opponent

Unit6Lessismore

SectionADoorclor,areyou?

Backgroundinformation

1XiangYu

XiangYu(232BC-202BC)wasaprominentmilitaryleaderandpoliticalfigure

207BC,XiangYuledtheChurebelforcestovictory

attheBattleofJulu〔巨鹿之战〕hefalloftheQin

Dynasty,XiangYuproclaimedhimlf“Hegemon-KingofWesternChu”〔西楚霸王〕

andruledavastareaoflandcoveringpartsofprent-dayShanxi,Henan,Hubei,

gedLiuBang,thefoundingemperoroftheHanDynasty,

inalongstruggleforpower,knownastheChu-HanContention〔楚汉之争〕that

concludedwithhiventualdefeatandsuicideatthebankoftheWuRiver.

2theBattleofJulu

ThebattlewasfoughtinJulu(inprent-dayXingtai,Hebei,现今的河北邢台)

primarilybetweenforcesoftheQinDynastyandtheinsurgent〔谋叛的〕stateofChu.

TheBattleofJulumarkedthedeclineofQin’207BC,XiangYu’s

armyadvancedtowardsJuluandsuccessfullycrosdtheZhangRiver〔漳河〕,which

paratedthemfromJulu,rossingtheZhangRiver,

XiangYuorderedhismentosinkalltheirboatsandbreaktheircookingpots,leaving

edthemthattherewasno

waytoretreat;theonlythingtheycoulddotosurvivewastoadvanceandfight.

XiangYu’sboatburningstrategygavehismennochoicebuttodoforwardtofight

inelongfiercebattles,theQinarmywasfinally

tleofJuluwasofcrucialimportanceinoverthrowingtheQin

Dynasty,andithasbeenknownasthebattleof“SmashingtheCauldronsandSinking

theBoats”〔破釜沉舟〕.Thisidiomisnowudtoindicateone’sfirmdetermination

toachieveone’sgoalatanycost.

3behavioraleconomics

Behavioraleconomicsisaninterdisciplinaryschoolsubjectofeconomicsand

psychology,whichstudiestheeffectofsocial,cognitiveandemotionalfactorsonthe

economicdecisionsofindividualsandinstitutions,andtheconquencesformarket

prices,returnsandresourceallocation.

Detailedstudyofthetext

1Thenexttimeyou’redecidingbetweenrivaloptions,onewhichisprimaryandthe

otherwhichisprimaryandtheotherwhichiscondary,askyourlfthisquestion:

WhatwouldXiangYudo?(Para.1)

Meaning:Thenexttimewhenyouaretomakeachoicebetweentwocompeting

options,youhavetodistinguishwhichistheprimaryoneandwhichistheminorone.

Tobeenlightened,youaskyourlfwhatoptionXiangYuwouldchoo.

Meaningbeyondwords:ItsuggeststhatXiangYuwasawonderfuldecision-maker.

Note:Thephrarivaloptionsmeansthatbothoptionsemlikegoodchoice,but

ca,itistheoneThatXiangYu

chotoimplement.

rival:

a.(onlybeforenoun).

el竞争的；对抗的

Fiercefightingbrokeoutbetweentherivalgroups.敌对集团之间爆发了激烈的战

斗。

n.[C]aperson,group,ororganizationthatyoucompetewithsport,business,afight,

etc.对手；竞争者

Havinggoodinternationalcontactsgivesthecompanyacompetitiveadvantageover

itsrivals.良好的国际社会关系使该公司具备了超过其对手的竞争优势。

condary:次要的；从属的

Ourfather’shealthiswhatmatters,andthecostofhistreatmentisifcondary

importance.我们父亲的健康是最重要的，他的治疗费用是次要的。

2XiangYuwasaChineimperialgeneralinthethirdcenturyBCwhotookhis

troopsacrosstheZhangRiveronaraidintoenemyterritory.(Para.2)

Meaning:

histroopsacrosstheZhangRivertoattacktheenemyinitsterritory.

imperial:a.(onlybeforenoun)relatingtoanempireortothepersonwhorulesit帝

国的；皇帝的

InourWorldHistoryclasstoday,westudiedBritain’xpansioninthe19thcentury.

在今天的世界历史课上，我们学了十九世纪英帝国的扩张。

raid:

n[C.]ashortattackonplacebysoldiers,planes,orships,intendedtocaudamage

butnottakecontrol突袭；袭击

Theymade(staged/carriedout)adaringraidontheenemy.他们对敌人进行了大胆

的袭击。

uddenmilitaryattackonaplace(军队)突然袭击

policeraidedfivehousinsoutheastLondonandrecoveredstolengoods.警方突击

搜查了伦敦东南部的五所房屋，并追回了被盗货物。

territory:[C,U]landthatisownedorcontrolledbyaparticularcountry,ruler,or

militaryforce领土；版图；领地

Theyhavestillrefusingtowithdrawtroopsfromtheoccupiedterritories.他们仍然

拒绝从被占领土撤军。

3Tohistroops’astonishment,heorderedtheircookingpotscrushedandtheirsailing

shipsburned.(Para.2)

Meaningbeyondwords:Tomakesurehistroopswouldwinthebattlequickly,

XiangYuorderedthesoldierstocrushtheircookingpotsandburntheirsailingboats

y,heclod

thedoorforretreatingfromtheenemy’sterritoryandntoutaclearmessagetohis

menthattheyonlyhadtwochoices:r,his

decisionwasobviouslyagainstnormalpractice,whichgreatlyshockedhistroops.

4Heexplainedthathewasimposingonthemanecessityforattainingvictoryover

theiropponents.(Para.3)

Meaningbeyondwords:Byhavingtheircookingpotscrushedandtheirsailingships

burned,XiangYuputhistroopsinsuchadesperateconditionthattheywouldn’thave

rwords,

XiangYugavehistroopsonlyoneoption.

