Attitudemarkersinbusinessmanagement
rearcharticles:across-cultural
corpus-drivenapproach1
PilarMurDueñasUniversidaddeZaragoza,Spain
Theexpressionofattitudinalmeaningisnegotiatedinrearcharticles(RAs)
ofthispaperistoanaly
theroleofthebroaderculturalcontextintheexpressionofattitudinalvalues,
tryingtoascertaintowhatextentlanguage/culturevaluesmaybeoverridden
,thepaperexploresattitudemarkersinacorpusof
RAsfromBusinessManagementintwodifferentsocioculturalcontexts:
l,resultsindicateasimilar
frequencyofuandtendenciesintherhetoricalpurposofattitudemarkers
dbeconcludedthatacommontofdisciplinary
valuesissharedbyscholarsfromthetwoculturalcontextsinthisfield
whenpublishingtheirRAs.
Keywords:attitudemarkers,metadiscour,rearcharticles,intercultural
rhetoric,academicwriting
Laexpresióndecontenidosatitudinalesnegociaenlosartículosde
investigaciónconarregloavaloresdisciplinarescompartidosporsus
tivodeesteartículoesanalizarelpapeldelcontextocultural
másamplioenelqueenmarcaelartículodeinvestigaciónpublicado
enlaexpresióndevaloresatitudinales,conelpropósitodediscernirhasta
quépuntolosvaloresdisciplinarespuedensuprimiraquellosdeíndole
lingüística/í,elartículoanalizaelusodemarcadoresatitudinales
enuncorpusdeartículosdeinvestigaciónenDirecciónyOrganizaciónde
Empresandoscontextossocioculturalesdiferentes:elnorteamericano
(internacional)yelespañol(local).Entérminosgenerales,losresultados
indicanunafrecuenciadeusoytendencianlospropósitosretóricosde
sresultados
infierequeexisteunconjuntodevaloresdisciplinarescompartidospor
ambosgruposdeautores,pertenecientesadistintosámbitossocioculturales,
peroalmismocampodisciplinar,alahoradepublicarsusartículosde
investigación.
Palabrasclave:marcadoresatitudinales,metadiscurso,artículosdeinvestigación,
retóricaintercultural,escrituraacadémica
InternationalJournalofAppliedLinguistics᭜Vol.20᭜No.1᭜2010
©2010TheAuthor
Journalcompilation©2010BlackwellPublishingLtd
Introduction
Scholarsneedtoexpressaclearstancetowardsthepropositionalmeanings
theyconveyandtowardstheirreaderswhenreportingtheirrearchtopeers
inordertoconvincethemoftheircredibilityandthevalidityoftheir
lusionofattitudinalmarkerscancontributetodisplaying
anappropriatestance,indicatingthewriter’sjudgements,views,andopinions,
whichneedtobeexpresdinaccordancewiththevaluesystemofthe
particularcommunitytheyaddress.
Attitudinalevaluationingeneralorparticularevaluativeitems,especially
adjectives,inacademicwritinghaveattractedsomescholarlyattention
(Thetela1997;Linderberg1997;Hyland1998;1999;2000;2005;Stotesbury
2003;SwalesandBurke2003;Koutsantoni2004;HylandandT2005a,b).
Manyofthestudiesshowthattheuofevaluativetokensinacademic
writingislargelybadoncertaincommonshareddisciplinaryvalues.
Accordingtothispreviousrearch,theinclusionofattitudemarkersin
tance,
Hyland(1998;1999;2000;2005)showsthatattitudemarkersaremore
frequentlyincludedinrearcharticles(RAs)fromthesoftdisciplinesthan
inrearcharticlesfromtheharddisciplines,whichemstobeexplainedin
termsofthedifferentvalues,beliefs,andunderstandingsunderlyingthe
disciplines,whichinturnappeartogoverntheuofmetadiscourfeatures
arconclusionisreachedbyHylandandT
(2005a,b)intheiranalysisofevaluativethatconstructionsinacorpusofRA
abstractsanddisrtationswrittenbyL2learnersindifferentdisciplines.
First,theyfindthattheconstructionsarelesscommoninthemorepure
,theyfindthat
experiencedauthorsmakeagreateruofevaluativethatconstructionsin
nre-drivennatureoftheuofattitude
markersinacademiclanguageisalsoexpoundedinSwalesandBurke’s
(2003)analysisofevaluativeadjectivesinrearcharticlesandinoral
portthatevaluativeadjectivesaremorecommonly
includedinMICASE(MichiganCorpusofAcademicSpokenEnglish:
SimpsonandLeicher2006)thaninHyland’y,
Linderberg(1997)andStotesbury(2003)alsopointtodisciplinarydifferences
intheuofpromotionalstrategiesinRAvenfromveryclolyrelated
disciplines(Marketing,Finance,andManagement)andintheuof
attitudinallexisinRAabstractsinhumanities,socialsciences,andnatural
sciences,respectively.
