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改错与校对练习

PROOFREADING&ERRORCORRECTION

PassageOne

Itisverydifficultimagineaneducationalsystemwhichtransmitsvalues

1.______

riouslyinconflictwiththatofthegovernmentandthestate,orwhich2.

______

contributesnothingtotrainingyoungpeoplefortheirfutureadultwork-roles.

However,partly

3.______

becaupeoplehavedifferentviewsofwhatelementsofculture(normsand

values)shouldbestresdon,sagreementhas

4.______

afundamentalbasisinsocialstructureofmodemBritainbecauthereisoften5.

______

6.

______

msand7.

______

valuestransmittedtoanygroupofchildrenhavetobesomehowrelatingtothe8.

______

tureofthearistocracyisnotthesameas9.

______

rly,trainingfor

differentsortsofworkneedtobedifferent:tobeproficientinLatinisnot

10.______

ufultotheshopassistant,justaxpertiinwoodworkisirrelevanttoauniversity

teacher.

PassageTwo

Aspeopleliveinafast-movingworldwheretensionsbuildup,

dieeffectsoflong-distancemimingareuplifting.

Eachhillisapproachedasapositivechallenge,causingtherunner

togrowstronglywitheachstrideandleadinghimtotranquilityandharmony.1.

______

Long-distancerunningthathelpsapersontoforgetpressureonfamily2.______

plecomesquicklyin3.______

Ihadareallyterriblefightwithmylandladyoversomefoolish

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4.______

minuteslater,ndofthefirstmile,theargument5.

______

ndofthefourthmile,Iwas6.______

w7.______

unreasonableIhavebeen,Istoppedatthelocalflowershopandboughtmy

8.______

immediatelygaveherIsteppedinsidethe9.

______

susfeel

oratinglong-distancerunningintoadailyroutine

willsignificantlychangearunner'knowwhetheritcomesfrom

followingastrictroutinetheimprovedphysicalconditionoftherunner.10.

_____

ButIdoknowthatpeoplequicklybecomeaddictedtothesport.

PassageThree

Whatisdrug?Mostofpeopleprobablythinkthere’saperfectsimple1.

_____

,ifonecarriesaquicksurveyonanystreetcorner,

onefinds(hat,accordingtovastmajorityofpeople,therearetwogroups2._____

ofdrugs:thoprescribedbydoctors,andthopeopletakefornon-medical

cineandmedicalprofessionaregenerallylf-respectful,there3.

______

aren'atpeopledon’t

realizeis(hatwhenprescribeddrugsareusuallybeneficial,theycanalso4.

______

eremanypeopleaddictedbytranquillizers5.

______

beforedoctorsbegantoprescribethem:nowtherebeingliterallymillionswho6.

______

dependon(ptanceoftheuofdrugsfornon-medicalreasonsis

sternpeoplethinktheuofalcoholwith

7.______

horror,r,thesimilar8.______

peoplefreelyumarijuanawithoutacondthought,andthis,inturn,isn’t

Westernsocieties,the9.

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______

tea-orcoffee-break'snowapartofthelife,Andhugequantitiesofthedrinks

10._______

areconsumeddaily.

PassageFour

Inacompetitiveandfast-pacedmodemsociety,busybusiness

executivesaresoengrossingin(heirworkthattheyhardlyknowwhat1.

______

theword'leisure"heranexecutive’spositionisonthe

businessladder,iewto

gaininggreatercorporatestandingorabigpayri,he,asarule,far2.

_____

exceedsoverthe40-hourworkingweek.3._____

Theadditionalstressandtensionaswellastheshortageofsuitable4.

_____

suchexecutivesrealizethatunlesstheylearnhowtorelax,theywillsoon

5.

______

Americanauthorityonleisurehassaidthat“Thekeytorelaxationtobusy6.

______

executivesistoavoidthetypesofactivitiesthatarepartandparcelof

theirdailyworkandtodevotethemlvestotallytohaverecreational7.

______

pursuitsforatleastapartofeachday,evenitisonlyforhalfanhour.8.

_____

Thojobsrequireagreatdealofcontactwithotherscanengageinactivities9.

____

thatarequietandpeaceful―farfromthemaddingcrowd,farfromclient10._____

andbusinessassociates.”

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PassageFive

AirqualityinBritainhasimprovedconsiderablyinthelast30years.

Totalemissionsofsmokeintheairhaverinbyover85percentsince1.

_____

esticsmokingcontrolprogramhasbeenparticularly2._____

andothermajorcitiesno

longerhavethedensmoke-laden“smogs”ofthe1950sbutincentral3.

______

Londonwintersunshinehasincreadbyabout70percentsince1958.

Since1990,everydayairpollutiondatafromtheBritishMonitoring

networkhasmadeavailabletothepublicbytheDepartmentofthe

Environment’oncentratedthreemain4.______

pollutants-ozone,nitrogendioxideandsulphurdioxide—endgrade

airqualityonascalebetween“veryweak”and“verygood”.The5.