.:thesameideas,beliefs,将…强加

于…

Todiscouragepeoplefromsmoking,veryhightaxeshaverecentlybeenimpodon

cigarettes.为了阻止人们吸烟，最近已对香烟征收了很高的税。

opponent:n.[C]

1)trytodefeatinacompetition,gamefight,orargument(竞争、比赛等

的)敌手，对手

Hewasatoughopponentindebate.他是个很强硬的辩论对手。

2〕agreeswithaplan,idea,orsystemandtriedtostoporchangeit反对者

Leadingopponentsofpropodcutsindefenspendingwillmeetlatertoday.建

议削减国防开支的主要反对者会在今天的晚些时候见面。

UsageNOTE

rival,opponent

rival和opponent都可以用作名词，都可以表示“对手”，但两者有区别。

1rival指在同一领域中为相同目标相竞争或相匹敌的对手。例如：

TheUnitedStates’biggestrivalintechnologicaladvancementisJapan.在技术进步

方面，美国最大的对手是日本。

2opponent指在某次的竞赛或某个场合直接面对的对手。例如：

He’sthebestopponentI’vecomeacrossthisason,agreatplayer.他是我本赛季

遇到的最出色的对手，一位了不起的运发动。

比较：

TheLosAngelesLakers’biggestrivalistheBostonCeltics.洛杉矶湖人队最大的

对手是波士顿凯尔特人队。〔指湖人队一直与凯尔特人队在争高低，其竞争对

手多年来一直是凯尔特人队。〕

TheLosAngelesLakers’opponentin2010NBAFinalsistheBostonCeltics.洛杉

矶湖人队在2010年NBA总决赛中的对手是波士顿凯尔特人队。〔指在2010年

NBA决赛中湖人队的竞争对手是凯尔特人队。〕

3opponent不能用作动词，rival可用作动词，表示“竞争；与…相匹敌”。例如：

面无法与飞机匹敌。

5Whathesaidwassurelymotivating,butitwasn’treallyappreciatedbymanyof

hisloyalsoldiersastheywantedtheirveslsgoupinflames.(Para.3)

Meaning:XiangYu’sorderofcrushingthecookingpotsandburningthesailingships

wasdefinitelyinspiringtohistroops,butitwashardlyvaluedbyhisfaithfulsoldiers,

whowatchedtheirboatsburning.

motivate:usiasticaboutdoingit激励；

激发…的积极性

Thecompany’sprofit-sharingplanisdesignedtomotivateitsstafftoworkhard.该

公司的利润分红计划旨在激励职工努力工作。

loyal:supportingyourfriends,principles,country,etc.忠贞的；忠实的；

忠诚的

Whenallherotherfriendsdertedher,Stevestillremainedloyal.当其他朋友都抛

弃她时，史蒂夫仍对她保持忠诚。

goupinflames:suddenlybeginburninginawaythatisdifficulttocontrol突然着

火

Thefactorywentupinflameslastnight.昨晚工厂突然着火了

6ButthegeniusofGeneralXiangYu’sconvictionwouldbevalidatedbothonthe

battlefieldandinmodernsocialsciencerearch.(Para.3)

Meaning:However,thehighlevelofintelligenceexpresdinhisstrongbeliefwould

provetobecorrectonthebattlefieldaswellasinmodernsocialsciencerearch.

genius:n.

1)[U]averyhighlevelofintelligence,mentalskill,orability,whichonlyafew

peoplehave天才；天赋

Duringhischildhood,thegeniusofthisscientistwentunrecognized.这位科学家

的天赋在他童年时代并未被发现。

2〕[U]anunusuallyhighlevelofintelligence,mentalskill,orability有

天才的人；天才人物

Arealcomicgeniusstimulatesnotonlylaughterbutalsothought.一个真正的喜

剧天才不但能引发笑声而且会引发思考。

conviction:n.[C]averystrongbelieforopinion坚定的信仰〔主张〕

Theforeignministerofthissmallcountryisawomanofstrongpoliticalconviction这

个小国家的外交部长是一位有坚定政治信仰的女性。

validate:vt.(fml.)orcorrect,ormakeadocumentoragreement

officiallyandlegallyacceptable证实；使生效；使合法化

Manyscientistshesitatetoaccepttheoutcomeanddecidetowaituntiltheresultsof

thestudyarevalidatedbyfuturerearch.许多科学家对接受这个研究结果犹豫不

决，决定等待结果被今后的研究证实后再说。

NoteThewordbattlefieldisacompoundword,whichisthecombinationoftwo

nouns:remoreexampleofthiskindofcompoundwords:

armchair,bedtime,birdhou,birthplace,bookstore,ningofmanywords

fromsuchacombinationiasytoguess:battlefield-aplacewhereabattleisbeing

mple:

Theycarriedthewoundedsoldiersfromthebattlefield.他们把伤员从战场上抬了下

来。

7GeneralXiangYuwasarareexceptiontothenorm,aveteranleaderwhohas

highlyrespectedforhismanyconquestsandwhoachievedthesummitofsuccess.

(Para.3)

Meaning:

anexperiencedleader,hewasverymuchrespectedbyhissoldiersforhismany

amazingaccomplishments,andhishighestlevelofsuccess.

NoteThewordnormmeans”theusualornormalsituation,wayofdoingsth.,etc”.

Hereitreferstoasituationinwhichothercommanderswouldsurelydo:Keepmore

options.

exception:n.[C,U]differentinsomewayfromotherpeopleor

thingsandsocannotbeincludedinageneralstatement例外；除外

Ilikeallkindsoffilmswiththeexceptionofhorrorfilms.我喜欢各种电影，但恐怖

片除外。

anexceptionto:notincludedinageneralstatement,ordoesnot

followaruleorpattern对…例外

Mostbasketballplayersareverytall,buthe’sanexceptiontothatrule;he’srelatively

short.大多数篮球运发动都非常高大，但他是一个例外，他比较矮。

veteran:

periencedandskilledinaparticularactivity经验丰富的；老练的

Theveteranactorhassaidheisreadytodirectafilmforthefirsttimeinhislife.这

位经验丰富的演员说，他已为他人生中首次导演影片做好了准备。

n.[C]beenasoldier,sailor,老兵；退伍

TheveteransofWorldWarⅡarenowoldandgraduallydyingoff.第二次世界大战

的老兵现已年老，并一个个离开了这个世界。

conquest:n.