Althoughagreatdealofinterculturalrearchhasbeenundertaken
withinEAP(eva1997;2001;KreutzandHarres1997;Yakhontova
2002;Salager-Meyer,Alcaraz,andZambrano2003;Shaw2003;MartínMartín
2005;Fløttum,Dahl,andKinn2006;Lorés2006;Vold2006;MurDueñas
2007),littleworkhasbeencarriedouttoanalythepossibleinfluenceofthe
broaderculturalcontextontheparticularuofattitudemarkersinacademic
Attitudemarkersinbusinessmanagementrearcharticles᭜51
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eptionisthecross-culturalanalysisofevaluationin
academicliterarybookreviewscarriedoutbyMorenoandSuárez(2008),in
whichshefindsSpanishbookreviewstocontainsignificantlyfewercritical
acts–especiallynegativeones–thanbookreviewsinEnglish–afinding
whichsheexplainsintermsofthedifferentcontextualmilieuofthegenrein
earchreportedhereaimsatthrowingsomelight
ontheroleplayedbythelanguageorwritingcultureintheexpressionof
attitudinalvaluesinrearcharticlewritingbycomparingtheumade
ofexplicitattitudemarkersinRAsfromthesamediscipline,Business
Management,writtenandpublishedintwodifferentculturalcontexts:
,byanalysingspecific
rhetoricaloptionsinaparticulartypeoftextinagivendiscipline,wecan
gainabetterunderstandingoftheunderlyingbeliefs,norms,andvaluesof
acommunityofscholars,asthedetermineandaredeterminedby
fically,theintentionisto:(1)analyandcompare
thefrequencyofuofattitudemarkersinthetwosub-corpora,(2)unveil
themostfrequentlexico-grammaticaloptionsinbothcontextstocode
attitudinalmeaningexplicitly,(3)explorewhattheparametersorentities
tendtobeattitudinallyevaluatedandwhetherthecoincideordifferinthe
twotsofbusinessmanagementRAs(Englishonespublishedinthe
AmericaninternationalcontextandSpanishonespublishedforalocal
audience),and(4)lookintothevaluescommonlyattachedtotho
parametersinthetwosub-corpora.
Thus,thefocusisonthewrittenproductspublishedintwodifferent
languageorwritingcultures:theAnglo-American,whichentailsaninternational
readership,andthepeninsularSpanish,whichentailsanecessarilymore
georwritingculturesareunderstoodhere
notinatraditional,‘received’waybutratherinadynamicway,aspropod
byAtkinson(2004),involvingEAPandInterculturalRhetoricalstudies
(Connor2004),acknowledgingtheinteractionwithinandacrossbig(e.g.
nationalandinternational)andsmall(linary)cultures.
Attitudemarkersareeninthisstudyasacategoryofinteractional
metadiscour(Hyland2005),definedasmarkerswhich‘indicatethewriter’s
affective,ratherthanepistemic,attitudetotextualinformation,expressing
surpri,importance,obligation,agreement,andsoon’(Hyland2000:113).
Theresourceshavebeenrearchedunderotherframeworks,suchas
attitude(Halliday1994),evaluation(Hunston1993;1994;Hunstonand
Thompson2000),stance(BiberandFinegan1989;Biber,Leech,Conrad,and
Finegan1999)orappraisal(White2001;MartinandWhite2005).Outofthe
threescalesuponwhichtheframeworkofevaluationisbad–status,value
andrelevance–theanalysisofattitudetobeprentedherecoversthelast
,thefocuswillnotbeonmodalityorevidentialitybutonaffect,
andmorespecifically,ontheattitudinallexixpressingagood–badscale
(value),significance,orimportance,asinthefollowingexamplestakenfrom
thecorpus:
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(1)
(a)Giventheimportanceofthefactors,itisnotsurprisingthatLieberman
andMontgomery(1998:1122)havesuggestedthatstudiesonentrytim-
ingshouldattempttoinvestigatethefactorsthatliebehindobrved
paper,wetherefore
attempttoaddressthisimportanttopicthathasbeenlargelyneglectedby
paststudies.(SMJ2-I)
(b)Somemechanismsaredifficulttoimplementinshortorder.(SMJ1-D)
(2)
(a)Noobstante,elescasorespaldoempíricodelasargumentacionesteóricas
constituyeunaimportantecarenciaqueesnecesariosuperarsidea
guiravanzandoenestecamposobreunabasólida.(IE1-I)
[Nevertheless,thescarceempiricalsupportoftheoreticalargumentations
isanimportantlackwhichneedstobeovercome,iftheintentionisto
continueadvancinginthisfielduponasolidba.]
(b)Ladistinciónentreestasdoscategoríasdeatributosnospareceintere-
santedadoquelosatributosdelamarca,adiferenciadelosdelproducto,
sonbásicamentedenaturalezasimbólica.(REDyEE3-D).
[Thedistinctiondrawnbetweenthetwocategoriesofattributesisinter-
estingtoussincetheattributesofthebrand,unlikethooftheproduct,
arebasicallyofasymbolicnature.]
Althoughitisacknowledgedthatevaluationingeneralandattitudinal
meaningsinparticulararecommonlyimplicitlyconveyed(Hunston1993)
bysubtlerhetoricalanddiscoursalchoices,thefocusherewillbeonlyon
theanalysisofexplicitattitudinalfeatures,takingmetadiscourasthe
ore,itshouldbepointedoutthatattitudeinthe
heless,unveilingcommonattitudinal
lexisinaparticulartypeoftextmaybeafirststeptowardscarryingout
furthermorecomprehensive(cross-generic,cross-disciplinary,orcross-
cultural)analysofthisphenomenon.
Corpusandmethodology
Thecomparablecorpusconsistsof24RAsinthefieldofBusiness
Management;12ofthemarewritteninEnglishandpublishedin
internationaljournalsintheAmericancontext(totalling79,306words),while
theother12arewritteninSpanishandpublishedinnationaljournalsinthe
Spanishcontext(57,931words).Fourjournalswerelectedineachcontext
ofpublication;2threeRAspublishedin2003and2004weretakenfromeach
reeither
inEnglisharewrittenby
scholarsbadatUSuniversitiesandtheRAsinSpanisharewrittenby
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scholarsbadatSpanishuniversities;thus,althoughnotnecessarilynative
speakersofoneortheotherlanguage,theauthorsoftheRAsarefamiliar
withandacculturatedintotheAmericanandSpanishacademicworlds
llingforthevariableswasanecessarysteptoensurean
effective‘tertiumcomparationis’forthecross-culturalanalysistobe
undertaken(ConnorandMoreno2005;Moreno2008).
