agreement

Agreement

Exerci1

hework(was,were)finished.

lMotors(is,are)ahugecorporation.

(is,are)manyaslipbetweencupandlip.

rtheteachernorthestudents(has,have)enoughtime.

aw(was,were)twomenattackingthepoliceman.

thehous(needs,need)painting.

m(is,are)tryingonnewboots.

nderror(is,are)thesourceofourknowledge.

rofstudents(speaks,speak)Englishverywell.

ercionsingular-pluralagreementofsubjectsandverbs(is,are)easy.

1)谓语动词在人称和数上必须与主语一致

a)在语序正常的句子中

Myfatherhastravelledwidely.

Thingsareinventedwhentheneedisgreatenough.

b)在Therebe结构中

Thereisnosmokewithoutfire.

Therewerenotmanyinfluentialguestsattheparty.

Thereemstobelittletimeleft.

Thereemtobetoomanymeninthefield.

在there,here引起的结构中，如主语有好几个，则谓语动词与最邻近的主语取得一致。

例如

TherewasaTVt,aportraitandveralalbumsontheshelves.

Hereareafewenvelops,apenandsomepaperinthedrawer.

c)在倒装结构中

IneveryprovinceofChinaarefoundrichnaturalresources.

Herecomethefivenoisychildrenfromnextdoor.

d)在主语后有修饰语的句子中

Differencesinspeechoftencaupeopletosnigger.

Hisattempttoimprovetheexperimentissuccessful.

Apersonwhohasgoodfriendnjoyslifemore

在主语后有等+名词句子中。主谓一致不受修饰语“aswellas等+名词”结构中名词数的影响。

Unemploymentaswellastaxesinfluencesvotes.

Taxes,nottomentionunemployment,influencevotes.

Thismanalongwithhissonsalwayscatchesthelargestfish.

此外，主语后若跟有accompaniedby,asmuchas,besides,except(but),inadditionto,including,

insteadof,nolessthan,ratherthan,togetherwith等+名词，也不影响其与谓语动词的一致关

系。

Everyoneofmycousins,includingLarry,hasbrowneyes.

John,togetherwithhisfamily,isflyingtoLondon.

Thetenantsinsteadofthelandlordpayforthework.

Thecompetitionfromexperiencedstaffmembers,someofwhomareniors,workstomy

disadvantage.

Mannolessthanthelowerformsoflifeisaproductofevolutionaryprocess.

Theminister,ratherthanthetradeunions,isresponsiblefortheprentsituation.

Exerci2

(is,are)thefilesyouaskedfor.

(ems,em)tobemanyargumentsonbothsides.

(has,have)beentremendousprogresswithinthiscentury.

thitbythehightemperatureandthedrought(was,were)Africanfarmers.

2)单数主语

a)不定式短语、动词形式（短语）及名词从句做主语时，谓语动词用单数。

Tobecomedoctorsistheirambition.

Readingwithoutcomprehensionisnogood.

Whatthatcountryneedsismorejobsandlowertaxes.

b)事件、国名、机构名称、书及其他作品的名称用作主语时，谓语动词用单数。

TheUnitedNationswasformedin1945.

TheThirty-NineStepswaswrittenbyJohnBuchan.

c)下列不定式或限定词做主语或修饰语时，谓语动词永远是单数

Everysilverknife,fork,andspoonhastobecounted.(every,each后面的名词为单数)

Eachbookandmagazineislistedinthecardcatalog.

Eachofthestudentshasaschedule.(eachof后的名词必须是复数)

Everyone/Everybodyishere.

Oneofmyfriendsneedssomehelp.(oneof后的名词必须是复数)

Iitherofthesingersreadingnow?

Neither(one)issatisfactory.

Manyacollegestudentwishestoreturntotheeasydaysofhighschool（manya后面的名词是

单数）

Agreat/goodmany后的名词为复数。例如

Agreatmanybooks/Agoodmanybookshavebeenwrittenonthesubject.

3）复数主语

下列不定代词作主语时，谓语动词用复数

Bothofthemhavewonprizes.

Fewofmyfamilyreallyunderstandme.

Manyweresurpridatthefinalscore.

Severaloftheregularmemberswereabnt.