1)[C,U]theactofdefeatinganarmytakinglandbyfighting击败；征服；攻占

Sinceancienttimes,Jerusalemhasennumerousconquestsandoccupations.自

古以来，耶路撒冷多次被征服和占领。

2)[U]difficultor

dangerous(对艰难、危险事物的)攻克，征服

Theconquestofouterspaceisoneofthegreatesttriumphsofmodernscience.征

服太空是现代科学最伟大的胜利之一。

summit:n.[C]

1)(fml.)thegreatestamountorhighestlevelofsth.某事物的顶峰；某事物的极点

轻，我当然还没有到达我事业的巅峰。

2)animportantmeetingortofmeetingsbetweentheleadersofveral

governments首脑会议；最高级会议；峰会

Worldleaderswillmeetnextweekfortheirannualeconomicsummit.世界各国领

导人将在下周齐聚年度经济峰会。

8HeisfeaturedinDanAriely’nlighteningnewpublication,Predictably

Irrational,afascinatinginvestigationofeminglyirrationalhumanbehavior,such

asthetendencyforkeepingmultipleoptionsopen.(Para.4)

Meaning:GeneralXiangYu,togetherwithhisboatburningstrategy,wasintroduced

inDanAriely’sinspirationalnewpublication,whichexaminesunreasonablehuman

behaviorsuchastheunintentionaldesiretokeepmanyoptionsopen.

NoteThetitleofthebookPredictablyIrrationaldescribesanunreasonableor

ill

todowiththehiddenforcesthatshapepeople’sometimesmake

decisionsbadonirrationalthought,andthat’swhyweehowcertainmistakesare

madeagainandagain.

befeaturedin:beincludeorshownasaspecialorimportantpartofsth.,orbe

includedasanimportantpart在…中被专题介绍；被特写

Theteachergavehisstudentsthehomeworkassignmenttovisitsomeofthewebsites

whichwerefeaturedinthearticle.老师给学生的家庭作业是浏览一些在文章中被

专题介绍的网站。

enlighten:vt.(fml.)theyunderstandmore

aboutit启发；指导；教导

Theobjectofhismostrecentnovelistoamuandenlightenthereaders.他最新的

小说旨在娱乐和启发读者。

enlightening:a.具启发性的

Theinstructionmanualthatcamewithmynewcomputerwasn’tveryenlightening

abouthowtooperateit.附在我新电脑中的说明书对如何操作这个电脑没啥指导

作用。

publication:n.

1)[C]abook,magazine,etc.书；杂志；著作；出版物

Ourlatestpublicationisafashionmagazineforbothyoungwomenandmen.我们最

新的出版物是专为年轻女子和年轻男子办的时尚杂志。

2)[U]theprocessofprintingabook,magazine,etc.,andofferingitforsale出版

ShewasinEnglandforthepublicationforhernewbook.她到英国是为了她新书

的出版事宜。

irrational:edonclearthoughtorreason非理性的；不合理的；荒唐的

Theparentswereworriedbytheirson’sincreasinglyirrationalbehavior.这对父母对

儿子越来越不理性的行为很是担忧。

investigate:crime,accident,orscientific

problem查明，调查，侦查〔犯罪、事故或科学问题的真相〕

Afterthebridgecollapd,engineerswereinvestigatinghowadisasterlikethiscould

haveoccurred.桥梁倒塌后，工程师们在调查怎么会发生这样的灾难。

investigation:[C]anofficialattempttofindoutthetruthaboutorthecauofsth.

suchasacrime,accident,orscientificproblem〔对犯罪、事故或科学问题等进行

的正式的〕调查，侦查

Aninvestigationhasbeenunderwayforveraldaysintothedisappearanceofa

13-year-oldboy.对一个13岁男孩失踪案的调查已持续了几天。

9Mostpeoplecan’tmarshalthewillforpainfulchoices,notevenstudentsatthe

MassachuttsInstituteofTechnology(MIT),teachesbehavioral

economics.(Para.4)

Meaning:Mostpeople,includingthestudentslearningbehavioraleconomicswithDr.

ArielyatMIT,can’tthinklogicallyandmakerationaldecisionswhenfacingpainful

choices.

marshal:zethoughts,theyareclear,effective,oreasyto

understand整理〔思路、想法等〕

Youshouldmarshalyourthoughtsbeforespeaking.你说话前应当理清思路。

behavioral:s行为的；行为方式的

Shestudiedbehavioralpsychologyatcollege.她曾在大学学习心理学。

10Inanexperimentthatinvestigateddecision-making,hundredsofstudentscouldn’t

beartolettheiroptionsvanish,eventhoughitwascleartheywouldprofitfrom

doingso.(Para.4)

Meaning:Inanexperimentaboutdecision-making,hundredsofstudentscouldn’t

toleratethepainofeingtheiroptionsdisappear,eventhoughtheyknewthatthey

wouldbenefitinthelongruniftheyletthemgo.

Meaningbeyondwords:Thisisaspecificexampleof“predictablyirrational”

behaviorofhumanbeingsmentionedearlier.

profit:

v.(fml.)ntage使…得到；有利于

Ithinkwehavereachedanagreementwhichnotonlyprofitsmanagementbutalso

labor.我想我们达成的协议对劳资双方都有利。

n.[C,U]moneythatyougainbyllingthingsordoingbusiness,afteryourcosts

havebeenpaid利润；收益；盈利

Duetotheongoingrecession,companyprofitsaredownonlastyear’sfigures.由于

连续的经济不景气，公司利润比去年少。

profitfrom:getanadvantagefromasituation从…中受益

Iprofitedenormouslyfromworkingwithher.我从与她一起工作中获益巨大。

11Theexperimentrevolvedaroundagamethateliminatedtheexcusweusually

haveforrefusingtoletgo.(Para.5)

Meaning:Theexperimentwasfocudonagamethatrejectedtheexcuswe

normallyhavefornotlettingoptionsgo.

revolve:oundlikeawheel,oundlikeawheel〔使〕旋

转

Therestaurantrevolvesslowly,givingcustomersanexcellentviewofthecity.餐厅

慢慢地旋转，为顾客提供了这个城市绝妙的景观。

revolvearound:nsubjectorpurpo以…为主题〔目的〕；围绕…

Somepeopleareverylfishandemtothinkthattheworldrevolvesaroundthem.

