英语考研答案

1995

1995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题

SectionIIClozeTest

Directions：

Foreachnumberedblankinthefollowingpassage，therearefourchoicesmarked[A］,

[B］，［C]and[D］。ChoothebestoneandmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET

1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(10points）

Sleepisdividedintoperiodsofso—calledREMsleep,characterizedbyrapideye

movementsanddreaming,andlongerperiodsofnon-REMsleep.41kindofsleepis

atallwell-understood,butREMsleepis42torvesomerestorativefunctionofthe

brain。Thepurpoofnon—REMsleepivenmore错误!.Thenewexperiments,

suchastho错误!forthefirsttimeatarecentmeetingoftheSocietyforSleep

RearchinMinneapolis，suggestfascinatingexplanations45ofnon-REMsleep。

Forexample,ithaslongbeenknownthattotalsleep错误!is100percentfatalto

rats,yet,47examinationofthedeadbodies,theanimalslookcompletelynormal.A

rearcherhasnow错误!themysteryofwhytheanimalsdie。Therats错误!

bacterialinfectionsoftheblood，错误!theirimmunesystems--thelf-protecting

mechanismagainstdia--hadcrashed。

41。[A]Either

［B］Neither

［C]Each

[D］Any

42.[A］intended

[B]required

［C]assumed

[D]inferred

43。[A]subtle

[B］obvious

[C]mysterious

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［D]doubtful

44.[A]maintained

［B］described

[C]ttled

［D]afforded

45.［A］inthelight

[B］byvirtue

［C］withtheexception

[D］forthepurpo

46。［A]reduction

［B]destruction

［C］deprivation

[D］restriction

47.[A］upon

［B]by

［C]through

[D］with

48.[A］paidattentionto

［B]caughtsightof

［C］laidemphasison

［D]castlighton

49。[A］develop

[B]produce

[C］stimulate

[D]induce

50.[A］if

［B］asif

[C］onlyif

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［D］ifonly

SectionIIIReadingComprehension

Directions：

hquestionthereare

fouranswersmarked[A］，[B]，［C］and［D].Readthepassagescarefullyand

choothebestanswertoeachofthequestions。ThenmarkyouransweronANSWER

SHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil。（40

points)

Text1

es

directlytoassistarapiddistributionofgoodsatreasonableprices,therebyestablishing

afirmhomemarketandsomakingitpossibletoprovideforexportatcompetitiveprices。

Bydrawingattentiontonewideasithelpnormouslytoraistandardsofliving。By

helpingtoincreademanditensuresanincreadneedforlabour，andistherefore

rsthecostsofmanyrvices:without

advertimentsyourdailynewspaperwouldcostfourtimesasmuch,thepriceofyour

televisionlicenwouldneedtobedoubledandtravelbybusortubewouldcost20per

centmore。

Andperhapsmostimportantofall,advertisingprovidesaguaranteeofreasonable

romthefactthattwenty-venActs

ofParliamentgovernthetermsofadvertising,noregularadvertirdarepromotea

productthatfailstoliveuptothepromiofhisadvertiments。Hemightfoolsome

notdosoforlong,for

mercifullythepublichasthegoodnnottobuytheinferiorarticlemorethanonce。

Ifyoueanarticleconsistentlyadvertid,itisthesurestproofIknowthatthearticle

doeswhatisclaimedforit，andthatitreprentsgoodvalue.

Advertisingdoesmoreforthematerialbenefitofthecommunitythananyother

forceIcanthinkof.

lyIheardawell—known

televisionpersonalitydeclarethathewasagainstadvertisingbecauitpersuadesrather

thaninforms。advertising

ekstopersuade.

Ifitsmessagewereconfinedmerelytoinformation-—andthatinitlfwouldbe

difficultifnotimpossibletoachieve，forevenadetailsuchasthechoiceofthecolour

ofashirtissubtlypersuasive-—advertisingwouldbesoboringthatnoonewouldpay

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anyattention。Butperhapsthatiswhatthewell-knowntelevisionpersonalitywants。

irstntenceofthepassagetheauthormeansthat________.

[A］heisfairlyfamiliarwiththecostofadvertising

［B]everybodyknowswellthatadvertisingismoneyconsuming

[C］advertisingcostsmoneylikeeverythingel

[D]itisworthwhiletospendmoneyonadvertising

52。Inthepassage，whichofthefollowingisNOTincludedintheadvantagesof

advertising？

[A]Securinggreaterfame。

[B］Providingmorejobs。

［C］Enhancinglivingstandards。

[D］Reducingnewspapercost。

hordeemsthatthewell-knownTVpersonalityis________.