4）带有量词的主语与谓语的一致

Alotoftheequipmentisnew.

Alotofmyfriendsarehere.

Allofthefruitlooksripe.

Allofthecherrieslookripe.

Hasanyofthividencebeenprented?

Haveanyofmyfriendscalledme?

Mostofthebookwasinteresting.

Mostofthebookswereinteresting.

Someofthebookisgood.

Someofthebooksaregood.

以上句中主语的数取决于介词of后面的数。用法相同的其他短语有：halfof,two-thirdsof,

ninetypercentof,partof,therestof

Noneoftheevidencepointstohisguilt.

Noneofthestudentswereinvolved.

在非正式语体中，Noneofthestudentswereinvolved.的谓语动词可用was.如要表达单数概

念，最好将这一句改成的主语改成noone或notone

Thenumberofstudentsintheclassis15.

Anumberofstudentswerelate.(anumberof后用复数名词，并用复数谓语动词)

Morethanonepersonisinvolvedintheca.

Morethanonehundredmenandwomenareworkinginthisworkshop.

Themajoritywere/wasinfavoroftheproposal.

Themajorityofboyslikefootball.

Exerci3

thecoins(is,are)missing.

Someofthemoney(was,were)missing.

thefruitcrop(was,were)destroyedbyfrost.

Mostofthemotorcycles(was,were)damaged.

ativepartofaconversation(is,are)oftenasimportantasthepositive.

Thegreaterpartofthenatives(was,were)unabletospeakEnglish.

thismoney(belongs,belong)

Halfofthestudentsintheclass(is,are)fromArabic-speakingcountries.

-thirdsofthe(has,have)beenfinished.

Two-thirdsofthis(has,have)beenfinished.

thismoney(is,are)mine.

Noneofthecandidates(is,are)popular.

5)并列主语

a)由and或both连接两个主语时，谓语动词一般用复数。例如

MayandJanecompetewitheachotherforthefirstprize.

BothJohnandAnnareready.

Ridingontheswingandplayingwiththeducksinthepondwereourchildren’sgreatestpleasure

whenwetookthemtothepark.

但当并列主语作为整体考虑，或在意义上指同一个人、同一事物时，谓语动词用单数。

Icecreamandcakeismyfavoritedesrt.

Myhouandhomeisat1501WashingtonAvenue.

两个单数名词前都有冠词时，谓语动词常用复数。例如

Theeditorandthepublisherofthismagazineareveryablemen.(editor,publisher是两个不同

的人)

Theeditorandpublisherofthismagazineisaveryableman.（指同一个人）

并列主语由“形容词+and+形容词+名词”构成，指两类不同的人物时，谓语动词用复数。

例如

Socialandpoliticalfreedomarelimitedthere.(=socialfreedomandpoliticalfreedom)

b)由Or,either…or,neither…nor连接两个单数主语时，谓语动词用单数。例如

EitherTomorMariaissuretoknowtheanswer.

Neithercriticismnorpraiaffectsthem.

c)当Or,either…or,neither…nornotonly…butalso连接一个单数主语和一个复数主语时，谓

语动词取决于最接近它的名词或代词的数，例如：

Patoryouweresuppodtocall.

YouorPatwassuppodtocall.

Neitherthequalitynorthepriceshavechanged.

Neitherthepricesnorthequalityhaschanged.

6)集体名词做主语

集体名词做主语时，谓语动词的数取决于主语表示的意义。当主语表示不可分割的整体时，

谓语动词用单数，当主语强调集体中各个成员时，谓语动词用复数。例如：

Thecrowdwasanorderlyone.(crowd作为整体来考虑)

Thecrowdwerefightingfortheirlives.（强调群体中的个体）

Thefamilyisthebasicunitofoursociety.（家庭作为一个整体）

Thefamilyhaveagreedamongthemlvestoprentasolidfront.（强调家庭成员）

此类集体名词还有Army,audience,band,board,clan,class,club,committee,company,crew,

firm,flock,gang,government,group,herd,jury,majority,minority,orchestra,party,public,staff,

swarm,team,troop

Exerci

mer’sprizeherd(was,were)soldforagoodprize.

dhadescapedand(was,were)wanderingaboutinthefields.

ience(is,are)veryenthusiastictonight.

ience(is,are)returningtotheirats.

ernment(was,were)debatingthechoiceofanewminister.

ernment(has,have)fallenandageneralelectionwillsoonbeheld.

band(is,are)puttingawaytheirinstruments.

ff(was,were)quarrellingaboutwhatwastobedonenext.

