustionprocess,especiallyonvitaminCandthecatalysisof

fumaricacid"

In1938,HaimenBelgiumdiscoveredtheroleofsinusandaortic

mechanismsinrespiratoryregulation"

1939-GerhardMarkofGermany"foundprotosil(asulfadrugs)

antimicrobialeffect"

In1943,HenrikDammDenmarkdiscoveredvitaminK"

EdwardAdalhertDoisy,USA,discoveredthechemicalpropertiesof

vitaminK"

In1944,JophErlangerdiscoveredthehighlydifferentiated

functionofsinglenervefibersintheUnitedstates"

HerbertSpencerJasayAmerica

In1945,sirAlexanderFlemingdiscoveredpenicillinandits

efficacyinvariousinfectiousdias"

ErnstBorisChainBritain

SirHowardFlorian,Australia

In1946,HermannJophMahler,theUnitedStatesfoundthat"Xray

radiation"canproducemutations"

In1947,KarlFerdinandCorey,USAdiscoveredthecauofthe

catalyticconversionofglycogen"

GetiTeresaCoreyAmerica

Bernardaud,Argentina,"discoveryoftheroleofanteriorpituitary

hormonesinglucometabolism.""

In1948,PaulHermannMuller,Switzerland,discoveredthatDDTwasa

highlyeffectivecontactpoisontokillmultiplearthropods"

In1949,WalterRudolfHessfoundtheSwiss"regulatingfunctionof

functionalorganizationofthediencephalonofvisceralactivities"

AntonioEgasMohnish,Portugal,discoveredtheeffectoffrontal

loberectioninpatientswithspecificheavymentalillness"

In1950,PhilipShowatHench,USAdiscoveredadrenalcortexhormone

anditsstructureandbiologicaleffect"

EdwardCalvinKendallAmerica

TadeuszReichsteinSwitzerland

ThediscoveryofyellowfeverinMarx,SouthAfrica,andits

treatmentin1951"

In1952,SalmanAWaxmanAmerica"discoveryofstreptomycin,the

firstantibioticeffectiveagainsttuberculosis"

In1953,HansAdolfKrebs,Englandfoundcitricacidcycle"

FritzAlbertLipman,USAdiscoveredcoenzymeAanditsimportance

forintermediatemetabolism"

In1954,JohnFranklinEnders,USAdiscoveredthegrowthabilityof

poliovirusinvarioustissuecultures"

FrederickChapmanRobbinsAmerica

ThomasHacklWellerAmerica

In1955,AxelHugoTheodorTeorrell,Swedendiscoveredthenature

andmodeofactionofoxidas"

AndreFrederickConand'sdiscoveryofcardiaccatheterizationand

itspathologicalchangesinthecirculatorysystemintheUnitedStates

in1956"

WernerForsmanGermany

DickinsonWoodruffRichardsAmerica

In1957,DanielBove,Italy"discoveredcompoundsthatinhibitthe

actionofcertainorganicsubstances,especiallythevascularsystemand

skeletalmuscle.""

In1958,GeorgeWellsBiddle,theUnitedStates,discoveredthat

genefunctionswereregulatedbyspecificchemicalprocess"

EdwardLaurieTatumAmerica

JoshuaLederberg,UnitedStates"discoveryofgeneticrecombination

andtissueofbacterialgeneticmaterial.""

In1959,ArthurKornberg,USAdiscoveredthebiosynthesismechanism

ofribonucleicacidanddna"

SeveroOchoaAmerica

In1960,sirFrankMacfarlaneBurnett,Australiafound"acquired

immunetolerance.""