Inordertoextractalltypesofattitudemarkerprentinthecorpus,the
RAswerecarefullyreadandscannedinarchofthedevices,followinga
corpus-drivenmethodology(Tognini-Bonelli2001).Onceatypewasconsidered
anattitudemarkerinthecorpus,thecorrespondingtokenswerearchedfor
usingWordsmithTools(4.0).Theircontextwasthencarefullyexaminedto
ensurethattheyactuallyfunctionedasattitudemarkersandthatthey
conveyedtheauthors’uently,thoevaluativeitemsinintegral
ornon-integralcitations(Swales1990)whichcoulddenoteotherauthors’
pointofviewwereleftout,asinthefollowingexamples:
(3)Severalstudiesinthestrategicalliancerearchstreamhavesuggested
thatpreviousallianceexperienceisanimportantvariableinpredicting
..................
shareholdervalue(MerchantandSchendel2000).(JIM2-I)
(4)Elloconstituyeunelementofundamentaldelpropioconceptodeempresa
.......................
familiar(CabrerayGarcía1999;Gersicketal.1997).(AD1-R)
[Thisconstitutesafundamentalelementoftheconceptoffamilybusiness
itlf(CabrerayGarcía1999;Gersicketal.1997).]
Insomeothercasscholarsuanattitudemarker,butdonotspecifythe
mplystate,forexample,thatimportant,necessary
strategiesshouldbeadoptedbycompanies,orthattheywillidentify
importantfactorsindeterminingamanagerialissue,buttheydonotidentify
includedinthistypeofallegedlyattitudinally
evaluativeextracts,suchasthointheexamplesbelow,werenotcounted:
(5)Strategytheorytendstofocusontwodifferentapproachestogenerating
first,resourcepicking,involvesidentifyingand
curingthecriticalastsnecessaryforsuccessinagivenmarket.(JM1-I)
..............................
(6)Porestarazónenestetrabajoanalizasilascaracterísticasfundamentales
..........................
delenvadevidriodifierenatendiendoaltamañodelaempresa[...].
(IE2-I)
[Forthisreasonthisstudyanalyswhetherthefundamentalcharacteristics
ofaglasscontainerdifferaccordingtothesizeofthecompany[...].]
Attitudemarkersinthecorpus
Frequencyofu
BoththeBusinessManagementRAsinEnglishandthoinSpanishinclude
idresults
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per1,000wordsrevealagreatsimilarityintheoverallinclusionofattitudinal
s,then,thatthevoicesofboth
American-badandSpanishBusinessManagementscholarsaresimilarly
visibleintheirRAswhenitcomestoexpressingtheirpersonaljudgementsor
opinions,eventhoughtheyaddressdifferentaudiences.
Lexico-grammaticalrealisationofattitudinalmeanings
Notonlyadjectivesbutalsoverbs,nouns,adverbs,andphrashavebeen
foundtoexpresstheauthor’2summaristhe
frequencyofuofthedifferentlexico-grammaticalcategoriesofattitudinal
markersinthetwosub-corpora.
Inlinewithpreviousanalysofattitudinalevaluationinacademicwriting
(andBurke2003;Stotesbury2003;Koutsantoni2004),explicit
ofattitudemarkersinthecorpus
Americansub-corpusSpanishsub-corpus
AMJ138AD146
AMJ234AD225
AMJ335AD327
JM1102DyO132
JM236DyO236
JM367DyO329
SMJ178REDyEE155
SMJ266REDyEE226
SMJ337REDyEE358
JIM161IE138
JIM251IE234
JIM341IE341
total646total447
Per1,000words8.1Per1,000words7.7
yofthefrequencyofuofeachsub-categoryofattitudemarkers
inthecorpus
Americansub-corpusSpanishsub-corpus
TotalPer1,000words%TotalPer1,000words%
Adjectives3985.061.62885.064.4
Verbs1071.316.6230.45.1
Nouns1031.315.9881.519.7
Adverbs380.55.9350.67.8
Phras000130.22.9
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attitudinaladjectiveshavebeenfoundtobefarmorecommonthananyother
of398
adjectivaltokenshavebeenfoundintheEnglishsub-corpusandatotalof288
,83differentattitudinaladjectivaltypesappearinthe
themhave
es(important,consistent,
critical,interesting,difficult,keyintheAmericansub-corpusandprincipal,
importante,relevante,gran,necesario,bueno,adecuado,válido,escasointhe
Spanishsub-corpus)havebeenrecurrentlyud.3
Verbsarethecondmostfrequentlexico-grammaticalcategoryof
attitudinalmarkersintheEnglishsub-corpus,veryclolyfollowedbynouns.
Incontrast,
inthecaofadjectives,onlyafewattitudinalverbtypeshavebeenud
etype,theverbsupport,reprentsalmost
ha
highfrequencyofuofthisparticularverbmaybeaccountedforbytaking
intoaccounttheconsiderableextenttowhichAmericanbusinessmanagement
scholarsstatewhethertheirresultsareorarenotinlinewiththeinitial
cessarystatementstendtobemadeintheResultsand/or
lfthenumberofBusinessManagementRAsin
Spanisharebadontheconfirmationorrefutationofexplicitlystated
hypothes,andnotallsixRAsinSpanishwhichdoprentinitialhypothes
includeexplicitstatementsonwhethertheyhavebeensupportedornot.