有些人很自私，似乎认为整个世界都以他们为中心。

12Intherealworld,wecanalwayssay,”It’sgoodtoprerveouroptions.”)

Meaningbeyondwords:Intherealworld,itisalwaysreasonableforpeopletokeep

optionsforthefuture,soitemedit’snotamistaketokeepdoorsopeninthe

experiment.

prerve:ingharmedordestroyed维护；保护；保存

Wewanttoprervethecharacterofthetownwhileimprovingitsfacilities.我们要

在改善设施的同时保留该镇的特点。

13Ateenagerixhaustedfromsoccer,ballet,piano,andChinelessons,buther

parentswon’tstopanyoneofthembecautheymightcomeinhandysomeday!

(Para.5)

Meaning:Ateenagegirliswornoutfromattendingclassofsoccer,ballet,piano,

andChine,butherparentswon’tallowhertostopanyoneofthembecauthey

mightbeufuloneday.

Meaningbeyondwords:Itreflectshumanbeings’nature:Themore,thebetter,

thoughit’snotnecessarilytrueinreallife.

beexhaustedfrom:beextremelytiredby因…而筋疲力尽；因…而疲惫不堪

Today,manypeopleareexhaustedfromthestressintheirlife,theirjobs,andtheir

socialactivities.如今，很多人都因生活、工作和社会活动的压力而疲惫不堪。

comeinhandy:beufulinaparticularsituation派的上用场

Don’tthrowthatcardboardboxaway;itmaycomeinhandy.不要把那个纸盒丢掉，

以后可能用得着。

14Intheexperimentssions,studentsplayedacomputergamethatprovidedcash

behindthreedoorsappearingonthescreen.(Para.6)

Meaning:Duringtheperiodoftheexperiment,studentsatMITplatedagameonthe

computer,chclick

onadoor,studentswereabletofindsomecashbehindit.

ssion:n.[C]aperiodoftimeudforaparticularactivity,upofpeople

〔一批人参加某项活动的〕一段时间

The21-year-oldrunnertwistedhisankleinatrainingssionlastFriday.上周五的

一堂训练课上，那位21岁的跑步运发动扭伤了他的脚踝。

15Therulewasthemoremoneyyouearned,thebetterplayeryouwere,givena

totalof100clicks.(Para.6)

Meaning:Theruleforthegamewasthateachplayercouldtotallyclick100timesto

getthemoneythatwasbehindthedoors,andattheendofthegamethepersonwho

earnedthemostmoneywasthebestplayer.

SentencestructureNOTE

“Themore…,themore…”句型

1“Themore…,themore…”句型表示“越…，〔就〕越…”，是一个复合句，其中

起一个themore引出的句子是条件状语从句，后面的句子是主句。比较部分

本身在从句中可以是宾语、状语、表语，也可以是主语。例如：

Themorecaloriestheyburnup,theleanertheywillbecome.他们燃烧的卡路里

越多就会越瘦。〔比较部分themorecalories在从句中是宾语。〕

ThemoreIobrved,themoredifferentcategoriesIdiscovered.我对鸟观察得越

多，发现不同类别就越多。〔比较部分themore在从句中是状语。〕

Clearly,themoresuccessfulandpopulartheartistis,thegreaterdemandsthereare

fromTV,radioandthepress.显然，越成功越受欢送的艺术家，越受电视、电

台和报刊的青睐。〔比较部分themoresuccessfulandpopular在从句中是表语。〕

Themoreairthereisinsidethetire,thegreaterpressurethereisinit.轮胎里空气

越多，承受的压力就越大。〔比较部分themoreair在从句中是主语。〕

2假设主句的谓语动词用一般将来时，从句是条件状语从句，其谓语动词要用一

般现在时表示将来。例如：

Theharderyouwork,thegreaterprogressyouwillmake.你越用功，进步就越大。

3“Themore…,themore…”句型的变化。假设表示“越…，越不…”时，常用”the

more…,theless”句型；假设表示“越不...，就越…”时，常用”theless,themore”

句型。例如：

Themoretheflattersme,thelessIlikeher.她越奉承我，我就越不喜欢她。

Thelessheworried,thebetterheworked.他越不担忧，工作就干得越好。

16Everytimethestudentsopenedadoorbyclickingonit,theywoulduupone

clickbutwouldn’r,eachsubquentclickonthedoorwould

earnafluctuatingsumofmoney,withonedooralwaysrevealingmoremoneythan

theothers.(Para.6)

Meaningbeyondwords:Eventhroughtheclickonanydoortoopenitwouldn’tearn

anymoney,eachclickafterwardwouldgiveacertainamountofmoney,withone

ewinnerofthegame,the

studentsshouldquicklycheckallthedoorsfirstandkeepclickingontheonewiththe

higherrewards.

fluctuate:frequently波动；起伏；涨落

Vegetablepricesfluctuateaccordingtotheason.蔬菜价格会根据季节上下波动。

17Whileplayingthegame,r

leftun-clickedforashortwhilewouldshrinkinsizeandvanish.(Para.7)

Meaning:Intheprocessofthegame,studentsnoticedsomethingchangedonthe

screen:Iftheydidn’tclickadoorforashortwhile,thedoorwouldbecomesmaller

anddisappeareventually.

Meaningbeyondwords:Inthegame,anun-clickeddoorwouldbecomesmallerand

finallydisappear-ananalogybetweencloddoorsinthegameandclodfuture

optionsinlife.

modify:vt.(fml.)ly,rtoimproveitortomakeitless

extreme改动；修改；更改

Insteadofsimplypunishingthem,thesystemencourageoffenderstomodifytheir

behavior.该制度鼓励罪犯改过自新，而不是一味地惩罚他们。

visual:a.(noun)relatingtoeing视觉的；视力的

Artisttranslatetheirideasintovisualimages.画家把自己的思想转换成视觉画面。

18Sincetheyalreadyunderstoodthegame,theyshouldhaveignorethevanishing

heless,theyhurriedtoclickonthelesrdoorsbeforetheyvanished,

tryingtokeepthemopen.(Para.7)

Meaningbeyondwords:Sincestudentsunderstoodthegame,theywereexpectedto

heless,studentsrushedtoclicktheless

dicatestheycouldn’tbearthepaintoloanyopportunities

andhadsstrongdesiretokeepalltheoptionsopen.

lesr:a.(fml.)(onlybeforenoun)notaslarge,asimportant,

更小的；次要的；更少的

I’llspendimportantholidayswithfamilymembersandaskotherstojoinmeforlesr

holidays.我会与家人一起过重要的节日，并请其他人和我一起过不甚重要的节

日。

19Asaresult,theywastedsomanyclicksrushingbacktothevanishingdoorsthat

ethestudentssoattachedtothelesrdoors?