PeterMedawaBritain

In1961,GeorgvonBekeshidiscoveredthephysicalmechanismof

cochlearstimulationintheUnitedstates"

In1962,FrancisClickUKdiscoveredthemolecularstructureof

nucleicacidsandtheirimportanceinthetransmissionofinformationin

organisms"

JamesDeweyWatsonAmerica

MorrisWilkinsBritain

In1963,sirJohnKaruEcclesAustraliadiscoveredtheionmechanism

associatedwithnerveexcitabilityandinhibitionattheperipheryand

centerofthenervecellmembrane"

AlanLloydHodgkinBritain

AndrewHexleyBritain

In1964,ConradBlochdiscoveredthemetabolicmechanismand

regulationofcholesterolandfattyacidsintheUnitedstates"

FedorLynenGermany

Foundintheenzymeandvirusgeneticcontrolsynthesisin1965,and

theFrench"JiaKebai"

AndreLvovFrance

JacquesMonodFrance

In1966,PetonLaws,USAdiscoveredthevirusthatinducedtumors"

CharlesBrandonHuggins,USA:hormonetherapyforprostatecancer"

In1967,RagnarGranit,Swedendiscoveredtheprimaryphysiological

andchemicalvisualprocessoftheeye"

HoldenCaveHartlandAmerica

GeorgeWardAmerica

In1968,RobertWHawley,USA,crackedthegeneticcodeand

explaineditsroleinproteinsynthesis"

HalGobindKhoranaAmerica

MarshallWarrenNierenbergAmerica

In1969,MaxDeErBuLvKediscoveredthereplicationmechanism

andgeneticstructureofthevirusintheUnitedstates"

AlfredHersheyAmerica

SalvatoreLuRheaAmerica

In1970,JuliusAxelrod,USAdiscoveredthehumoraltransmission

substancesinnerveterminalsandtheirmechanismsofstorage,relea

andinhibition"

UlfvonEulerSweden

SirBernardKatz,England

In1971,EruWilburSutherlanddiscoveredthemechanismofhormones

intheUnitedstates"

In1972,GeraldEdelmandiscoveredthechemicalstructureof

antibodiesintheUnitedstates"

RodneyRobertPorterBritain

In1973,KarlvonFoley,Germany,discoveredtheorganizationand

initiationofindividualandsocialpatternsofbehavior"

ConradLorenzAustria

Nicklas,theBritishcourtBergen

ThediscoveryofthestructureandfunctionofcellsinAlbert

Claude,Belgium,in1974"

ChristinedeDeefBelgium

GeorgeEmilPaladeAmerica

In1975,DavidBaltimore,USAdiscoveredtheinteractionbetween

tumorvirusandthegeneticmaterialofcells"

RenatoDulbekoAmerica

HowardMartinTeminAmerica

In1976,BaruchSamuelBloomberg,theUnitedStates,foundanew

mechanismforthegenerationandspreadofinfectiousdias"

DanielCarltonGuedou,thanks,America

In1977,RogerGiyeman,theUnitedStates"discoveredthecretion

ofpeptidehormonesinthebrain.""

AndrewSchallyAmerica

RosalynSussmanYalow,mmunoassayforpeptidehormones"

In1978,WernerAbe,Switzerlanddiscoveredrestrictionenzymesand

theirapplicationsinmoleculargenetics"

DanielNathansAmerica

HamiltonSmithAmerica

In1979,AlanMcleodCormack,theUnitedStates,developedcomputer-

aidedtomographytechnology"

GodfreyHounsfieldBritain

In1980,BaruBenacerraf,theUnitedStates,discoveredthegenetic

structureofthecellsurfacereceptorsthatmodulateimmunerespons"

JeanDoFrance

GeorgeSnellAmerica

In1981,RogerSperry,USAdiscoveredthefunctionaldivisionofthe

cerebralhemispheres"

DavidHuberAmerica"foundinformationprocessinginthevisual

system"

TorsteinVigeslSweden

In1982,SoonBergstrom,Swedendiscoveredprostaglandinsandtheir

relatedbiologicallyactivesubstances"

BengtSamuelssonSweden

JohnFineBritain

1983NianbabalaMcclintockintheUnitedStatesfound"mobile

geneticelements"

In1984,NielsJani,Denmark,onthedevelopmentoftheimmune

systemandcontrolspecificitytheory,andfoundtheprincipleof

monoclonalantibodyproduction"

GeorgiosKellerGermany

CesarMilsteinintheUK

ThediscoveryofcholesterolmetabolisminMikeBrown,USA,in1985"

JophLeonardGoldsteinAmerica

In1986,StanleyCohenfoundthegrowthfactorintheUnitedstates"