Besidestheverbsupport,manyattitudinalverbsinthecorpuxpress
enablementandimprovement(Linderberg1997):extend(16tokens),contribute
(7tokens),expand(3tokens),aportar(4tokens),contribuir(3tokens).Theverbs
aremorecommonintheBusinessManagementRAsinEnglishthaninthoin
Spanish,whichcouldsignalthatBusinessManagementscholarspublishing
RAsinternationallyaremorepronetostateclearlythattheyaremakinga
contributiontothediscipline,asapossibleconquenceofthefiercer
competitiontogetanRApublishedinaninternationaljournal.
AttitudinalnounsareequallycommontoattitudinalverbsintheBusiness
attitudinalverbs,whicharevery
infrequentintheSpanishsub-corpus,attitudinalnounsarerathercommon.
Infact,theirnormalidfrequencyofuisslightlyhigherinthesub-corpus
nsupportisthemostrecurrent
intheRAsinEnglish,whichcanbeexplainedinthesametermsastheverb
gasidethenounsupport,
twoequivalentattitudinalnounsinthetwolanguagesaremostrecurrentin
thetwosub-corpora–importanceandlimitationintheEnglishsub-corpus,
importanciaandlimitaciónintheSpanishsub-corpus–whichtendtoevaluate
theauthors’stryto
‘ll’theoutcomeoftheirrearchbyevaluatingitasimportant;theyalso
commonlyexpressthelimitationsoftheirrearch,whichcanhelpthemgain
credibilityintheeyesoftheirpeers.
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Adverbxpressingattitudinalvaluesareveryinfrequentinthecorpus.
FewtypesofattitudinaladverbshavebeenincludedintheRAsinEnglish
orSpanishand,withonlyoneexception,thenumberoftokenspertypeis
ub-corpusinEnglishtheadverbonlyandinthesub-corpus
inSpanishitquivalents,sólo,solamente,únicamente,havebeenfoundtobe
ssManagementscholars
includethisattitudinaladverbialtypeespeciallyinrelationtotheirownor
otherrearchers’results.
SomeadverbialphrasemtobeudinSpanishtoexpressattitudinal
gh
theadverbialphrasarealsopossibleinEnglish,theyhavenotbeen
foundinthecorpus–atleastnotexpressingthewriter’of
13tokensoftheattitudinaladverbialphrashavebeenfoundinthe
ebasicallyofthreetypes:deforma+adjective
(completa),demanera+adjective(clara),anden+noun(profundidad).
Onthewhole,althoughattitudinaladjectivesarethemostcommontypes
intheRAsbothinEnglishandinSpanish,somedifferenceshavebeen
outlinedintermsoflexico-grammaticalrealisationofattitudemarkersin
dinalverbsandnounsareudtothesameextentin
AsinSpanish,however,attitudinalnounsare
includedtoalargeextent,whileverbsdonottendtobeudtoexpress
yscarceinbothsub-corporaistheexpressionof
ifferencesmaybeatleast
partiallyexplainedintermsofthedifferentlanguagesystemsandcommon
omparablecross-culturalgenre-badstudies
shouldbecarriedoutinrelationtothisandotherdisciplinesinorderto
determinetowhatextentthedifferencesarecharacteristicoftheRAsin
BusinessManagement,ofRAsinthetwolanguageorwritingcultures,or
evenofacademicwritingingeneralinthetwolanguagecultures.
Attitudinallyevaluatedparameters
Inrelationtoanapplieddiscipline,suchasBusinessManagement,itis
especiallyrelevanttobearinmindthedifferencepointedoutbyThetela(1997)
betweenrearch-orientedevaluation(ROE)andtopic-orientedevaluation
(TOE).Rearch-orientedevaluationrefersto‘aspectsoftherearchprocess
proper’(Thetela1997:104);itevaluatesaspectsthathavetodowiththe
scholars’ownrearch(findings,methods,process,etc.)orwithother
scholars’therhand,topic-orientedrearch
referstotheexternalworld,‘tothingswhicharerelatedtotheareadescribedin
therearchpaper,butwhichdonotconstitutetherearchitlf’(Thetela
1997:104).Scholarsalsoshowarhetoricalattitudetowardntitiesinthe
tance,inthecaof
BusinessManagementRAs,scholarscommonlyrefertocompanies,managers,
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ingthisdifferentiation,
attitudemarkersinthecorpushavebeenclassifiedintoROEandTOE
etheconceptofevaluationwithwhichThetela(1997)
worksisbroaderthantheconceptofattitudethatisudhere,theacronyms
ROA(rearch-orientedattitude)andTOA(topic-orientedattitude)are
preferred.
Onthebasisofpreviousstudiesofattitudinalitems(Thetela1997;
HylandandT2005a,b)andofthefindingsfromthecorpus,theROA
parametersthattendtobeevaluatedcanbegroupedinto:ownrearch,
findings,previousrearch,,ROAmarkershave
beenfoundtorefertothescholars’ownrearch(example7),totheir
findingsspecifically(8),topreviousrearch(9),andtofuturerearch(10).
(7)
(a)Thisstudyprovidessomeinterestingmanagerialimplications.(JIM2-D)
(b)Nosotroshemosqueridoaportarunavarianteaestaúltimamagnitud
[...].(REDyEE2-I)
[Wewantedtocontributewithavarianttothelatterdimension[...].]
(8)
(a)Productqualityappearsparticularlyrobustacrossalloutcomes;(JM1-R)
(b)Estosresultadossoncoherentesconlaevidenciaempíricaobtenidapor
Bontital.(2002)ycontribuyenafundamentarlaimportanciaque,
desdelosprimerostrabajoxistentenestecampo,haatribuidoal
aprendizajecomofuentederesultadossuperiores.(IE1-R)
[Theresultsareconsistentwiththeempiricalevidenceprovidedby
Bontital.(2002)andtheycontributetounderliningtheimportance
that,fromtheearlieststudiesinthisfield,hasbeenattributedtolearning
asasourceofsuperiorresults.]