(Para.7)

Meaning:Justbecaustudentsudupsomanyclickstryingtokeepthevanishing

doorsopen,estudentssounableto

etheirfutureoptionsvanish?

beattachedtosth./sb.:ch喜欢〔依恋〕某物或某人

Thebirdgotsoattachedtoherthatitwouldtakefoodfrombetweenherlips.鸟是如

此依恋她，以致它会从她的双唇间获取食物。

20Theywouldprobablyprotestthattheywereclingingtothedoorstokeepfuture

optionsopen,but,,thatisn’tthetruefactor.(Para.7)

Meaning:Thestudentswouldprobablyarguethattheyweretryingtoholdthedoors

tokeepfutureoptionsopen,but,,thatwasn’ttherealreason.

protest:v.

1〕,whenotherpeopledonotbelieveyou坚持说；

力言

Thedefendantprotestedthathehadneverbeennearthesceneofthecrime.被告

坚决声称他从没靠近犯罪现场。

2〕cometogethertopubliclyexpressdisapprovaloroppositiontosth.公开反对；抗

议

Groupsofwomentooktothestreetstoprotestagainstunequalpaybadontheir

gender.妇女团体走上街头，抗议由于性别而造成的不平等报酬。

Noteprotest在表示“公开反对；抗议”时常用作不及物动词，后接about/against/at

在美语中，protest在表示“公开反对；抗议”时，也可用作及物动词。例如：

Heprotestedtheactioninatelephonecalltothepresident.他在打给总统时，抗议

了该行动。

cling:vi.(clung,clung)

1)(clingto)oughitmaynotbetrueoruful

anymore坚持，墨守〔某事物〕

Herhusbandclungtothehopethatshewouldbecuredofcancer.她丈夫一直抱

着希望，认为她的癌症会被治愈。

2)y,eyoudonotfeelsafe〔尤指感觉不安全而〕

紧紧抓住〔抱住〕

Pasngersfromthesinkingcruilinercluingdesperatelytothelifeboats.下沉

的游轮上的乘客们拼命抓住救生艇。

factor:n.[C]oneofveralthingsthatinfluenceorcauasituation因素；要素

Heavysnowwasacontributingfactorfortheaccident.大雪是造成事故的主要因

素。

21Insteadoftheexcutomaintainfutureoptionsopen,underneathitallthe

students’desirewastoavoidtheimmediate,throughtemporary,painofwatching

optionsclo.(Para.8)

Meaning:udents

couldn’tbearwastheimmediatebutmomentarypainofwatchingoptionsdisappear.

underneath:prep.

1)lylike,despitehowtheymayem

在…里面；在…背后

Underneathhershyexterior,she’sactuallyaverywarmandfriendlyperson.她外

表很腼腆，实际上是一个非常热情和友好的人。

2〕directlyunderanotherobjectorcoveredbyit在…下面；在…底下

Thetunnelgoesrightunderneaththecity.隧道正好在城市的下面。

temporary:uingforonlyalimitedperiodoftime暂时的；临时的

Mostadolescentproblemsaretemporary.大多数的青少年问题是暂时的。

22“Closingadooronanoptionixperiencedasaloss,andpeoplearewillingto

payabigpricetoavoidtheemotionofloss,”says.(Para.8)

Meaningbeyondwords:,closingadooronanoptionisleft

dsuchanemotionalloss,peoplewouldratherpaythehighcostto

keepallthedoorsofopportunityopen.

payabigpricetodosth.:price花很大代价做某事。

XiangYupaidabigpricetoburnhisshipsandbelongings;buthecouldhavepaidan

evenbiggerpriceifallofhismenhaddiedinthebattle.

23Intheexperiment,,the

correspondingcostsareoftenlessobvioussuchaswastedtimeormisd

opportunities.(Para.8)

Meaningbeyondwords:Intheexperiment,thecostofkeepingoptionsopencould

beeasilycountedinlostcash,whileinlifethecostcannotbeeasilymeasured.

bemeasuredinsth.:bejudgedorassdbysth.用某事物来衡量

Energyismeasuredincalories.能量是用热量来计量的。

24“Sometimesthedoorsareclosingtooslowingforustoethemvanishing,”Dr.

Arielywrites.“Wemayworkmorehoursatourjobswithoutrealizingthatthe

childhoodofoursonsanddaughtersisslippingaway.”(Para.9)

Meaning:,sometimesthedoorsinreallyethefuture

justlikewhenweworklonghours,we

hardlynoticethatthechildhoodofoursonsanddaughtersisdisappearing.

Meaningbeyondwords:Peopleareindifferenttothethingswhichemtobe

epthemlvesbusyallthetime,butthey

actuallyloalotinlife.

25So,whatcanbedonetorestorebalanceinourlives?(Para.10)

Meaning:Thetendencytokeepallourdoorsopenmighthavedamagedourlife

already,butwhatcanwedotomakeourlifebalancedagain?

restore:toitsformerstateorcondition恢复

Theformerleaderwasrestoredtopowertodayinthefirstfreeelectionin20years.

在20多年来的第一次自由选举中，这位前领导人于今日重新掌权。

26Oneanswer,says,istoimplementmoreprohibitionsonoverbooking.