7)形容词从句中的主谓一致

a)关系代词作主语时，它的数必须与其先行词一致。例如

Thepersonwhogetstherefirstisrvedfirst.

Thisisoneoftheroomsthatweredamagedinthefire.

Hewhohesitatesislost.

b)在正式语体中，“oneoftho+复数名词”后的形容词从句中的谓语动词用复数，例如

Thatisoneoftheremarksthatareintendedtostartarguments.

Janeisoneofthopersonswhoalwaysthinktheyareright.

当one前面有theonly等修饰时，形容词从句中的谓语动词用单数。例如

Sheistheonlyoneofthogirlswhoiswillingtotakeamake-upexam.

8）其他情况下的主谓一致

a)表示时间、金钱、距离、体积、小数等名词词组作主语时，其谓语动词用单数。例

如

Eighthoursofsleepinough.

Twentydollarsistoomuchtopay.

Threethousandmilesistoofartotravel.

如果主语表示具体的、个别的单位，谓语动词用复数。例如

Theirlastfouryearshavebeenfullofsurpris.

Therearetwosilverdollarsineachofthestockings.

b)一些以-ics或-s结尾的名词作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数。例如

Physicsisadifficultsubject.

Measles(麻疹)isadiatotakeriously.

常见的这类名词还有civics(公民学)，economics,electronics,mathematics,mumps(流行性

腮腺炎)等

有些以-ics结尾的名词，如ethics,politics,statistics等用来表示科学领域时，谓语动词

用单数，用来表示具体行为、观点、数字时，谓语动词用复数。例如

Statisticsisafieldofstudy.

Thestatisticsinthatreportarenotaccurate.

c)Chine,English,French等词指语言时，用单数，指人民时，用复数。例如

Chineisadifficultlanguage.

(网友出了以下一道题，用来考老外。

说出下面每个句子里“意思”的意思

小明送给领导两个红包

领导：你这是什么意思？

小明：没什么意思，意思意思。

领导：你这就不够意思了。

小明：小意思，小意思。

领导：你这人真有意思。

小明：其实也没有别的意思。

领导：那我就不好意思了。

小明：是我不好意思。）

TheChinearekindandfriendly.

d)“The+形容词、动词-ed形式”作主语表示一类人，谓语动词用复数。例如

Theyoungarefullofvigour.

Theinjuredweretakentohospital.

Exerci

A.

nutes(is,are)morethanenoughtimetocompletethixerci.

usandmiles(is,are)toofartotraveloverashortvacation.

inmycountry(is,are)caredbytheirchildrenandgrandchildren.

ries(is,are)veryinteresting.

tisticsinthatreportonoilproduction(is,are)incorrect.

ue(is,are)somewhatsimilartoSpanish.

ics(ems,em)tobeverypopularjustnow.

dredandfiftypounds(is,are)whatyoushouldweigh.

’strours(is,are)onthesofa.

ftrours(is,are)onthesofa.

sone(is,are)two.

idedbytwo(equal,equals)five.

B.

dentswho(has,have)finishedthework(has,have)left.

animportantdecisionlikemanyothersthat(is,are)changingtheeducational

institutionofourcountry.

soneofthopeoplewho(goes,go)outoftheirwaytobehelpful.

stheonlyoneofthowomenwho(has,have)acar.

ho(is,am)wrong.

icleisoneofthebestsketches(短篇作品)that(has,have)everbeenwritten.

theonewho(is,are)wrong.

hebookswhich(has,have)beenplacedonthetablebythewindow(needs,need)

rebinding.

代词一致(PronounAgreement)

1）英语句子中的代词必须与其所指代的名词或代词在人称、数、性上保持一致。例如

Georgeisdevotedtohisagedmother.

Thecityisproudofitsparks.

ThewomenintheLeagueexpresdtheiropinionforcefully.