[A］verypreciinpassinghisjudgmentonadvertising

[B]interestedinnothingbutthebuyers’attention

[C]correctintellingthedifferencebetweenpersuasionandinformation

[D]obviouslypartialinhisviewsonadvertising

54。Intheauthor’sopinion,________.

［A]advertisingcanldombringmaterialbenefittomanbyproviding

information

[B］advertisinginformspeopleofnewideasratherthanwinsthemover

［C]thereisnothingwrongwithadvertisinginpersuadingthebuyer

[D]thebuyerisnotinterestedingettinginformationfromanadvertiment

Text2

Therearetwobasicwaystoegrowth：oneasaproduct,theotherasaprocess.

Peoplehavegenerallyviewedpersonalgrowthasanexternalresultorproductthatcan

easilybeidentifiedandmeasured。Theworkerwhogetsapromotion，thestudent

whogradesimprove,theforeignerwholearnsanewlanguage-—alltheare

examplesofpeoplewhohavemeasurableresultstoshowfortheirefforts。

Bycontrast,theprocessofpersonalgrowthismuchmoredifficulttodetermine,

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sincebydefinitionitisajourneyandnotthespecificsignpostsorlandmarksalongthe

way。Theprocessisnottheroaditlf，butrathertheattitudesandfeelingspeople

have,theircautionorcourage，astheyencounternewexperiencesandunexpected

process,thejourneyneverreallyends;therearealwaysnewwaysto

experiencetheworld，newideastotry，newchallengestoaccept。

Inordertogrow,totravelnewroads,peopleneedtohaveawillingnesstotake

risks,toconfronttheunknown，andtoacceptthepossibilitythattheymay“fail”at

eeourlvesaswetryanewwayofbeingisntialtoourabilityto

grow。Doweperceiveourlvesasquickandcurious?Ifso,thenwetendtotakemore

inkwe’reshyand

indecisive？Thenournoftimiditycancauustohesitate，tomoveslowly，

inkwe’reslowtoadapt

tochangeorthatwe’renotsmartenoughtocopewithanewchallenge?Thenweare

likelytotakeamorepassiveroleornottryatall。

Thefeelingsofincurityandlf-doubtarebothunavoidableandnecessaryif

wearetochangeandgrow。Ifwedonotconfrontandovercometheinternalfears

anddoubts，ifweprotectourlvestoomuch,me

trappedinsideashellofourownmaking。

nisgenerallybelievedtoachievepersonalgrowthwhen________。

[A]hehasgivenuphissmokinghabit

［B］hehasmadegreateffortsinhiswork

［C]heiskeenonleaninganythingnew

[D］hehastriedtodeterminewhereheisonhisjourney

56。Intheauthor’yes，onewhoviewspersonalgrowthasaprocesswould

________.

［A］succeedinclimbingupthesocialladder

[B]judgehisabilitytogrowfromhisownachievements

[C］facedifficultiesandtakeupchallenges

［D］aimhighandreachhisgoaleachtime

57。Whentheauthorsays“anewwayofbeing”(Line2～3,Para.3）heis

referringto________。

［A］anewapproachtoexperiencingtheworld

[B]anewwayoftakingrisks

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［C]anewmethodofperceivingourlves

[D］anewsystemofadaptationtochange

sonalgrowth,theauthoradvocatesallofthefollowingEXCEPT________。

[A］curiosityaboutmorechances

[B]promptnessinlf—adaptation

[C]open—mindednesstonewexperiences

[D］avoidanceofinternalfearsanddoubts

Text3

Insuchachanging，complexsocietyformerlysimplesolutionstoinformational

life'sproblemswhichweresolvedbyasking

familymembers,friendsorcolleaguesarebeyondthecapabilityoftheextendedfamily

oturnforexpertinformationandhowtodeterminewhichexpert

advicetoacceptarequestionsfacingmanypeopletoday。

Inadditiontothis,thereisthegrowingmobilityofpeoplesinceWorldWarII。

Asfamiliesmoveawayfromtheirstablecommunity,theirfriendsofmanyyears,their

extendedfamilyrelationships,theinformalflowofinformationiscutoff,andwithit

theconfidencethatinformationwillbeavailablewhenneededandwillbetrustworthy

ostunconsciousflowofinformationaboutthesimplestaspectsof

，thingsoncelearnedsubconsciouslythroughthecasual

communicationsoftheextendedfamilymustbeconsciouslylearned。

Addingtosocietalchangestodayisanenormousstockpileofinformation。The

individualnowhasmoreinformationavailablethananygeneration，andthetaskof

findingthatonepieceofinformationrelevanttohisorherspecificproblemis

complicated，time-consumingandsometimevenoverwhelming.