______

informationfeaturesintelevisionandradioweatherreportsappears6.

______

ore,7.______

thedataarealsoavailableonthespecialfreetelephonenumberandon8.______

ehensivereviewoftheissueofurbanizedair9.______

qualitywasannouncedinJanuary1992,Threeindependentcommitteesof

expertshavebeenestablishedtoadviondifferentaspectsoftheproblem,

workwillalsobeing

10.______

extendedandupgradedatacostofmillion.

Passagesix

Theamazingsuccessofhumansasaspeciesistheresult

oftheevolutionarydevelopmentofourbrainswhichhastenedto

tool-using,tool-making,theabilitytosolveproblemsbylogical

reasoning,thoughtfulcooperation,hemost

strikingwaysinthatchimpanzeesbiologicallyremblehumans1._____

mpanzee,withthe

capacityforprimitivereasoning,exhibitsatypeofintelligencelike

2._____

thatofhumansthandoesany,in

ofthemodemchimpanzeeisprobablynottoodissimilartothebrain

thatsomanymillionsofyearsagodirectthebehaviorofthefirstape

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3._____

man.

Inalongtime,thefactthatprehistoricpeoplemadetoolswas4.

_____

consideredtobeoneofthemajorcriteriondistinguishingthemfrom5.

_____

uethatthechimpanzeedoesnotfashiontoolsto

“aregularandtpattern”butthen,prehistoricpeople,aftertheir

6._____

developmentofstonetools.

Undoubtedlypokedaroundwithsticksandstraws,atwhich

stageitemsunlikelythattheymadetoolstoatpatterntoo.7.

_____

Itisbecauthecloassociationinmostpeople’smindsof8.

_____

toolswithhumansthatspecialattentionhasalwaysbeenfocudupon

anyanimalabletouanobjectiveasatool;butitisimportanttorealize

9._____

thatthisability,onitsown,doesnotnecessarilyindicateanyspecial

intelligenceinthecreatureconcerning.10.

_____

Passageven

Duringthetraditionalweddingceremony,thebridalcouple

,aboutoneoutoffour1._____

1940,thedivorcerate

hasmorethandoubled,andexpertspredictthat,ofallmarriages

thatoccuredinthe1970s,about50%willendindivorce,TheUSA2._____

isoneofthehighestdivorceratesintheworld,perhapventhehighest.

3._____

Whatgoeswrong?Thatfactthatdivorceissocommoninthe

UnitedStatesdoesnotmeanthatAmericansconsidermarriageacasual,

anxpecta4.

_____

ekphysical,emotional,and

nttobeloveddeepandunderstood.5.

______

ItisbecauAmericanxpectsomuchfrommarriagethatsomany

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efernomarriageatalltoamarriagewithoutlove6.

______

picalAmericanoptimist,theyendone7.

______

-fault8.

______

divorcelawsinmanystates,Itiasierthannevertogetadivorce.

9.______

SomeAmericanWomenstayinunhappymarriagesbecautheydo

nothavetheeducationorjobexperiencetosupportthemlvesand

tAmericanwomenbelievethat,ifnecessary,

ngsconsidered,10.

_____

Americanshavelittlereasontocontinueanunhappymarriage.

Passageeight

statement

Imeanthatthepeopleoftheworldarebentonmakingthisplanet

rmore,thethreeways1.

______

areallinterrelatedandrelateddirectlytoindustrialization.

Thefirstofthreeisthroughpollutiontotheair,thewater,2.

______

rializationhasmeanttoxicfumesintheatmo-3.

______

sphereandpoisonoussubstancesinthewaterandinthesoil.

Industryhasalsobeenresponsibletonoiandvisualpollution:

theroarofmachineryandtheuglinessoffactoriesandcheaphousing

developments...thefactorstakethejoyoutsideofnatural

4.______

surroundingsforhumanbeings.

However,the5.

______

hungryfactories,hugeforestshavebeenleveled,mountainshave

strippedoftheirprotection...Theresultsarefarther-reaching6.

______

aswecanknow.7.______

Thethirdandthemostacuteoftheproblemisthepsycho-8.

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______

logicaleffectonpeopleofincreadcompetitionandhardeconomic

sonsthatpeoplegiveforpoliticalunrestmightbereasons

ofbelieforreligion,butIbelievethatitisthedesireofpeopletoimprove

eofthe9.

______

industrialization,muchofthebeautyandthesimplicityoflifeisaway.10.

_____

Passagenine

TheordinaryfamilyincolonialNorthAmericawasprimarily

concernedwithsheerphysicalsurvivalandbeyondthat,itsown

,Childrenwerevaluedinthetermsof1.