(9)
(a)Thisabnceofrearchissomewhatsurprising,giventhatmuchother
rearchonmultinationalcorporations(MNCs)haxamined[...].It
alsoissurprisinggiventheextenttowhichethicallyrelevantphenomena
[...].(JIM3-I)
(b)Unarevisióndelasprincipalesaportacionempíricasdeunoyotro
signopuedeveren[...].(IE3-I)
[Arevisionofthemainempiricalcontributionsinbothdirectionscan
beenin[...].]
(10)
(a)ItalsoisimportantforfuturerearchtoexaminehowtheHRMpolicies
oforganisationsmayinfluencethelikelihoodthattheybecomesourcesof
humanastsforotherfirmsintheirorganisationalfield.(AMJ3-D)
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(b)Enestentido,enfuturasinvestigaciones,ráadecuadorealizarun
análisisdelaimagendesdeunpuntodevistaactitudinal,[...].(Dy1-D)
[Inthisn,infuturerearch,itwillbeappropriatetocarryoutan
analysisofimagefromanattitudinalpointofview,[...].]
Inbothsub-corporathenumberofattitudinalmarkersthatrefertothe
externalworldtowhichthedisciplinerelates,orTOAmarkers,islowerthan
thenumberofattitudinalmarkersthatrefertotherearchcommunity,or
centageofthetwotypesofmarkerisquitesimilar
inbothsub-corpora(Table3).ItemsthatbothAmerican-badBusiness
ManagementscholarspublishinginternationallyinEnglishandSpanish
scholarspublishingnationallyinSpanishmaysharecommonviewsonthe
needtoexpresspersonaljudgementsregardingissueswithinandoutsidethe
disciplinarydomain.
ROAattitudinalmarkerswereclassifiedaccordingtotheabovefour
broadparameters(Table4).Similartendencieswerefoundinthecultural
domainsforthetypeofparametersorentitieswithinthedisciplinaryrearch
communitythatareproportionallymorecommonlyattitudinallyevaluated.
BothAmerican-badandSpanish-badBusinessManagementscholars
ncyoftopic-orientedandrearch-orientedattitudemarkersinthe
corpus
Americansub-corpusSpanishsub-corpus
TotalPer1,000
words
%TotalPer1,000
words
%
Attitudemarkers:
TOAmarkers1481.922.91242.127.7
ROAmarkers4986.377.13235.672.3
ficationofrearch-orientedattitudemarkersinthecorpus
Americansub-corpusSpanishsub-corpus
TotalPer1,000
words
%TotalPer1,000
words
%
ROAmarkers:
Ownrearch2222.844.61793.155.4
Findings1792.235.9911.628.2
Previousrearch680.813.6460.814.2
Futurerearch290.45.870.12.2
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mostcommonlyevaluatetheirownrearch,mainlyjustifyingitintermsofits
relevance,interest,novelty,ly,Business
Managementscholarvaluatetheirfindingstoagreatextent,mainlyinterms
of(lackof)supportinrelationtothehypothesstatedintheIntroduction,
andintermsoftheirconsistencywithfindingsreportedinpreviousrearch.
Thislastparameterispeciallyrelevantinthesub-corpusinEnglish(and
indeedthepercentageandnormalidfrequencyishigherthaninthesub-
corpusinSpanish),asthestatementofhypothesintheIntroductionandthe
statementof(non-)supportforhypothesintheResultsiscoveredinallRAs
tion,findingsaresometimevaluatedin
y,BusinessManagementscholarswriting
inEnglishintheAmericancontextandSpanishscholarswritingforamore
localreadershipalsoevaluatepreviousrearch,althoughtoamuchlesr
ndtorefertoitsdeficienciesorgaps,
whichthenallowsthemtoprenttheirownrearchasneededand
justifiable;previousrearchisalsosometimespraid,highlightingits
particularrelevanceforthebodyofdisciplinaryknowledge:
(11)
(a)Inacomprehensivereviewofchoiceofentrymodes,Dattaetal.(2002)
report...(JIM3-I)
(b)Inhisinfluentialstudies,Hofstede(1980)identifiedfourculturalvalues
thatvarybycountry:uncertaintyavoidance,theculturaltolerancefor
uncertainty;(SMJ3-I)
(12)Diferentesinvestigacionespuedenrútilesparaanalizarlasvariables
queestudiaronsobrelosresultadonlacreacióndenuevampre-
sasindustriales[...](REDyEE2-I)
[Severalinvestigationscanbeufultoanalythevariablemployed
tostudyresultsinthecreationofnewindustrialcompanies[...]]
Finally,BusinessManagementscholarsoccasionallystatetheirattitudein
etoricalu
ofattitudemarkersistheleastcommoninthetwosub-corpora,especiallyin
Spanish.
Degreeofattitudinal‘evaluativeness’andvaluexpresd
Thestudyinvestigatednotonlythefrequencyofu,therealisation,andthe
commonreferencesofattitudinalmarkersinthecorpus,butalsothevalues
,attitudemarkerswereanalydinthetwo
andBurke(2003)put
forwardthenotionofpolaridandcentralidadjectivestoaccountforthe
differentdegreeof‘evaluativeness’;thus,stronglypositiveornegative
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adjectiveswouldbepolarid,whereasmoreneutraladjectiveswouldbe
,thespecificattitudinalvaluesattachedtothemarkers
udbyBusinessManagementscholarsintheirRAsinrelationtothe
parameterstablishedabovewerealsocross-culturallyanalyd.