Thenurpickedupthebabyandgaveittothemother.

Ishouldhavethoughtofitmylf.

Youwillbelateforyourappointment

注：名词的性无法确定时，可用阳性或阴性代词。例如

Areaderlikestochoohis/herbookshimlf/herlf.

2）下列词用作主语或主语的限定词时，代词一般用单数

anybodyeachoneeveryone

nobodyanyoneeither

everythingnooneanything

everykindnothing

eacheverybodyneither

onesomebodysomething

typesomeone

sort

Eachboyhastomakehisbed.

Everycitizenshouldexercihis/herrighttovote.

Everythingtheydohasitsfault.

Neitherofthogirlshastoldhermotherthetruth.

Thattypeofstudentisusuallysuccessfulinhiswork.

3）and连接两个单数名词时，代词用复数。例如

LynneandBesssatwiththeircoatson

4）or或nor连接两个单数名词时，代词用单数，连接两个复数名词时，代词用复数。

连接的两个名词一个为单数，一个为复数，或者一个是阳性，一个阴性时，代词与

邻近的名词一致。例如

DidAndreworRogerlohislf-confidence?

DidAndreworLynnloherlf-confidence?

NeithertheBrownsnortheGreensliketheircars.

Neitherthepackagenorthelettershadreachedtheirdestination.

5）所指代的集体名词可根据其具体意义确定代词的数。例如

mpodofninemembers.

ealwaysreadytohelpme.

Exerci

erson,Irealize,has(their,his/her)ownideaofwhataperfectvacation

shouldbe.

tance,onepersonwillconsideravisittoaforeigncountry,where(they,you,

he/she)canstudyaforeignlanguage.

enjoysfishing,(you,he,they)canusuallyfindavacationspotquitenear

home.

whoprefersthelazyman’swayoffishingwilllookforaquietlakewhere

(they,he,one)canfisheffortlesslyfromaboat.

ylivingfarfromapark,itistrue,mightuup(his,their,your)entire

vacationperiodjustdriving.

akesaplane,then(theyare,youare,heis)dependentonhiredcarsorbus

athisdestination.

twayforapersontoenjoyanationalparkisbycar,forthen(they,you,

he/she)cantakesidetripsatwill.

ationerhastimeandendurance,(they,you,he/she)canspendtheentire

vacationhikingandcampinginthemountains.

odyundertakingtripshouldfirstvisit(your,his/her,their)doctorfora

completecheckup.

noteverybodycanignorethewishesof(their,his/her,your)familywhen

choosingavacationspot.

虚拟语气SubjunctiveMood

在Wish后的that从句中

Iwish(ed)Iknewhisaddress.(I’msorryIdon’tknowhisaddress)

Iwish(ed)Iwereyoung.(I’msorryI’mnotyoung.)

Iwish(ed)Icouldhelpyou.(I’msorryIcan’thelpyou.)

Iwish(ed)youhadwrittentohim.(I’msorryyoudidn’twritetohim.)

在Ifonly感叹句中

Ifonlyhedidn’tdrivesofast.

Ifonlyhehadaskedsomeone’sadvice.

Ifonlytherainwouldstop.

在Asif/asthough从句中

Hefeltasifhealonewereresponsibleforwhathadhappened.

Thedeviceoperates/operatedasthoughithadbeenrepaired

在Suggest等动词及其相应名词之后的that从句中

Billsuggestedthateveryone(should)haveamap.

Itwassuggestedthateveryonehaveamap.

ItwasBill’ssuggestionthateveryonehaveamap.

Hissuggestionwasthateveryonehaveamap.

Weweregoingtodiscusshissuggestionthateveryonehaveamap.

常见的还有Advi(advice),agree(agreement),demand,insist(insistence),order,

propo(proposal),request,require(requirement),stipulate(stipulation)

stthatJackbeadmitted(admit)intohospitalimmediately.

ropodthatthetripbepostponed(postpone).

greethattheprizebeshared(share)betweenTomandAnn?

tractstipulatesthatthebestmaterialsbeud(u)

posalwasthattheytup(tup)aspecialboardtoexaminetheproblem.

nofstudiesstronglyadvithatLauraparticipate(participate)intheremedial

writingclass

otdemandthatsocialismbeachieved(achieve)overnight.