______

theirproductivity,andtheyassumedtheroleofproducerquiteearly.

Untiltheyfulfilledthisrole,hispositioninthestructureofthefamily

2.______

wasoneofsubordination,andtheirpsychologicalneedsand

capacitiesreceivedmuchconsideration.3.______

Asthesocietybecamemorecomplex,thestatusofchildren

inthefamilyandinthesocietybecome,eachmembermustfulfillthe4.

______

numberofpersonalandoccupationalroleandbeinconstantcontact5.

______

uently,viewingchildren

potentiallyacceptableandnecessarilymultifacetedmembersofsociety6.

______

meansthattheyareregardedmoreaspeopleintheirownrightsoas7.

______

ceptanceofchildrenaqualparticipants

inthecontemporaryfamilyisreflectedinthevarietyofstatutes

protectingtherightsofchildrenandinthesocialandpublicwelfare

programsdevotedexclusivelyintheirwell-being.8.

______

Thisnewviewofchildrenandtheincreasingcontactbetween

themembersofsocietyhasalsoresultedinasurgeofinterestin

todayspendaconsiderableportionof

theirtimediscussingtheproperwaytobringaboutchildren,Itisnow9.

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______

possibletoinfluencethedetailsofthesocializationofanotherperson's

childinspreadingthegospelofcurrentandfashionabletheoriesand

10._____

methodsofchildrearing.

Passageten

Advertisingisaformofmasslling,anditimployedwhen

theuofdirect,person-to-personllingispractical,impossible,or

1.

bedistinguishedfromotheractivitiesand

isingtechniquesranges2.

complexlyfromthepublishingofsimple,straightforwardnotices

intheclassified-advertisingcolumnsofnewspaperstotheconcertedu3.

newspapers,magazines,television,radio,directmail,andother

communicationsmediainthecourofasingleadvertisingcampaign.

Fromitssimplebeginningsinancienttimes,advertisinghaveturned4.

nthelate1980s,

approximately$120billionwasspentinasingleyeartoadvertising5.

toinfluencethepurchaofcommoditiesandrvices.

Advertisingfallsintotwomaincategories;consumeradvertising,

directedtothefinalpurchar,andtradeadvertising,inwhichthe

appealismadetodealersonthroughtradejournalsandothermedia.6.

Bothconsumerandtradeadvertisingemploymanyspecialized

ivelyminor,exceptimportant,7.

formofadvertisingisinstitutionaladvertising,whichisdesignedmainly

tobuildprestigeandpublicrespectforparticularbusinessconcernsas

armillionsofdollarsisspenton8.

institutionaladvertising.

Anotherminor,butincreasinglypopular,formofadvertisingis

mple,makersofmilk,ofpie,andof9.

sausagessometimejointlyadvertithiscombinationasanideal10.

cold-weatherbreakfast.

Passageeleven

Likeallanimalspecies,plantspeciesmustspreadtheiroffspring

tosuitableareaswheretheycangrowandpassontheirparent'sgenes.1.

eplants

don'thavethatability,anteds2.

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herplant

species,though,hey

do?Theyenclothemwithinatastyfruitandadvertithefruit's

gryanimalcollectsandswallows

thefruit,walksorfliesoff,butlaterspitsouttheedssomewherefar

3.

antherebybecarriedthousandsofmiles.

4.

,

someedsactuallyrequirepassagethroughananimal'sbodybefore

theycangrow.

Wildstrawberriesofferagoodexampleofhitchhikingtactic.5.

Whenstrawberryedsarcstillyoungandnotyetreadytobeplanted,

thesurroundingfruitisgreen,sour,eedsfinal6.

mature,theberriesturnred,sweet,andtender,Thechangeintheberries'

colorrvesasasignaltobirdswhichtheneatthestrawberries,flyoff,

andeventuallyspitouttheeds.

Naturally,strawberryplantsdoesn'ttoutwithaconscious7.

intentofattractingbirdsonlywhentheiredswerereadytobe

birdstoutwiththeintentofplantstraw-8.

,strawberryplantvolvedthroughnaturallection.

Thesweeterandrederthefinalstrawberry,themorebirdsspread9.

itsripeeds;thegreenerandmoresourtheyoungstrawberry,the

birdsdestroyedtheedsbyeatingberriesbeforetheedswereready.10.

PassageTwelve

Chee,nutritiousfoodmadefromthemilkofcowsandother

mammals,includingsheeps,goats,buffalo,reindeer,camels,andmares.1.

Cheeisoneoftheworld'soldestfoodproducts―forthousandsof

years,peoplehavebeenraidanimalsformilk,turningtheirsurplus

2.

an400varietiesofcheeexisting,makingit3.

comesinhundreds

ofdifferentshapes,sizes,flavors,andisudinasmanydifferentways.