(Para.10)

Meaningbeyondwords:’sopinion,onewayistotakeactiontolimit

theamountofthingswescheduleinourdailylivesandtoreducetheamountofthings

ldsimplifyourlives.

implement:anidea,plan,system,orlawstarttoworkandbe

ud实施；执行；贯彻

Wehavedecidedtoimplementthecommittee’srecommendationsinfull.我们已决

定全面实施委员会提出的建议。

overbook:reticketsthanyouhaveavailable超额预订；超额订出

Planesarecrowded,airlinesoverbook,anddeparturesarealmostneverontime.飞机

拥挤不堪，航空公司超额售票，起飞时间几乎从未准点过。

NoteThewordoverbookisacompoundverbfromthecombinationofoverand

ormedinthisway

indicateanactionisdonetoatoolargeextent.

27Wecanworktoreduceoptionsonourown,delegatingtaskstoothersandeven

givingawayideasforotherstopursue.(Para.10)

Meaning:Wecantaketheinitiativetocloourdoorswithtoomanyoptions:Ask

otherstodoourtasksandevengiveothersourideastoletthemcarryoutourideas.

delegate:

erpositionthanyou授权，委托〔权

限〕〔给下级〕；下放〔权力〕

Thejobhadtobedelegatedtoacapableassistant.这项工作必须委派给一个能干的

助理。

n.[C]tobeelectedorchontospeak,voteortakedecisionsforagroup

代表

Around350delegatesattendedtheconference.大约有350名代表参加了大会。

28Hepointstomarriageasanexample,”Inmarriage,wecreateasituationwhere

edoorsandannounceto

otherswe’vecloddoors.”(Para.10)

Meaningbeyondwords:Marriageisagoodexamplewhentalkingaboutclosing

othersthatweare

omakesourmarriage

successful.

29Sinceconductingthedoorexperiment,sayshehasmadeaconscious

stherestofustoresignfromcommittees,prune

holidaycardlists,rethinkhobbiesandrememberthelessonsofdoorcloslikeXiang

Yu.(Para.11)

Meaning:Sincethedoorexperiment,

urgespeopletoquitcommittees,cutholidayactivities,reconsiderhobbiesandlearn

thelessonsfromdoorclorslikeGeneralXiangYu.

prune:’tneedorwant,rtoreducethesizeor

costofsth.〔尤指为缩减规模或降低成本〕削减，裁减

Companiesmustcontinuallyprunecoststostaycompetitive.企业必须不断削减成

本以保持竞争力。

30Inotherwords,incouragingustodiscardthothingsthatemto

haveoutwardmeritinfavorofthothingsthatactuallyenrichourlives.(Para.12)

Meaning:Thatistosay,urgesustogetridofthingsthatemtohaveonly

surfacevalueandtoengageinthothatcanactuallymakeourlivesbetter.

discard:ofsth.扔掉；弃置

Alwaysdiscardoldandexpiredmedicationsbecauusingthemmaydamageyour

health.要常常丢弃旧的和过期的药物，因为服用它们可能会损害你的健康。

outward:a.(onlybeforenoun)relatingtohowapersonorsituationemstobe,

ratherthanhowitreallyis外表的；外表的

Thisbuildingisagreatworkofarchitecture,anditsoutwardappearancehasnot

changedfor200years.这栋楼是一个伟大的建筑，其外表两百年来都没有改变过。

31Wearenaturallyprejudicedtobelievethatmoreisbetter,’s

providesadoofrealitythatstronglysuggestsotherwi.(Para.12)

Meaning:Wearebiadbynaturetobelievethatisbettertokeepmoredoorsopen,

’srearchtellsusthatinrealitytheoppositeistrue:Moreisnot

necessarilybetter.

prejudice:

.

使有偏见；使有成见

Heropponent’scommentsmayhaveprejudicedthevotersagainsthercandidacy.她

对手的评论可能已使选民对她的候选资格持有偏见。

n.[C,U]anunreasonableopinionorfeeling,lingofnotlikingaparticular

groupofpeople成见；偏见

Lawsagainstracialprejudicemustbestrictlyenforced.必须严格执行反对种族偏见

的法律。

prejudiced:.有成见的；

有偏见的

Somecompaniesareprejudicedagainsttakingonemployeesareovertheageof40.

一些公司对雇用40岁以上的职工是抱有偏见的。

do:n.[C]

1)(doof)anamountofaparticularquantity一份；一点

She’sgotanastydooftheflu.她得了讨厌的轻度流感。

2〕theamountofamedicineoradrugthatyoushouldtake〔药物的〕一剂，一服；

一次服用量

Thelabelsaystotakeonedothreetimesadaytocureyourflu.标签上写着要

一次一剂，一天三次来治愈流感。

32Whatpricedowepayfortryingtohavemoreandmoreinlife?Whatpleasure

andsatisfactioncanbederivedfromfocusingourenergyandattentioninamore

concentratedfashion?Surely,wewillhaveourrespectiveanswer.(Para.13)

Meaning:Wehavepaidabigpricetokeepmoreoptionsandmorematerialthings,

butIbelievewecangetgreaterpleasureandmoresatisfactionbyfocusingourenergy

,eachoneofuswillhavea

differentopinion.

respective:a.(onlybeforenoun)belongingparatelytoeachoftwoormorepeople

orthingspreviouslymentioned各自的；分别的

Weallwentbacktoourrespectivehomestowaitfornews.我们都各自回家等待消

息。

33Considertheimportantquestions:Willwehavemorebyalwaysincreasing

optionsorwillwehavemorewithfewer,carefullychonoptions?Whatdoors

shouldwecloinordertoallowtherightwindowsofopportunityorhappinessto

open?(Para.14)

Meaningbeyondwords:Closingdoorsinordertoopenwindowsofopportunityor

rea

doorclor,thenextquestioniswhatdoorsyoushouldcloinordertoallowthe

rightwindowsofopportunityandhappinesstoopen.

NoteTheexpressionwindowsofopportunityisahigh-frequencycollection

meaning“llonlybeavailabletoyouforashorttime”,

t

indicatesthatclosingthedoorsofirrelevantoptionsistoopenthewindowsof

opportunityforsuccessandhappiness,butleavingtoomanydoorsopenresultsinthe

windowsofopportunitybeingclod.

SectionB

Whenenoughinough

Backgroundinformation

1Enoughinough

ThetopicofthetextcomesfromacommonEnglishsaying“Enoughinough”.It

reflectsadequacyrelatedtothesubjectthatcanincludeaperson,place,thing,idea,or

escribequantityorquality,dependingonthesubject.