8Theyareforyoursuggestionthatthediscussionbeputoff(put)off.

ntialthatJonesbe(be)preparedforemergency.

10Wefeeliturgentthathisdeficiencybecorrected(correct)aarlyaspossible.

portantthatwetake(take)notesonhislecture.

12ItisnecessarythatTomfillin(fillin)alltheblanksonanapplicationforajob.

propriatethatthistaxbeabolished(abolish).

在Amazing,odd,ridiculous,surprising,unthinkable等形容词后的that从句中一般用should

diculousthatweshouldbe(be)shortofwaterinacountrywhereitisalways

raining.

thinkablethatHobshouldresign(resign).

在非真实条件句中

1.表示与现在事实相反,if从句用过去式,主句用should/would/could/might加不定式

IfIhadabike,Iwouldlendittoyou.(butIhaven’tabike.)

2.表示与过去事实相反,if从句用过去完成体,主句用should/would/could/might加不定式

完成体

Ifhehadbeenhere,hewouldhavehelpedyou.(buthewasn’there)

3.表示未来实现可能性极小,从句用should/wereto,主句用加should/would/could/might不

定式

IfIshould/weretodotheexperiment,Iwoulddoitsomeotherway.(probablyIshan’tdo

it.)

条件句

真实条件句

主、从句都用陈述语气

1．Ifitrains,Ishall/willstayathome

Peterwon’tcatchthebusifhedoesn’thurry.

Ifyougoout,youmust/should/oughtto/needn’t/may/cantaketheumbrella.（根据具体情

况，主句可用不同的的情态动词）

fine,heusuallywalkstoschool.

Ifitwasfine,heusuallywalkedtoschool.

risheated,itboils/willboil.(主句用现在时或将来时，从句用现在时，且用被动语

态，表示因果关系，常见于科技文章)

illhaveitso,Ihavenothingtosayagainstit（从句用will，表示坚持）

Ifyouwillgrantmyrequest,Iwilldoeverythingyouwant（从句用will，表示请求）

非真实条件句（补充）

1.从句用过去式，主句用could/might加不定式，表示可能，能力或允许，与现在事实相

反

Ifyoutriedagain,youmightsucceed.

IfIknewhernumber,Icouldringherup.

2.从句用过去完成体，主句用couldhave/mighthave+ed分词，表示可能，能力或允许，

与过去事实相反

Ifourdocumentshadbeeninorder,wecouldhaveleftatonce.

Ifwehadfoundhimearlier,wemighthavesavedhislife.

3.主从句都用would加不定式，或仅用从句，表示客气的请求

Iwouldbeverygratefulifyouwouldmakethearrangementsforme.

Ifyouwouldsigntheregister.

Ifyouwouldputyouraddressonthebackofthecheck.

条件句中时态的交错用法

真实条件句中除已提到的搭配外，还可以有如下组合：

Ifyouhavefinishedyourhomework,youcan/maygooutandplay.

Ifthat’swhathetoldyouhewastellinglies.

IfTomarrivedonlyyesterdayheislikelytoleavetoday.

IfJohnhadn’tleftanymessagewhenyoucalled,heprobablyintendstobebackbefore

youleave.

IfPaularrivedonlyyesterdayhewillprobablynotleavebeforeSunday.

IfFredhasfinishedhisworkbysixo’clock,he’llbeabletotalkwithus.

IfBillhadn’tshownupwhenyouarrived,hewon’tcomeinatallthismorning.

Ifyoudon’thurryandgettherebeforefiveo’clock,Brownwillhavelefttheofficeandgone

home.

条件句中时态的交错用法

真实条件句中除已提到的搭配外，还可以有如下组合：

Ifyouhavefinishedyourhomework,youcan/maygooutandplay.

Ifthat’swhathetoldyouhewastellinglies.

IfTomarrivedonlyyesterdayheislikelytoleavetoday.

IfJohnhadn’tleftanymessagewhenyoucalled,heprobablyintendstobebackbeforeyou

leave.

无依附结构

用作状语的动词ing形式,ed分词和不定式的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语一致,否则,就成

为无依附结构.