Attitudemarkersinthecorpuswereclassifiedaccordingtothedegreeof
attitudinalvalueexpresdintocentralidandpolarid;usofcentralid
–lowdegreeorunmarked–attitudemarkersinthetwosub-corporaare
illustratedbyexample13,whereaspolaridmarkers–highdegreeor
marked–attitudemarkersareillustratedbyexample14.
(13)
(a)Thisassumptioncarriesimportantimplicationsfortherelationship
betweenthefrequencyoffavorexchangeandproductivity.(AMJ2-I)
(b)Thisstudycontributestoacquisitionrearchontwofronts.(JM1-D)
(c)Ownershipstructuremayalsoactasaneffectivemarket-sortingcriterion.
(SMJ1-I)
(d)Estedatoescoherenteconlosplanteamientosacercadelosfactores
condicionantesdelaimagendemarca,[...].(REDyEE3-D)
[Thisresultiscoherentwiththeapproachestofactorsinfluencingbrand
image,[...].]
(e)Unadelaslimitacionesdenuestrainvestigaciónencuentraenel
caráctertransversaldelamisma,[...].(REDyEE1-D)
[Oneofthelimitationsofourrearchliesinitstransversalnature,[...].]
(14)
(a)Thisstudyprovidesauniquecontributiontothejointventureliterature
byexaminingtheconditionsunderwhichjointventurengagein
R&Dactivitywithinthecontextofaglobalhigh-technologyenvironment.
(JIM2-D)
(b)Targetreputationshowsrobustrelationshipswithalloutcomemeasures.
(JM1-D)
(c)Thisstudytestedfortheinfluenceofhostcountryindustrystructure
variablessuchantrybarriers,natureofdemand,anddegreeof
rivalryonentrymodechoice–ahithertoneglectedareainthisliterature.
(JIM1-D)
(d)Dichacuestiónesconsideradaclaveparalasupervivenciaydesarrollode
laempresafamiliar,[...].(AD1-R)
[Suchanissueisconsideredkeytothesurvivalanddevelopmentofthe
familybusiness[...].]
(e)Sinembargo,variossonlostudiosquehandemostradoquedichas
premisasnosontotalmenteciertas,siendoeldeWeick(1979)elquemás
rotundamenteloreflejaalafirmarque[...].(DyO3-I)
[However,veralstudieshavedemonstratedthatsuchpremisarenot
absolutelytrue,thatofWeick(1979)beingthemostcategoricalinthis
respect,statingthat[...].]
Attitudemarkersinbusinessmanagementrearcharticles᭜61
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Ascanbeenfromtheexamples,thedegreeof‘evaluativeness’denotedcan
r,otherco-textual
factors–suchastheirmodificationbyahedge(softeningitvaluativeload)
orabooster(intensifyingthevalueoftheparticularitem)–canalsoaffect
andmodulatetheirdegreeof‘evaluativeness’.Theanalysisofthiscond
er
analysisoftheirphraologywouldcertainlyprovevaluable,providinga
widerpictureoftheexpressionofattitudinalmeaningsinthetexts.
AsTable5shows,mostattitudemarkersinthetwosub-corporaare
centralid.4NeitherAmerican-badorSpanishBusinessmanagement
rall
frequencyofuper1,000wordsandpercentageofcentralidandpolarid
markersareverysimilarinbothsub-corpora,beingsignificantlyhigherfor
sub-corporafurthershowasimilar
higherincidenceofoccurrenceofcentralidmarkersoverpolaridonesin
relationtoallparameters(andespeciallyasregardsfuturerearchandown
rearch).TheresultsareinlinewiththoofSwalesandBurke(2003),who
reportonthepreferenceforcentralidratherthanpolaridevaluative
dataprovidedhereemstopointtosimilarresultsforwrittenacademic
discourinSpanish,althoughmorerearchneedstobecarriedoutin
differentgenresandacademicdisciplinestoconfirmthistendency.
Intheircontrastiveanalysisofevaluativeadjectivesinwrittenandspoken
academicdiscour,SwalesandBurke(2003)establishvencategories
accordingtowhichthefeaturexpress:acuity,aestheticappeal,asssment,
deviance,relevance,size,tempttosimplifythis
taxonomy,threebroadercategorieshavebeenpropodinordertocompare
thevaluexpresdbytheattitudemarkersincludedintheirRAsby
AmericanandSpanish-badBusinessManagementscholarsinrelationto
dinal‘evaluativeness’attachedtoparametersinthetwosub-corpora
Americansub-corpusSpanishsub-corpus
CentralidPolaridCentralidPolarid
Total%Total%Total%Total%
Topic-oriented10571.94128.19778.22721.8
Ownrearch18784.23515.814983.23016.6
Findings15384.52815.56672.52527.5
Previousrearch5377.91522.13576.11123.9
Futurerearch2586.2413.8710000
total52312335493
%81.019.079.220.8
Per1,000words6.61.56.11.6
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re
significance(nce,importance),asssment(,efficacy,
novelty,interestingness,validity,strength,quality),andemotion(i.e.
personal,emotionaljudgements).Table6prentstheattitudemarkerstaken
idenceofuof
asssment,significanceandemotionattitudemarkersreferringtothe
parametersoutlinedissummaridinTable7.