Enjoyedwithbread,crackers,andfruit,udasaningredientincooked

foods,andmixedwithsaladsandflour,cheeisahealthyfoodallover4.

isaconcentratedresourceofalmostallthevaluable5.

nutrientsfoundinmilk,suchasprotein,vitamins,andminerals,aswell

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asthelessdesirablefatandcholesterol,substancesthatmayleadto

contentinchee

madewithwholemilk,ormilk6.

enrichedwithcream,hasthelowestamountoffat,cholesterol,and7.

eitshigh8.

proteinandcalciumcontent,cheeinmoderationisanimportant

componentofabalanceddietItisanespeciallygoodsourceofprotein

forchildren,whichgrowingbodiesrequirehigheramountsofprotein9.

getarians,whodonoteatmeat,relytocheeasa10.

sourceofproteinintheirdiets.

Passagethirteen

Beguninthelate1960sbyPentagonweaponsrearchesasa

systemforeasingcommunicationbetweencomputersindisparate

electricnetworks,theInternethavolvedintoapopularvehiclefor

1.

scientificrearch,communication,entertainment,s

togetherthousandsofcomputernetworkssuchasthobelongingto

corporations,commercialrvices,universities,andrearchcenters,

joiningthemasbranchesonatreetolargernetworksknownas2.

omputerison-line,thatis,connectedbymodem

ornetworkingequipmentoftheInternet,theurcanarchthrough3.

databanksfordocuments,chatwithothercomputerurs,orinstant4.

ndopinionsandobrvationstothelikesofPresidentBillClinton,

filmcriticRogerEbert,orrockerBillyIdol(justtonameafew).

NocentralgoverningbodyrunstheInternet,andnobodyhas

imatesofthenumberalreadyrange5.

er10,000

paratedcomputernetworksareconnectedbytheInternet,and6.

totaltrafficwaxpectedtodoubleduring1993.

Today,theInternetisfreeresourcesandcommercialrvices

hersare7.

ekingtomakebooksandperiodicalsavailableontheInternetasa

ile,worksinthepublicdomain8.

havebegunappearingontheInternetforursto“upload”totheir

9.

ectronicaccesstodatafrom

allovertheworld,scholarlyrearchthatinthepastwouldhave

requiredmonthsoftravelcouldnowbedoneatone'sdesk.10.

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Passagefourteen

ginalsailedvesls1.

werereplacedbysteamboatsintheearly1800sandbydielpowerin

nctisgenerallymadebetweendeep-waterandnavigable2.

inlandwatertransport-DomesticcommercecenterontheGreatLakes,3.

canals,andnavigablerivers.

Theexactmilesofimprovedwaterwaysinoperationdepend

inpartlyonwhethercoastwiandintercoastalshippingareincluded4.

Themainadvantageofwatertransportiscapacitytomove5.

-waterveslsarerestrictedin

operation,butdiel-towingbargeshaveafair-degreeofflexibility.

6.

Incomparisontorailandhighway,watertransportranksinthemiddle

edcostofoperationismoregreater7.

n

disadvantageofwateristheunlimiteddegreeofflexibilityandthe8.

ghthesourceanddestinationofthe9.

movementareadjacenttoawaterway,supplementalhaulbyrailor

abilityofwatertotransportlargetonnage

atlowvariouscostplacesthismodeoftransportindemandwhen10.

lowfreightratesaredesiredandspeedoftransitisacondaryconsideration.

Passagefifteen

Beforeconsideringthisquestionitisinterestingtoreview

monest1.

waythathasbeenudtofindouttherelativeintellectuallevelof

creaturesatdifferentstageofevolutionarycomplexityhasbeentostudy

2.

mple,3.

anantposssacomplexroutineofbehavior,butcanitthink?

Theansweriswhatifanantisforcedtogothroughamazeof4.

passages,manyofwhicharedeadends,onitswaytoitsnestle,itstarts

5.

bymakingalotofmistakesandtakingagreatmanywrongturnings.

Intheend,however,afterithastoworryitswaythroughoftenenough,6.

itdoeslearntogettoitsnestwithoutgoingintoanyoftheblindalleys.

Asonemovesuptheevolutionaryscalethetestofmind-power7.

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exemplifiedbysolvingtheproblemofgettingthroughamazebecomes

ammals,forexample,themazeisaninadequate8.

rningproblemdoesnottaxenoughattributesofthemind.

Inthissortoflearning,asamatteroffact,ratscanhituniversity

9.

undergraduatesandhave,infact,t,more

subtletestofmentalabilityistoewhatlevelananimalcanthink

10.

aboutsomethingwhenitisnotthere.