1)Waitingforthebusastonehitme.(incorrectntence)

2)Byswimminganhoureveryday,Jane’sweightwasreducedfrom120to110pounds.

(Incorrectntence)

3)Madeofplastic,Ididn’texpectthechairswouldbethatstrong..(incorrectntence)

4)Tosavemoney,thebuswastakeninsteadoftheplane..(incorrectntence)

上面句子应改为：

1)WhileIwaswaitingforthebus,astonehitme.

2)Byswimminganhoureveryday,Janereducedherweightfrom120to110pounds.

3)Asthechairsweremadeofplastic,Ididn’texpecttheywouldbethatstrong.

4)Tosavemoney,wetookthebusinsteadoftheplane.

theanswerthatbestcompleteachntence.

1.________,thespacemansawtheGreatWallofChina.

lyinginthespaceship.

inthespaceship.(b)

ldrenstoodonthepavement,________________.

ngthebuscomingandgoing.

dthebuscomingandgoing.

tchedthebuscomingandgoing.(a)

3.________________,weforgotourone-o’clockclass.

inginourconversation.

absorbedinourconversation.

edinourconversation.(c)

4.____________,westoppedtolookatthemap.

gnotwhichroadtotake

wingwhichroadtotake

wwhichroadtotake(b)

5._________________,hehadanaccidentontheicyroad.

ghdrivingcarefully

oughdrovecarefully

drivencarefully(a)

edthedoor,___________________.

desurenoonewouldinterrupthim.

kingsurenoonewouldinterrupthim

madesurenoonewouldinterrupthim(b)

7._________________,landmaynotberuined.

vingpropercare

givingpropercare

ropercare.(c)

tterinthefryingpan__________________.

elted

elting

elting(a)

9._________________,landmaynotberuined.

vingpropercare

givingpropercare

ropercare.(c)

tterinthefryingpan__________________.

elted

elting

elting(a)

不带to的不定式

1)用于feel,have,hear,let,listento,lookat,,ewatch等动词后面做宾语补

足语时，例如：

Fatherhadmybrotherwashthecaryesterday.

Shemademesitatthetable.

See,make,hear等用于被动语态时，不定式要保留to

Wasanyoneentogoout?

IwasmadetofeelateawhenEinsteinshowedmeaYo-Yo.

2)在hadbetter和wouldrather后面。例如：

Ifyouwanttosavemoney,you’dbettergotothecampusbookstoretogetudtextbooks.

Wouldyouratherdrivethereorgobybus?

3)help后面的不定式可以不带to也可以保留to。例如：

Hehelpedme(to)mowthelawn.

4)Rather/soonerthan位于句首时。例如

Ratherthangobybus,hewalkstohisofficeeveryday.

位于句末时，其后的不定式可以不带to,也可以保留to

Hewalkstohisofficeeverydayratherthan(to)gobybus.

5）在except/but后面,例如

Hesaidhewoulddoanythingexceptcook.

donothingbutstayinthevillageforthenight.

6)主语部分含有动词do的一定形式时，作主语补语的不定式可以省去to，也可以保留to

Whatwe’lldois(to)talkClassTwointoafootballmatch.

Allhedidwas(to)makeotherswork..

ythingwecoulddowas(to)walkthere.

Thethingtodois(to)cleartheroad.

7)在“let+动词”组成的固定词组中

Holdittightanddon’tletgo.

非谓语动词的比较

1）有些动词既可以带名词性的-ing动词形式，也可以带不定式作宾语，但表达的意思不同

a)在forget,remember,regret等动词后面，-ing形式表示已经发生的动作，不定式表示要发

生的动作。例如

Hehasforgottenmeetingherlastyear.（他忘了去年曾见过她）

Hehasforgottentomeether.(他忘了要去见她)

b)try带-ing表示“试一试”带不定式表示“设法”。例如

Trypressingthegreenbuttonandeifthemachinewillstart.

Hetriedtodothesuminhishead.

c)mean带-ing形式表示“意味着”；带不定式表示“企图、打算”。例如

Successmeansworkingveryhard.