demarkersfromthecorpuxpressingasssment,significanceand
emotionvalues
Attitudemarkers
expressing
asssment
abnce,adequate,better,best,broad(ly),broaden,caution,
complex,complexity,comprehensive,conclusively,confident,
(in)consistent,dangerous,desirable,difficult,dilemma,discovery,
easy,effective,embryonic,ensure,exorbitant,fail,(the)fine-
grained,first,generalizable,good,great,hard,hopeful,hurdle,
ignore,in-depth,insight,interesting(ly),lack,limit,limitation,
limited,marginal,meaningfulmissing,necessary,neglect,narrow,
new,obvious,only,opaque,overemphasize,overlook,poor,
problematic,promising,reasonable,reliably,respond,ripe,
satisfactory,rious,shortof,shortcoming,skewed,strength,strict,
sufficient,suggestive,support,tremendous,true,underdeveloped,
underspecified,unexplored,unique,uful(ly),valid,validity,
valuable,value,vexing,worth,worthwhile
aceptable,acertada,adecuado,adecuadamente,amplio,apropiado,
bueno,carencia,clásico,coherente,coherencia,complejidad,
concluyente,confuso,congruente,conveniente,convenir,
conveniencia,deformacompleta,demaneraclara,debidamente,
deable,desfasadas,difícil,dificultad,disparidad,diversidad,en
profundidad,escaso,escaz,especial,esperanzador,excelente,
excesiva,exhaustiva,fácil,falta,fiable,fiabilidad,fielmente,fuerte,
garantizar,gran,grandes,ignorar,imprescindibles,indispensable,
interés,interesante,irremediable,limitación,limitar,lógico,mejor,
meramente,necesario,nefastas,negativamente,nuevo,positivo,
pobre,(el)primer,preciso,problema,problemática,problemático,
prudentes,radicales,razonable,rigurosos,robusta,rotundamente,
satisfactorio,ncillas,singular,solamente,sólido,sólo,suficiente,
únicamente,útil,utilidad,válido,validez,verdad
Attitudemarkers
expressing
significance
central,core,contribute,contribution,critical(ly),crucial,derve
(mention,attention,study),esntial,expand,extend,
fundamental,important(ly),importance,influential,key,main,
major,merit(attention),primary,notable,noteworthy,relevant,
significant,significance
aportar,aportación,básico,central,clave,contribuir,deforma
decisiva,demanerasignificativa,decisivo,fundamental,
importante,importancia,principal,relevancia,relevante,
significativo,trascendencia,vital
Attitudemarkers
expressing
emotion
intriguing,paradox,paradoxical(ly),surprising(ly),
unfortunate(ly)
curioso,paradójicamente,sorprendente
Attitudemarkersinbusinessmanagementrearcharticles᭜63
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T
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64᭜PilarMurDueñas
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Journalcompilation©2010BlackwellPublishingLtd
Againtheoverallnormalidfrequencyofuandpercentageof
asssment,significance,andemotionattitudemarkersareverysimilarinthe
twosub-corpora,asssmentoutnumberingsignificanceattitudemarkers,
ultsfurtherindicatethatin
thetwosub-corporathenumberofasssmenttokensishigherthanthe
numberofsignifi,thereems
tobemoreemphasisinBusinessManagementRAsinEnglishandinSpanish
onoutliningqualitiessuchasthenovelty,validity,consistency,ufulness,
orcontributionoftherearch(own,previous,orfuture),itsfindingsor
entitiesoutsidetherearchworld,thanonoutliningtherelevanceor
importanceofsuchparameters.
Concludingremarks
Therearchprentedinthispaperhasfocudonthecross-cultural
analysisofattitudemarkersinacomparablecorpusofBusinessManagement
RAswritteninEnglishandinSpanish,withtheaimofsheddingsomelight
ontheroleplayedbythewritingcultureontheuofthemetadiscoursal
alysishasalsohelpedusgainabetter
understandingofthewritingconventionsanddiscoursalpreferences(bad
onshareddisciplinaryvaluesandbeliefs)ofthisparticularcommunityof
scholarswhendisminatingtheirknowledgethroughRAs.
Ithasbeenfoundthatthefrequencyofinclusionofattitudemarkersper
1,000wordsisrathersimilarinbothsub-corpora,andthatbothAmerican-
badandSpanishBusinessManagementscholarstendtoincludeasimilar
percentageofattitudinalmarkersreferringtothedisciplinaryrearch
community(ROA)andtotheoutsideworldtowhichthedisciplinerelates
(TOA).TheproportionofROAmarkerscorrespondingtoeachofthefour
parametersdiscerned(ownrearch,findings,previousrearch,andfuture
rearch)r,
theanalysisofthevaluesattachedtoattitudinalmarkershasalsoyielded
sub-corpora,centralid
attitudemarkersreferringtotheparametersoutlinedoutnumberpolarid
tion,thepercentagesofattitudemarkersconveyingeachof
thethreebroadvaluestablished(significance,asssment,andemotion)
haverevealedgreatsimilaritybetweentheRAsinEnglishandinSpanish,
BusinessManagementscholarsasssingthequalityofentities(outsidethe
community,ownrearch,findings,previousrearch,andfuturerearch)to
alargerextentthanexpressingtheir(in)significanceor(un)importance.
Overall,then,itcouldbeconcludedthattheroleplayedbythewriting
cultureintheexpressionofattitudinalevaluationinBusinessManagement
RAspublishedinternationallyinEnglishandRAspublishedinSpanishfor
alocalaudiencecouldbeoverriddenbythedisciplinaryconventionsshared
ethecathatthesimilargoalsandmethods
Attitudemarkersinbusinessmanagementrearcharticles᭜65
©2010TheAuthor
Journalcompilation©2010BlackwellPublishingLtd
drivingrearchinthetwocontextscontributetotheestablishmentof
parallel,shareddisciplinaryvalues,beliefs,andunderstandingswho
influencepredominates,overthatofnationallanguageandculture,intheu
ofattitudemarkersinthedistributionofrearchthroughpublishedRAs.