Coupledwiththegrowingquantityofinformationisthedevelopmentof

technologieswhichenablethestorageanddeliveryofmoreinformationwithgreater

ertechnology

makesitpossibletostorevastamountsofdatainmachine-readablefiles，andto

mmunicationsdevelopments

enablethendingofmessagesviatelevision，radio，andveryshortly,electronic

mailtobombardpeoplewithmultitudesofmessages。Satelliteshaveextendedthe

powerofcommunicationstoreporteventsattheinstantofoccurrence。Expertican

besharedworldwidethroughteleconferencing,andproblemsindisputecanbettled

withouttheparticipantsleavingtheirhomesand/orjobstotraveltoadistantconference

site。Technologyhasfacilitatedthesharingofinformationandthestorageanddelivery

1995

ofinformation，thusmakingmoreinformationavailabletomorepeople.

Inthisworldofchangeandcomplexity,theneedforinformationisofgreatest

eoplewhohaveaccurate，reliableup-to-dateinformationtosolve

theday-to-dayproblems,thecriticalproblemsoftheirbusiness,socialandfamilylife,

willsurviveandsucceed.“Knowledgeispower”maywellbethetruestsayingand

accesstoinformationmaybethemostcriticalrequirementofallpeople。

59。Theword“it”（Line3,Para.2)mostprobablyrefersto________。

[A]thelackofstablecommunities

［B］thebreakdownofinformalinformationchannels

［C]theincreadmobilityoffamilies

[D]thegrowingnumberofpeoplemovingfromplacetoplace

60。Themainproblempeoplemayencountertodayarisfromthefactthat

________。

[A]theyhavetolearnnewthingsconsciously

［B］theylacktheconfidenceofcuringreliableandtrustworthyinformation

［C]theyhavedifficultyobtainingtheneededinformationreadily

［D］theycanhardlycarryoutcasualcommunicationswithanextendedfamily

epassagewecaninferthat________.

[A］electronicmailwillsoonplayadominantroleintransmittingmessages

[B］itwillbecomemoredifficultforpeopletokeepcretsinaninformationera

［C]peoplewillspendlesstimeholdingmeetingsorconferences

［D]eventswillbereportedonthespotmainlythroughsatellites

earnfromthelastparagraphthat________。

［A]itisnecessarytoobtainasmuchknowledgeaspossible

[B］peopleshouldmakethebestuoftheinformationaccessible

[C］weshouldrealizetheimportanceofaccumulatinginformation

[D］itisofvitalimportancetoacquireneededinformationefficiently

Text4

Personalityistoalargeextentinherent--A-typeparentsusuallybringaboutA-

environmentmustalsohaveaprofoundeffect,sinceif

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competitionisimportanttotheparents,itislikelytobecomeamajorfactorinthelives

oftheirchildren.

OneplacewherechildrensoakupA—characteristicsisschool,whichis,byits

verynature,yschoolsadoptthe“winatall

costs"rent

passionformakingchildrencompeteagainsttheirclassmatesoragainsttheclock

producesatwo-layersystem，inwhichcompetitiveA-typeseminsomewaybetter

thantheirB-typefellows。Beingtookeentowincanhavedangerousconquences：

rememberthatPheidippides,thefirstmarathonrunner,droppeddeadcondsafter

saying：“Rejoice,weconquer!”

Byfartheworstformofcompetitioninschoolsisthedisproportionateemphasis

areschoolthatallowspupilstoconcentrateonthothings

itsofcompetitionbyexaminationaresomewhatquestionable,but

competitioninthecertainknowledgeoffailureispositivelyharmful。

Obviously，itisneitherpracticalnordesirablethatallAyoungsterschangeinto

B’s。TheworldneedsAtypes,andschoolshaveanimportantdutytotrytofitachild's

pmanagement.

Ifthepreoccupationofschoolswithacademicworkwaslesned，moretime

mightbespentteachingchildrensurervalues。Perhapslectionforthecaring

professions,especiallymedicine,couldbemadelessbygoodgradesinchemistryand

morebysuchconsiderationsasnsitivityandsympathy。Itissurelyamistaketo

chooourdoctorxclusivelyfromA-typestock。B’sareimportantandshouldbe

encouraged。

ingtothepassage，A-typeindividualsareusually________.