Johnmeanttodrivethere,buthiscarbrokedown.

d)chance带-ing形式表示“冒险试试”；带不定式表示“碰巧”。例如

DickchancedclimbingMountJolmoLungmawithoutcarryingtheoxygencontainer.

Tomchancedtofindhislostbikeinfrontofastore.

2)goon,quit,stop后面的-ing形式是宾语，不定式是状语，表示目的。例如：

Hewentonworkinginspiteofthenoiaroundhim.（尽管周围的噪音很大，他仍不停地

工作）

Hegaveusabriefingandwentontoshowusaroundthecampus.（做了简短的介绍后，他接

着带我们参观校园）

3）advi,allow,encourage,permit等动词后面带-ing形式作宾语，带不定式作宾语补足语。

oesn’tpermitgoingtosleepinclass.

oesn’tpermithisstudentstogotosleepinclass.

4)understand直接带-ing形式作宾语，也带‘特殊疑问词+不定式”作宾语。例如：

Ican’tunderstandyourreadingtheboringnovel.

Ican’tunderstandhowtodivideanumberbyzero.

下列9种情况下，定语从句中的关系代词用that不用which

1.先行词被形容词最高级修饰时

2.先行词被序数词修饰时

3.先行词被theonly,thevery,thesame修饰时

4.先行词被all,any,no,every,little或much修饰时

5.先行词为everything,something,anything,nothing,all,none,little或few等不定代词时

6.先行词中含有“人”或“物”时

7.先行词是“time”时

8.先行词是“theone”时

9.为避免重复，在疑问词who之后用that

情态动词+不定式完成式

/could,may/might,must+have+动词ed形式

1）用于对过去发生动作的主观判断，表示推测过去某动作“可能”、“也许”、“一定”已经

发生。例如

Ican’/mighthaveleftthemattherestaurantyesterday.(也许昨天丢在

饭店里了)

--ldhavetakenit?

--Tomcouldhavetakenit;Isawhimusingityesterday.(很可能是汤姆拿走了.)

eringhisabilityandexperience,he___________better.

’vedone

’avedone

thavehadaterribledream.(你一定做了恶梦)

2）用于否定句，表示推测过去某动作“可能”、“也许”、“一定”没有发生。例如

Shecan’t/couldn’thavefinishedtheworksosoon.(他不可能这么早完成)

--Janepasdmeinthestreetbutshedidn’tevennodtome.

--Shemaynothaveenyou.(也许没看见你)

注意区别下列两句表达的不同的时间概念：

Hemightbeaveryimportantpersonnow.(他现在也许是个重要人物)

Hemighthavebeenaveryimportantpersonthen.(他那时是个重要人物)

2.“should/oughtto+have+动词ed形式

评论过去“应该做“而实际并未做的动作，含有批评的意思。例如

--Ididn’taskher.

--It’uldhaveaskedher（你应该问她）.Yououghttohaveknownbetter.

--IonlytoldMike.

--Youshouldn’thavetoldanyone.(你不该告诉别人)

注：下面两句话含有轻微批评的意思：

Youmighthavetolduarlier.(你早点告诉我们就好了。)

Youcouldhaveshownalittlemoreconsiderationforyourroommates.（其实你可以略为多

体谅你的室友）

’t+have+动词ed形式

对过去已经发生的动作进行评论，认为“无须发生“，“不必做”。例如

Ineedn’thaveputonmybestsuittogototheparty;mostoftheguestswerewearingjeans

andsweaters.(其实我没必要穿上最好的衣服)

--Wewenttothemeeting,butithadbeencancelled.

--Oh,soyouneedn’thavegone.（本来用不着去的。即：你去了，但是不必去。）

注意区别didn’tneedto.例如：

--Weweregettingreadytogotothemeeting,buthetelephonedtotellusitwascancelled.

--Oh,soyoudidn’tneedtogo.(你不必去。即：你是没有去，也不必去。)

4.“would+have+动词-ed形式。主要用于非真实条件句。例如

IfJanehadknownaboutthesale,shewouldhavegone.

表示与过去事实相反,if从句用过去完成体,主句用should/would/could/might加不定式完成

体

Ifhehadbeenhere,hewouldhavehelpedyou.(buthewasn’there)