Passagesixteen

Ifitwereonlynecessarytodecidewhethertoteachelementary

sciencetoeveryoneonamessbasisortofindthegiftedfewandtake1.

themasfarastheycango,lic

schoolsystem,moreover,hasnosuchchoice,forthetwojobsmustbe2.

ewedependsoheavilyuponscience

andtechnologyforourprogress,wemustproducespecialistinmany3.

eweliveinademocraticnation,whocitizensmakethe

policiesforthecountry,largenumbersofusmustbeeducatedto4.

understand,tosupport,andwhennecessary,judgetheworkofexperts.5.

Thepublicschoolmusteducateforbothproducersandursofscientific

ationthereshouldbeagoodbalanceamongthebranches

ofknowledgethatattributetoeffectivethinkingandwijudgmentsuch6.

estion

ofbalanceinvolvesnotonlytherelationofthenaturalsciences,thesocial

sciences,andtheartsbutalsorelativeemphasbetweenthenatural

7.

rast,wemusthaveabalancebetweenthe8.

entionofthepublicis

continuouslydrawntonewpossibilitiesinscientificfieldsandthe9.

discoveryofnewknowledge;theshouldnotbeallowedtoturnour

attentionfromthesound,establishedmaterialsthatformthebasisof

10.

coursforbeginners.

Passageventeen

Theworld’owareabout

uldreach6billionbytheendofthe

centuryand11billioninafarther75years.1.

Expertshavelongbeenconcernedaboutsuchagrowth.

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Wherewillwefindthefood,water,works,hous,schoolsand2.

healthcareforallthepeople?

Amajornewstudyshowsthatthesituationmaybechanging.

Alargeandrapiddropintheworld’sbirthratehavetakenplace

3.

esgenerallyaresmallernowthan

ppenedinbothdevelopingand4.

industrialnations.

Rearcherssaidtheyfoundanumberofreasonsforthis,

Moremenandwomenarewaitingmorelongertogetmarriedand5.

areusingbirthcontroldevicesandmethodstopreventanddelay6.

menaregoingtoschoolorworkingatjobs

awayfromhomeinsteadhavingchildren.7.

Andmoregovernments,especiallyindevelopingnations,now

supportfamilyplannedprogramstoreducepopulationgrowth,China8.

isoneofthenationsthathasmadegreatprograminreducingits9.

asalreadycutoffitsrateofpopulation10.

growthbyaboutonehalfsince1970.

Passageeighteen

Beyondpuppyhood,retraininganaggressivedogoftenisa

toughjob,anditdoesn’needprofessional

ctyourveterinarian,whomightreferyoutoatrainer1.

rretraining,yourdogcontinuestoscarepeople,

consideringwhetherthekindestandsafestactionistoputthedogto

2.

sleep.

Everypetowner,andeveryfamilywithchildren,needtotake3.

'sbeenmorethan

4.

rs5.

aroundhereyeandthewoundononesideofhermouthhavefaded

almosttonothing,andthememoryoftheattackbyherpetlingers.6.

“She’sveryhesitantaroundalldogs,”reportshermom,“I’mmoreso.”

TheyhavetaughtMeganandtheiranotherchildrentoapproachdogs7.

slowly,andholdupahandtobesniffedbeforegettingclor.8.

Thefamilywasrequiringbylawtokeepthedogcontainedfor9.

dtendays,tobesureitdidn'eBogersgaveitto

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afamilyfriend―yhaveitback,but10.

he'scarefullysupervid.

Passagenineteen

WhenIwasabout11,Iinheritedmyolderbrother'spaperroute.

Itwasagoodjob,thoughitmeanswakingupatthecrackofdawn1.

andhoppingonmybikeinRockford,todeliverpapers.

expectedthepaperontheirfront2.

late,theywouldbestandingintheirdoorways

therhand,doingthejob

3.

professionallyoftenresultedinmuch-appreciatedtips.

Eversincethen,Ihavetriedtodoasprofessionalajobas4.

possible-whetheritbebagginggroceries,paintinghousortarring

veifyouworkhardandbehave

likeapro,itwillpayback,andyouwillbeofferedmoreandbetterroles.5.

nerequiresanothercharacter

toreacttojumpingintothewater,Iwilljumpinasmanytimesasit

6.

lyearsago,

whilefilmedamovieinthemountainsofBrazil,myfellowactors7.

andIallpitchedintohelpthescrewmoveheavyequipmentthrough8.

isajoblikeanyother,andyoucan'tletitgoto

ngthatmadeadifferencedeliveringpapers9.

beingthorough,punctual,doingyourbest-alsocountonthemoviet.

AndIstillhavetowokenupatthecrackofdawn.10.

Passagetwenty

JimmyLeewaxecutedinParchment,

issippi,killersareexecutedbystrappingthem1.

______

intoachairanddroppedcyanidecrystalsintoapanofwater.2.

______

Thisissuppodtodothejobquicklyandwithamaximum3.______

r,4.

______

moanedandconvuldandthrashedabouteverywhereforveral5.