［A]impatient

[B]considerate

［C]aggressive

［D]agreeable

horisstronglyoppodtothepracticeofexaminationsatschoolsbecau

________。

[A］thepressureistoogreatonthestudents

[B］somestudentsareboundtofail

[C]failureratesaretoohigh

［D]theresultsofexanimationsaredoubtful

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ectionofmedicalprofessionalsiscurrentlybadon________。

［A]candidates’nsitivity

［B]academicachievements

[C]competitivespirit

［D]surervalues

66。Fromthepassagewecandrawtheconclusionthat________.

[A］thepersonalityofachildiswellestablishedatbirth

[B]familyinfluencedominatestheshapingofone’scharacteristics

［C]thedevelopmentofone'spersonalityisduetomultiplefactors

[D]B-typecharacteristicscanfindnoplaceincompetitivesociety

Text5

Thatexperiencesinfluencesubquentbehaviourividenceofanobviousbut

neverthelessremarkableactivitycalledremembering。Learningcouldnotoccur

ntpracticehassuchaneffecton

memoryastoleadtoskillfulperformanceonthepiano，torecitationofapoem，and

eventoreadingandunderstandingthewords。So-calledintelligentbehaviour

demandsmemory,lity

tosolveanyproblemoreventorecognizethataproblemexistsdependsonmemory。

Typically,thedecisiontocrossastreetisbadonrememberingmanyearlier

experiences。

Practice（orreview)tendstobuildandmaintainmemoryforataskorforany

learnedmaterial。Overaperiodofnopracticewhathasbeenlearnedtendstobe

forgotten；，dramatic

instancesofsuddenforgettingcanbeentobeadaptive。Inthisn,theabilityto

forgetcanbeinterpretedtohavesurvivedthroughaprocessofnaturallectionin

，whenone'smemoryofanemotionallypainfulexperienceleadto

riousanxiety，forgettingmayproducerelief。Nevertheless,anevolutionary

interpretationmightmakeitdifficulttounderstandhowthecommonlygradualprocess

offorgettingsurvivednaturallection。

Inthinkingabouttheevolutionofmemorytogetherwithallitspossibleaspects，

tingclearly

aidsorientationintime，sinceoldmemoriesweakenandthenewtendtostandout，

providingcluesforinferringduration。Withoutforgetting,adaptiveabilitywould

suffer，forexample，learnedbehaviourthatmighthavebeencorrectadecadeago

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rerecordedofpeoplewho（byordinarystandards)forgot

rgettingemsto

rvethatsurvivaloftheindividualandthespecies。

Anotherlineofthoughtassumesamemorystoragesystemoflimitedcapacitythat

providesadaptiveflexibilityspecificallythroughforgetting。Inthisview，continual

adjustmentsaremadebetweenlearningormemorystorage(input)andforgetting

（output）。Indeed，thereividencethattherateatwhichindividualsforgetis

taoffergrosssupportof

contemporarymodelsofmemorythatassumeaninput—outputbalance.

67。Fromtheevolutionarypointofview，________.

[A]forgettingforlackofpracticetendstobeobviouslyinadaptive

［B]ifapersongetsveryforgetfulallofasuddenhemustbeveryadaptive

［C］thegradualprocessofforgettingisanindicationofanindividual's

adaptability

[D]suddenforgettingmaybringaboutadaptiveconquences

68。Accordingtothepassage，ifapersonneverforgot,________.

［A］hewouldsurvivebest

[B]hewouldhavealotoftrouble

［C]hisabilitytolearnwouldbeenhanced

［D]theevolutionofmemorywouldstop

69。Fromthelastparagraphweknowthat________。

[A]forgetfulnessisarespontolearning

[B]thememorystoragesystemisanexactlybalancedinput—outputsystem

[C］memoryisacompensationforforgetting

［D]thecapacityofamemorystoragesystemislimitedbecauforgettingoccurs

70。Inthisarticle，theauthortriestointerpretthefunctionof________。

［A］remembering

［B]forgetting

[C]adapting

［D］experiencing

SectionIVEnglish-ChineTranslation

1995

Directions:

Readthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedntencesinto

Chine。YourtranslationmustbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2。(15points)

Thestandardizededucationalorpsychologicalteststhatarewidelyudtoaidin

lecting,classifying，assigning，orpromotingstudents,employees，andmilitary

personnelhavebeenthetargetofrecentattacksinbooks,magazines,thedailypress，

andeveninCongress。71)Thetargetiswrong，forinattackingthetests,critics

divertattentionfromthefaultthatlieswithill—informedorincompetenturs。The

teststhemlvesaremerelytools，withcharacteristicsthatcanbemeasuredwith

reasonableprecisionunderspecifiedconditions。Whethertheresultswillbevaluable,

meaningless，orevenmisleadingdependspartlyuponthetoolitlfbutlargelyupon

theur.