People’srelationshiptothesubjectoftendeterminestheperceptionofwhatisornot

,it’snofaultinwantingmore;it’sjustthatwhenenoughinough,

it’glishexpressionextendsthe

meaningof“Nomorewillbetolerated”.Forexample,wewillsay,“Enoughis

enough-Idon’twanttoarguewithyouanymore.”Theotherrelatedexpressionis”less

ismore”rwords,

“Don’toverdoit”.Hereisanexample:”LessismorefoemewhenIdrinkalcohol.I

hatebeingtoodrunk.”

2LaoTzu

best-knownastheauthorofDaoDeJing(《道德经》).Mostofhinlighteningviews

arebadonhisphilosophyofnaturalnessandnon-action.

Detailedstudyofthetext

1Recently,personaskedif

shecouldhelp.“Iwantapairofjeans―32-28,”Isaidinhaste.(Para.1)

Meaning:Notlongago,hop

assistantcametoofferhelp,Iquicklyaskedforapairofjeans―size32-28.

NoteInsteadofusingsalesmanorsaleswoman,wecanusalespersontoavoid

rly,wecanu

businesspersonandchairpersoninsteadofchairmanorchairwoman.

rushinto:hurryinordertogointosomeplaceveryquickly冲进；奔进

Ambulancecrewsrushedintothesceneoftheaccident.救护车上的全体人员快速

冲进事故现场。

haste:n.[U]greatspeedindoingsth.,eyoudonothaveenoughtime匆

忙；仓促

Isoonregrettedmyhaste.我很快就对自己的仓促感到懊悔了。

inhaste:(fml.)quicklyorinahurry匆忙的；急忙的

Theyleftinhaste,withoutevensayinggoodbye.他们走得很匆忙，连再见都没说。

2“Doyouwantslimfit,easyfit,relaxedfit,baggy,orextrabaggy?”sheventured.

“Doyouwantstone-washed,acid-washed,button-flyorregular-fly,fadedorregular?”

(Para.2)

Meaningbeyondwords:Sincethesalespersondidn’tgetspecificinformationabout

thejeanstheauthorwouldliketobuy,shecarefullyinquiredaboutthestyle,material,

design,ntly,thestorehadafullsupplyofjeansthatare

invariety.

NoteSlimfit(紧身的)pants,shirts,t(合身的)

pants,shirts,tyourbody,dfit(休闲的)

pants,shirts,(宽松的)pants,shirts,

-washed(石墨水洗的)jeansarejeanswhichhavebeenspecially

washedwithsmallpiecesofstonesothatwhenyoubuythemtheyarefairlypaleand

-washed(漂染水洗的)jeansarejeanswhichareputthroughachemical

processthatstripsmostofthecoloroff,leavingmarblednavy-bluestreaksonawhite

background.

ntence,it

referstothepartatthefrontofapairofpantswhichyoucanopen(裤门襟).There

arebutton-fly(纽扣门襟),regular-fly(拉链门襟),etc.

Fadedorregularheremeans“thejeanswithfadedcolororwithregularcolor”.

venture:

certainwaybecauyouareafraiditiswrongorwillem

stupid小心地说；谨慎地做

“You’regoingtherewithme?”sheventured.“你会和我一起去那儿吗？”她试探地

问道。

wherethatcouldbedangerous冒风险〔去某处〕

Whendarknessfell,hewouldventureouttoexplorethecity’snightlife.当夜幕降临

时，他会冒险走出去探索城市的夜生活。

’thaveahint,nottheremotestideaofwhatshehadasked,soI

said,”w-thekindudtobetheonlykind.”(Para.3)

Meaning:Hearingwhatthesalespersonasked,IstoppedasIdidnothavethe

ndedthatIonlywantedtheusualjeans,

thowhichudtobetheonlykindinstores.

hint:n.[C].,withouttellingthemdirectly

暗示

Didshegiveyouanyhintsaboutwhereshewasgoing?她给了你任何暗示她要去

哪里吗？

remote:a.

1)(nothavetheremotestidea/interest/intention,etc.)()udto

emphasizethatyoudonotknowsth.,arenotinterestedinsth.,donotintendtodo

sth.,etc.一无所知；毫无兴趣；毫无打算

Hedoesn’thavetheremotestinterestinsports,buthisparentsinsisthetryoutfor

thesoccerteam.他对运动毫无兴趣，但他的父母坚持要他争取成为足球队的

一员。

2)farfromtownsorotherplaceswherepeoplelive偏僻的；偏远的

Touristslovetovisitthislittlevillageinaremoteregionbecauthelocal

residentsstillpracticetraditionsfromthepast.游客喜欢参观这个偏远地区的小

山村，因为当地居民还保持着过去的传统。

ublewas,withallthooptions

distributedinfrontofme,Iwasn’,Itriedonpairafterpair

ofjeansforalmosttwohours-tryingtodecide.(Para.4)

Meaning:blemwasthattherewereso

manyoptionsinfrontofmethatIgotconfud,notknowingwhichonetopickup.

Fornearlytwohours,Ihadtoputonjeansoneafteranother,tryingtomakea

decision.

distribute:vt.