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______

yerwasuptbytheway

JimmyLeedied,andalsoweremanyofthekindlysoulswho6.______

y’veoverlooked

somethingunusuallyaboutJimmyLee'tisthefact7.

______

thatthisisoneofthoraretimesakillergotexactlywhathegave.

8.______

9.

______

beassumedthelittlegirlalsogaspedbreathandsufferedwhenshe10.

_____

ferenceisthatshedidnothingtoderve

hersufferinganddeath.

Passagetwenty-one

Thedominanceofblackathletestoprofessionalbasketballis1.

______

-thirdsoftheplayersareblack,andthenumber

wouldbegreaterwasitnotforthecontinuingpracticeofpickingwhite2.

______

elasttwodecades,no

lessthanthreeplayershavebeenamongthetenstartingplayerson3.

______

NationalBasket-ballAssociation’sAll-StarTeam,andinthelast4.

______

quarterofthiscentury,onlytwowhiteplayershaveeverbeenchon

astheNBA’sdominancereflectsa5.

______

naturalinheritance:basketballisapastimeoftheurbanepoor.6.

______

Thecurrentgenerationofblackathletesareheirsofatradition7.

______

ghborhoodwherewithout8.

______

themoneyforbats,gloves,hockeysticksandicingskates,basketball9.

______

isaneminentaccessiblesport.“OnceitwasthegameoftheIrishand10.

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_____

ItalianCatholicsinRockaway,”!

“Itwasrecreation,statusandawayout.”

Passagetwenty-two

Scientistsclaimthatairpollutioncausadeclineintheworld’s

rtoprovethattheory,ecologistshave

turnedtohistoricdatainrelationtoespeciallyhugevolcaniceruptions.

1.______

Theysuspectthatvolcanoeffectweatherchangesthataresimilar

withairpollution.2.______

Onesourceofinformationistheaffectoftheeruptionof

3.______

Tambora,avolcanoinSumbawa,theDutchEastIndies,inApril1815.

Thelargestrecordedvolcaniceruption,Tamborathrew150milliontons

fromavolcanospreadsworld-

ectistoturn

4.______

5.______

example,recordsofweatherinEnglandshowbetweenApriland

November1815,6.

______

thenext24months,Englandsufferedoneofthecoldperiodsofits

7.______

'srecordsfromApril1815toDecember1818indicate

frostthroughoutthespringandsummerandsharpdecreasincrop

herewasatimelagofveralyears

betweenreasonandeffect,bythetimetheworldagricultural8.

______

commoditycommunityhasdeteriorated,noonerealizedthecau.

Ecologiststodaywarnthatwefacewithatwofoldmenace.9.

______

Theever-prentpossibilityofvolcaniceruptions,suchasthatof

Mt,inWashington,addedtoman’spollutionofthe

atmospherewithoil,gas,coal,andotherpollutingsubstances,may

bringusincreasingcolderweather.10.

_____

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Passagetwenty-three

statementI

meanthatthepeopleoftheworldarebentonmakingthisplanet

rmore,thethreewaysare

1.______

allinterrelatedandrelateddirectlytoindustrialization.

Thefirstofthreeisthroughpollutiontotheair,thewater,and

2.______

rializationhasmeanttoxicfumesinatmosphereand

3.______

ryhasalso

beenresponsibletonoiandvisualpollution:theroarofmachinery

andtheuglinessoffactoriesandcheaphousingdevelopments…the

factorstakethejoyoutsideofnaturalsurroundingsforhumanbeings.

4.______

However,the5.

______

hungryfactories,hugeforestshavebeenleveled,mountains

ultsarefarther-reaching

6.______

aswecanknow.7.______

Thethirdandthemostacuteoftheproblemisthe8.

______

psychologicaleffectonpeopleofincreadcompetitionandhard

sonsthatpeoplegiveforpoliticalunrest

mightbereasonsofbelieforreligion,butIbelievethatitisthedesire

ofpeopletoimprovetheirstandardoflifethatultimatelycauswars.

9.______

Becauoftheindustrialization,muchofthebeautyandthe

simplicityoflifeisaway.10.

_____

Passagetwenty-four

HenryFielding,thefamousnovelistwhowasalsoaLondon

magistrate,oncemadeanightraidtotwoknownhideoutsinthis1.

______

city-within-a-city;hefoundvenmen,women,andchildrenpacked

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hepeople,includedlittle

2.______

childrenoffiveandsixwhoweretrainedaspick-pockets,were

wantedforcrime.

hetypical

caswasthatJackShepard,whoexecutionin1724waswatched3.

______

d,thesonofhonestworking

people,wayfromit

4.______

becauhefanciedthathehadbeenill-treated,andsoonfounditwas

5.______

easytomakemoremoneybythievingashisfatherhaddonebya

6.______

lifetimeofhonestwork.

InShepard’sdayhighwaymencommittedrobberiesatbroad7.