Allinformedpredictionsoffutureperformancearebaduponsomeknowledge

ofrelevantpastperformance:schoolgrades,rearchproductivity，salesrecords，or

whateverisappropriate.72）Howwellthepredictionswillbevalidatedbylater

performancedependsupontheamount，reliability，andappropriatenessofthe

who

keepscarefulscoreknowsthattheinformationavailableisalwaysincompleteandthat

thepredictionsarealwayssubjecttoerror。

Standardizedtestsshouldbeconsideredinthiscontext。Theyprovideaquick，

objectivemethodofgettingsomekindsofinformationaboutwhatapersonlearned，

theskillshehasdeveloped，ormationsoobtained

has,qualitatively,thesameadvantagesandshortcomingsasotherkindsofinformation.

73)Whethertoutests,otherkindsofinformation，orbothinaparticularsituation

depends，therefore,upontheevidencefromexperienceconcerningcomparative

validityanduponsuchfactorsascostandavailability。

74)Ingeneral,thetestsworkmosteffectivelywhenthequalitiestobemeasured

canbemostprecilydefinedandleasteffectivelywhenwhatistobemeasuredor

lyud,theyprovidearapidmeansofgetting

mestheyidentifystudentswho

highpotentialhasnotbeenpreviouslyrecognized,buttherearemanythingstheydo

notdo。75)Forexample,theydonotcompensateforgrosssocialinequality，and

thusdonottellhowableanunderprivilegedyoungstermighthavebeenhadhegrown

upundermorefavorablecircumstances.

SectionVWriting

Directions：

1995

[A]Title：THE“PROJECTHOPE”

［B］Timelimit：40minutes

［C］Wordlimit：120-150words(notincludingthegivenopeningntence)

[D］YourcompositionshouldbebadontheOUTLINEbelowandshouldstart

withthegivenopeningntence：“Educationplaysaveryimportantrolein

themodernizationofourcountry。”

[E]YourcompositionmustbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(15points)

OUTLINE：

tsituation

ityoftheproject

3。Mysuggestion

1995

1995年考研英语真题答案

SectionI:StructureandVocabulary(20points)

PartA(5points)

1.[D]

2。［A]3.[B］4.［D]5.［B］

6.［C]

7.[A]

8。[D］9.[A］10。[C]

PartB（5points)

11.［A]reflect12.[D］if

13.[B］towhich14。[D]being

15.［C］writingabout或whowrite

about

16。［D]affected

17.[C]who

18.［C］as

19.[C]domuch

20.［B］eachtime

PartC（10points）

21。［B]22。［D］23。[C］24。［C］25.[A］

26。［B]27。［D]28。［C］29.［A]30.［A］

31.[D]

32.［B］33.［A]

34.[C]

35。[B]

36。[A］37。［D]38。［D］39。[A］40.［B]

SectionII:ClozeTest(10points)

41。［B］42。［C］43。［C]44。[B]45。［D]

46.[C］47.［A]48.［D]49。[A］50。[B]

SectionIII:ReadingComprehension（40points）

51.[D]

52。[A］53.［D]54。［C]55。［A]

1995

56。[C］

57.[A]

58.［D］59。［B］60。[C］

61。［A]62。[D］63。[C]64。［B]65.[B］

66。［C］67。[D］68。［B］69。[A]

70.[B]

SectionIV：English—ChineTranslation(15points)

71.把标准化测试作为抨击目标是错误的，因为在抨击这类测试时，批评者不考

虑其弊病来自人们对测试不甚了解或使用不当。

72。这些预测在多大程度上为后来的表现所证实，这取决于所采用信息的数

量、可靠性和适宜性,以及解释这些信息的技能和才智。

73.因此，在某一特定情况下，究竟是采用测试还是其他种类的信息，或是两者

同时使用，须凭有关相对效度的经验依据而定，也取决于诸如费用和有无来

源等因素。

74。一般地说，当所要测定的特征能很精确地界定时，测试最为有效;而当所

要测定或预测的东西不能明确地界定时，测试的效果则最差。

75.例如，测试并不弥补明显的社会不公;因此，它们不能说明一个物质条件差

的年轻人，如果在较好的环境下成长的话,会有多大才干.

SectionV：Writing(15points）

76.参考范文（略）