Theconsiderableproportionofattitudemarkersfoundinthecorpusof
BusinessManagementRAsmaybeexplainedbearinginmindthevery
competitivedisciplinarydomain,inwhichitemsnecessary,asresults
indicate,topromoteandevaluateespeciallyone’srearchandfindings–
mainlyasregardstheirnovelty,contribution,relevance,orinterest–inorder
tofi,itemsthattheappliednature
ofthedisciplinecallsforasignificantproportionofattitudemarkers
inrelationtoaspectsorentitiesconnectedtotheareadescribedinthepaper,
andnotonlydirectlyrelatedtotherearchproper(-oriented),as
themarkershavebeenfoundtoaccountfornearlyaquarterofallattitude
y,attitudinalmeaningsemtobeexpresd
inaratherconventionalidway,avoidingpolaridoroverlyloaded
adjectives,referringtoparticularparametersandexpressingparticular
values.
Therearchreportedheremayhavesignificantpedagogicalimplications
forspecificEAP(bothL1andL2)ightofthe
resultsobtained,itwouldnotbenecessaryforalimitedgroupofEAP
instructorsofL2(Spanish)BusinessManagementscholarswishingtoget
theirrearchpublishedinternationallytofocusondifferencesinthe
contextsofpublication;rathertheywouldneedtodrawthelearners’
attentiontotheparameterscommonlyattitudinallyevaluatedandalsotothe
kindofmarker–andvaluesattachedtoit–frequentlyudinpublished
rearchinthespecifireviousrearchhas
showndisciplinaryparticularitiesintheuofattitudemarkers(e.g.
Linderberg1997;Hyland1998;1999;2000;2005;Stotesbury2003;Hylandand
T2005a,b),aswellasofothermetadiscoursalfeatures,EAPinstructors
shoulddesignspecificmaterialsdrawingoncorpus-badrearch,which
canhelpthemdeterminewhichdiscoursalconventionalidchoices(i.e.
choicesbadonconventionsagreeduponinparticularacademic
communities)shouldbetaughtinordertofacilitatescholars’publicationof
theirrearchininternationaljournals.
Itwouldbeinterestingtoinvestigatefurthertheroleplayedbythe
writingcultureindeterminingtheuofattitudemarkers,aswellasother
metadiscoursalfeatures,inacademicwrittendiscourinthisandother
disciplinesinthisorotherpairsoflanguagesthroughfurthercross-cultural
usrearchintootherinteractionalmetadiscoursalfeatures
inRAwritingsignallingthevoiceoftheauthorandexpressingthetenorin
thetexthavebeenfoundtobesubjecttointerculturalvariation,especially
epistemicevaluation(KreutzandHarres1997;Vassileva1997;2001;Salager-
Meyeretal.2003;MartínMartín2005;Vold2006)andlf-mentions(Fløttum
2003;Lorés2006;Fløttumetal.2006;MurDueñas2007).Thus,itcouldbe
66᭜PilarMurDueñas
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hypothesidthattherearesomemetadiscoursalresourceswhicharemore
likelythanotherstobepartlydeterminedbythelanguageorwritingculture
heless,aspointedoutabove,more
cross-culturalrearchisneededtoconfirmthishypothesis.
Acknowledgements
IwouldliketoexpressmygratitudetoDrRosaLorésSanzandtoDrEnriqueLafu-
enteMillánfortheirmanyinsightfuldiscussionsaboutissuescoveredinthepaper,
andalsofortheirvaluablecommentsonpreviousversionsofthepaper.
Notes
archhasbeencarriedoutwithintheframeworkoftheprojectentitled
InterLAE(InterpersonalidadenelLenguajeAcadémicoEscrito/Interpersonality
inWrittenAcademicLanguage),financiallysupportedbylocalandnational
authorities(DiputaciónGeneraldeAragón,245-122andMinisteriodeCienciae
Innovación,HUM2005-03646).
Partoftherearchreportedonthisarticlewasprentedinapreliminaryand
reducedversionatthe18thInternationalSymposiumonTheoreticalandApplied
LinguisticsheldattheUniversityofThessaloniki(Greece)inMay2007.
istoftheRAsinthecorpusisprovidedinAppendix1.
ix2includesthemostcommonadjectival,verbal,nominal,andadverbial
typesinthetwosub-corpora.
ldnotbeinterpretedfromthisanalysisthatattitudemarkersareeither
ssificationhasbeenthuspropodforcomparability
purpos;nevertheless,itshouldbenotedthatattitudemarkerscanformacline
frommorecentralidtomorepolaridevaluation,someofthemlyingintheline
betweenboth.
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AppendixB
tcommonattitudinaladjectivesinthetwosub-corpora
important60principal33
consistent30importante24
significant26relevante16
critical20gran16
interesting13necesario15
difficult12bueno12
key11adecuado11
well+adjective10válido10
necessary8escaso10
robust7amplio8
stcommonattitudinalnounsinthetwosub-corpora
support31importancia18
importance16limitación12
limitation10problema8
insight9fiabilidad7
contribution6aportación5
Attitudemarkersinbusinessmanagementrearcharticles᭜71
©2010TheAuthor
Journalcompilation©2010BlackwellPublishingLtd
stcommonattitudinalverbsinthetwosub-corpora
support51convenir6
extend16aportar4
contribute7garantizar4
fail5contribuir3
derve4limitar2
ensure4ir(másallá)2
ostcommonattitudinaladverbsinthetwosub-corpora
only23sólo22
importantly5únicamente4
interestingly2excesivamente3
mejor3
72᭜PilarMurDueñas
©2010TheAuthor
Journalcompilation©2010BlackwellPublishingLtd
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