______

daylight,insightofacrowd,lemnlyandtriumphantly

werechad,8.

______

twentyorthirtyarmedmenwerereadytocometotheirassistance.

Murderwasaeverydayaffair,andthereweremanypeoplewho9.

______

madeheroesfromthemurderers.10._____

Passagetwenty-five

Notwopeoplehavethesameorientationtoworkbecauthat1.

______

fferences,aswenoted

earlier,ery

2.______

littlesystematicinquiryhasbeenmadeintotheroleofcultural,

economics,andpoliticalfactorsasrelatedtojobsatisfaction,some

3.______

mple,

itwasfoundthatcharacteristicsofthecommunitieswhichworkers

4.______

residemustbeconsideredtounderstandjobsatisfaction,badon

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dataobtainedfrom1300blue-collarworkermployedin21plants

anorrurallocationoftheplant

wereudasanindexofexpectedalienationfrommiddle-classvalues

5.______

estigators

foundthatnobodyoftheworkersinrurallocationswerealienated

6.______

frommiddle-classvalues,whereaswhoinurbanlocationswere.

7.______

Oneexplanationwasadvancedisthattheworkersinsmalltowns8.

______

aremorelikelyinfluencedbymiddle-class,Protestantnormsand

enaretaughtthevaluesinschoolandattempttoreach

goalsdefinedintermsofthevaluesbymeansofbehaviorinconsistent

9.______

enraidinurbanareasarelesslikelytobe

Anglo-SaxonorProtestantandlessresponsibleorsympathetictosuch

10._____

avaluesystem-Criticismfrompeergroupsandnegativereinforcement

tendstodestroybehaviorandbeliefsconsistentwithmiddle-classideals.

Passagetwenty-six

Peopleoftendreamoflivinginaperfectplacewherenoone

wouldbepoor,andeveryonewouldbeconsiderableofeveryoneel.1.

______

Suchaplace,however,isverygoodtobetrue:suchaplaceisnowhere,

2.______

andthat’swhattheword“utopic”deuptwoGreekwords

3.______

meaning“notaplace”.ThewordwasfirstudbyThomasMore,

asixteencenturyEnglishwriterwhobookUtopia,publishedin4.

______

1516,’sideafortalecame

5.______

’sTheRepublicdescribedwhatwouldbaperfect

egendstoldaperfectplaceexistingsomewherein

6.______

egendswerenolongerbelievedwhentheexplorations

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7.______

ofAmericasbegan,butafterMore’stimetheybecamecommonfor8.

______

,ififfected,wouldnot

9.______

suddenlymakeeverythingperfectbecaupeopleareofnatureimperfect.

10._____

Passagetwenty-ven

OneofthegreatestproblemsforthettlersinNebraskain

hestatewas

1.______

forestedwhenthefirstttlersarrivedanditisprobablethatby1880,

onlyaboutone-thirdoftheoriginalforestedarearemained,downto

2.______

amere1percentofthestated77,odandcoal

outofquestion,andwithfuelneededyear-roundforcooking,andduring

3.______

theharshwintersmonthsforheating,somesolutionhadtobefound.

4.______

Somewhatimprobable,o5.

______

chipswerefoundtoburnevenly,hot,ttlesmokeand,

6.______

interestingly,,collectingitbecameawayoflifeforthe

7.______

ttlers’children,wouldpickthemupontheirwaytoandfromschool,

8.______

ortakepartincompetitionsdesignedtocounteracttheirnaturalreluctance.

Evenayoungman,ekingtoimpressthegirlwantedtomarry,would9.

______

arrivewithalargebagofchipratherthanwithaboxofcandyora

10._____

bunchofflowers.

Passagetwenty-eight

Inanefforttoproducethelargest,fastest,andmostluxurious

shipafloat,osuperiorthan

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1.

anythingelontheasthatitwasdubbed"unsinkable."Be2.

sureofthisweretheownersthattheyprovidedlifeboatsforonly

950ofitspossible3,500pasngers.

mmedaniceberg,3.

onlytwodaysbyaandmorethanhalfwaybetweenEngland4.

etheluxurylinerwas

travelingsofast,itwaspossibletoavoidtheghostlylooking

5.

tinguishedfirealsocontributedtotheship's

asincreadthenumberofcasualtiesas6.

peoplejumpedintotheicywaterorfoughttobeamongthe

ursafterthemishap,

7.

anothership,Cartathia,rescuedthesurvivors—lessthan8.

athirdofthooriginallyaboard.

TheinfamousTitanicenjoyedonlytwodaysofsailingglory

onitscondvoyagein1912beforeplunginginto12,000feet

9.

ofwaternearthecoastofNewfoundland,whileitliestoday.

10.

Passagetwenty-nine

Somethinghasbeenhappeningtotheconceptof"fiction,"

ngtime,

1.

thisconceptoperatedundercommonunderstoodrestrictions.2.