RitaLeviMontalciniAmerica

1987JapaneSusumuTonegawafoundgeneticdiversityinthe

principleofantibody"

In1988,sirJamesWBraqueofEnglanddiscoveredtheimportant

principlesofdrugtreatment"

GertrudeBelionAmerica

GeorgeHitchinsAmerica

In1989,MichaelBishop,theUnitedStates,discoveredthe

cellularsourceofretrovirus"

HaroldVamosAmerica

In1990,JophMurray,theUnitedStatesinventedorganandcell

transplantationforthetreatmentofhumandias"

DonnellThomasAmerica

In1991,ErwinNeil,Germany,discoveredthefunctionofsingleion

channelsincells"

BertSakmannGermany

In1992,EdmundFisher,theUnitedStatesdiscoveredreversible

proteinphosphorylationisabiologicalregulatorymechanism"

EdwinKrebsAmerica

In1993,RichardRobertsofEnglanddiscoveredthebrokengene"

PhilipSharpAmerica

In1994,ElfrieCulmaGilman,USAdiscoveredtheGproteinandits

signaltransductionincells"

MartinRodbellAmerica

In1995,EdwardLuisdiscoveredthemechanismofgeneticregulation

inearlyembryonicdevelopmentintheUnitedstates"

Kristen,Lin-VollhardtGermany

EricWeiss,Joss,USA

In1996,PeterDohertyAustraliadiscoveredthecell-mediatedimmune

defenproperties"

RolfSinkenagiSwitzerland

In1997,StanleyPrusiner,theUnitedStatesdiscoveredtheprion-

anewbiologicalprincipleofinfection"

In1998,RobFochgott,USAdiscoverednitricoxide,whichactsasa

signalingmoleculeinthecardiovascularsystem"

LuisLuignaroAmerica

FerryMuradAmerica

In1999,GutBlowburrAmericadiscoveredthatproteinshave

intrinsicsignalstocontroltheirtransmissionandlocalizationin

cells"

In2000,ArvidCarlson,Sweden,discoveredsignaltransductionin

thenervoussystem"

PaulGreengardAmerica

EricKandelAmerica

In2001,LelandHartWeilAmericadiscoveredacritical

regulatorofthecellcycle"

TimHuntBritain

SirPaulNath,England

2002SydneyBrunnerBritish"foundthegeneticregulationoforgan

developmentandprogrammedcelldeath"

HRobertHorwitzAmerica

JohnESulstonAmerica

PaulLauterbo'sdiscoveryofmagneticresonanceimaginginthe

UnitedStatesin2003"

SirPeterMansfield,England

In2004,RichardAxeldiscoveredthewaytheolfactoryreceptorand

olfactorysystemwereorganized"

LindaBarker,USA

In2005,BarryMarshallAustraliadiscoveredHelicobacterpyloriand

itsroleingastritisandpepticulcers"

RobinWarrenAustralia

2006-AndrewFargeU.S."discoveryofRNAinterference-gene

silencingbydoublestrandedRNA"

CraigMeloAmerica

In2007,MarioCapecchi,theUnitedStates,discoveredtheprinciple

ofintroducingspecificgenemodificationintoembryonicstemcells"

SirMartinEvans,England

OliverSmithAmerica

In2008,HaraldZurHallson,Germany,discoveredahumanpapilloma

virusthatcauscervicalcancer"

FrancoiBarr-XiNuoxiFrance"discoveredthehuman

immunodeficiencyvirus(HIV)"

LucMontaniFrance

In2009,ElizabethBlackburnAustraliadiscoveredhowtelomeresand

telomeraprotectchromosomes"

CarolGreiderAmerica

JackSzostakBritain

In2010,RobertJeffreyEdwards,England,wontheprizeforrearch

inivf"

TheUnitedStates"fortheir2011Beutlerfoundthatactivationof

innateimmunemechanisms"

OffmanFrance

Steinman,USA."Hediscoveredtheroleofdendriticcellsandtheir

roleinacquiredimmunity"

In2012,sirJohnGordondiscoveredthat"maturecellscanbe

rewrittenasmultifunctionalcells"inBritain,[1]

YamanakaNobuyaJapan