Itwasudtorefertoacertaingenreofliterature;acertain

3.

aspectofliteratureingeneral—theelementofplot,action,

orfable,includingsuchconstituentslikecharacter,tting,

4.

scene,andsoon;andtoanynarrativeorstorycontaineda

5.

,recently,theconceptof"fiction"

stilludtorefertothe6.

actionorplotofliterarywork,ithascometobeappliedto

7.

somethingmore:totheideas,themes,andbeliefsthatarebeing

8.

tonlytheeventsinliterature

thatareregardedasfictivebutthe"message"or"worldview"

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sisnot

tepfurther,criticsnowsometimes9.

suggest,byakindoftautology,thatliterarymeaningsarefictions

althoughallmeaningsarefictions,thiscriticalviewasrtsthat"life"

10.

and"reality"arethemlvesfictions.

Passagethirty

ThedegreewithwhichAmericanparentsareinvolvedintheir1.

children'sschoolsisoftensurprisingtopeopleofothercountries.

Mostschoolshaveorganizationsmadeupofbothparentsand

teachers(einitialsofthe"Parent-

TeacherAssociation").Theymeettogetherregularlytodiscuss

andconferonvariousmatterspertainingtheschool—curriculum,2.

budgets,faculties,salaries,libertyfacilities,orwhateveritmaybe.

3.

Mothersoftenvolunteertohelpwithclassroomorafter-school

metimesmakecostumesforplaysorplaythepiano

themgiveregular

time,undertheteacher'ssupervision,inworkingwithtutorchildren

4.

intheclassroom.

Ingoodschoolsarealeffortismadetohaveboththehomeandthe

schoolworktogetherforthechild'lgenerally

findteachersbeingeagertotalkwithyouaboutanyproblemsyou5.

mayhaveconcerningyourchild—althoughthelargertheschool

(understandably),zepermits,

6.

thereareoftenparentconferences,scheduledappointmentssothat

parentscanmeetprivatelywithoneormoreoftheirchild'steachers

lhavent

7.

8.

togotoasmanyasyoucan.

Bothmothersandfathersareexpectedtoattendsuchmeetingsand

beinvitedtoa"parents'

Day,"whenyoufollowachild'sschedulethroughafulldayofclass.

9.

Thisinlighteningandenjoyableformostparents.

Schoolactivitiesprovideagoodwaytomeetyourneighborsand

mericannjoymeeting

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peoplefromothercountries,youwillprobablyfindyournational

backgroundahelpmorethanahandicapingettingacquainted.10.

Thisistrueevenifyouarehavingtroublewiththelanguage.

Passagethirty-one

ClassicIntentionMovement

Insocialsituations,theclassicIntentionMovementis

“thechair-grasp”.Hostandguesthavebeentalkingforsometime,

butnowthehosthasanappointmenttokeepandcangetaway.1.

Hisurgetogoisheldincheckbyhisdesirenotberudetohisguest.

2.

Ifhedidnotcareofhisguest'sfeelingshewouldsimplygetupout

3.

swhathisbody

4.

wantstodo,thereforehispolitenessglueshisbodytothechair

5.

thispointthatheperformsthe

6.

inuestotalktotheguest

andlistentohim,butleansforwardandgraspsthearmsofthechair

asabouttopushhimlfupwards,Thisisthefirstacthewould

7.

renothesitating,itwouldonlylast

8.

dlean,push,ri,

9.

now,instead,shis"readiness-to-ri"

ifhisbodyhadfrozenatthe

10.

get-readymoment.

Passagethirty-two

Thehunter-gathertribesthattodayliveasourprehistorichuman

1.

ancestorsconsumeprimarilyavegetabledietsupplementingwithanimal

2.

ysisof58societiesofmodemhunter-gathers,including

theKungofsouthernAfrica,revealedthatone-halfemphasizegathering

plantfoods,one-thirdconcentrateonfishing,andonlyone-sixare

l,two-thirdsandmoreofthehunter-gather’s

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3.

edstudiesoftheKungbythefood

scientistsattheUniversityofLondon,showedthatgatheringisamore

ofhuntingyieldsin

4.

averageabout100ediblecalories,asanhourofgatheringproduce240.

5.

Plantfoodsprovidefor60percentto80percentoftheKungdiet,

6.

stingly,iftheyescape

fatalinfectionsoraccidents,thecontemporaryaboriginesliveto

old

periencenoobesity,

7.

andnomiddle-agedspread,littledentaldecay,nohighbloodpressure,

no

heartdia,andtheirbloodcholesterollevelsareverylow(abouthalfof

8.

theaverageAmericanadult).Ifnooneissuggestingthatwereturnto

9.

anaboriginallifestyle,wecertainlycouldutheireatinghabits

asamodelforhealthierdiet.10.