1)area使分布；散步

Themind,wenowknow,isnotconfinedtothebrainbutisdistributedthroughout

thebody’scells.我们现在知道思想不限于大脑，而是分布在整个身体的细胞

内。

2〕sharethingsamongagroupofpeople,nnedway〔尤指有计划地〕分

发，分配，分送

Severalpeoplewerearrestedfordistributingracistpamphletstotheaudience.有

几个人因为向观众散发种族主义的小册子而被逮捕。

UsageNOTE

distribute,contribute,attribute

这一组动词容易混淆的点在于它们后面都可搭配介词to，但它们意思不同

1distribute为及物动词，表示“分发；分配；分送”，其后介词to/among连接分

发对象。例如：

Anti-warprotestersweredistributingleafletstopasrs-by.反战示威者们给路人

散发了传单。

2contribute可用作及物动词或不及物动词，表示“捐献；捐助；捐赠”，介词to

连接捐赠的对象。例如：

TheycallonpeopletocontributefoodandclothingtotherefugeesinAfrica.他们

呼吁人们为非洲难民捐赠粮食和衣物。

contributeto的另外一个常用词义是“促成，造成〔某事发生〕”。例如：

Thereportsaysdesignfaultsinboththeveslscontributedtothetragedy.该报告

说，船舶的设计缺陷造成了这两条船的悲剧。

3attribute为及物动词，表示“把…归因于…”，介词to引出原因。例如：

Somewomentendtoattributetheirsuccesstoexternalcaussuchasluck.一些

女性往往将她们的成功归因于外部的原因，如运气。

/tryonsth.:putonapieceofclothingtoeifitfitsyouorifitsuitsyou,

p〔尤在商店里〕试穿，试戴

Megfirsttriedonredsandalsandthensilversandals,butshefinallydecidednotto

buythem.梅格先试穿了红色的凉鞋，然后是银色的凉鞋，但她最后还是决定不

买了。

5Itwasn’tabigdecision,littledependedonmychoice,butIwasconvincedthatone

pairhadtobejustrightforme.(Para.4)

Meaningbeyondwords:Intheauthor’sopinion,choosingapairofjeanswasnotan

importantdecision;forexample,hisfuturedidnotdependuponhischoiceofjeans.

However,hewassurethatthereshouldbeonepairwhichwouldbejustrightforhim.

6ThejeansIchowerefine,butthissimpletransactionprovokedastrong

reactioninme.(Para.5)

Meaning:ThoughthejeansIlectedweregoodforme,thesimpleactofbuyingthe

jeansmademefeelveryfrustrated.

transaction:n.[C]abusinessdealoraction,suchasbuyingorllingsth.交易；业

务；买卖

Weneedtomonitorthetransactionsofalldealsmadebyourcompany.我们需要对

我们公司所有的交易进行监控。

provoke:reactionoffeeling,none激起；引起

Thedecisiontoinvadetherainforesttocutdownitstreesprovokedstormsofprotest.

涌入热带雨林砍伐树木的决定激起了强烈的抗议。

7Buyinganewpairofpantsshouldn’trendersomeoneawreck!Purchasingjeans

wasonceaneasychoice;nowit’sbecomeacomplexdecision.(Para.5)

Meaning:Buyinganewpairofpantsshouldn’tmakesotiredandwornout.

Purchasingjeanswasonceaneasyandsimpletransaction;nowit’sbecomeadifficult

decision.

NoteInAmericanEnglish,pantsisagenerictermfor”outerwearthatcoversthepart

fromthewaisttofeet”〔长裤〕,whileinBritishEnglishitrefersto“apieceof

underwearthatcoverstheareabetweenyourwaistandthetopofyourlegs”〔短内

裤〕.BritishwouldrefertoAmericanpantsastrours.

render:vt.

1)aparticularcondition使成为；使变得；使处于某种状

态

Thetoneofhiscriticismrenderedhiscommentsaninsult.他那批评的语气使他

的意见变成了一种侮辱。

2)(fml.).,syou

to给予；提供

ItisunlikelythatthecourtwillrenderajudgmentbeforeNovember5.法院在11

月5号以前不太可能做出判决。

wreck:n.[C](infml.)ksorfeelsveryillortired病重的人；疲惫不堪的

人

Becauhefailedtheentranceexam,hewasreducedtoawreck.入学考试的失败让

他大伤元气。

alstorein1900had

supermarketshave50000to60000itemsinthousandsofcategories.(Para.6)

Meaning:eginningof

the20thcenturyacommonplacestorehadonlyadozencategorieswithoneortwo

optionsforeachcategory,whereasmodernsupermarketshaveupto50000to60000

itemsinthousandsofcategories.

Meaningbeyondwords:Options,nowandthen,provideuswithahugecontrast!Do

peoplefeelhappierandmoresatisfiedthanbeforewithsomanychoicesandoptions

availabletothemtoday?Probablynot.

category:n.[C]agroupofpeopleorthingsthatareallofthesametype类别；种类；

范畴

Therearemanycategoriesoftourists:someliketotraveltoapleasanthoteland

simplyrelax;othersliketotravelfromonecountrytoanother.游客有很多种，有的

喜欢前往令人愉快的酒店放松身心，有的喜欢从一个国家旅行到另一个国家。

9Lookingforhair-careproducts?Therearemorethan350typesofshampooand

ainkiller?aste,anyone?

Youhave40+typestochoofrom!(Para.6)

Meaning:Ifyouarelookingforproductstotakecareofyourhair,thenthereare

relookingforpillstokill

pain,eedtoothpaste,thenyouwillfind

morethan40typesofthemtochoofrom.

Meaningbeyondwords:Inmoderntimes,peoplecaneasilygetaccesstoandenjoy

theluxuryofabundantmaterials,whichwasimpossiblebackintheearly20thcentury.

Willpeopletakethingsforgrantedandbecomespoiledintheaofmaterials?

conditioners:n.[C,U]aliquidthatyouputontoyourhairafterwashingittomakeit

softer护发素

Manypeopletakeanall-in-oneshampooandconditioners,andthencomplainwhen

theirhairlooksdryandbrittle.很多人使用洗护二合一的洗发水，然后当他们的头

发看上去又干又易断时，又会抱怨。

10It’struethatenforcedrestrictionswithverylimitedornochoicesmakelife

unbearable,andhavingoptionsdoesincreaournofliberationandcontrol.

(Para.7)

Meaningbeyondwords:Lifewithlittleornochoicesisunbearable,andabundant

optionsgiveusmaterialsatisfaction,butdoesitmeanwe’retrulyhappy?

enforce:vt.

1)h.强迫实行；迫使

Mostjudgesarereluctanttoenforcetheharshandunjustlawsagainstthenew

immigrants.大多数的法官都不愿意对新移民强制实行苛刻、不公平的法律。

2〕makepeopleobeyaruleorlaw执行，实施〔法律〕

Governmentsmakelawsandthepoliceenforcethem.政府制定法律，警察负责

执行。

enforced:ingbecauofasituationthatyoucannotcontrolorprevent被

迫的；强制的

Becarefulwhenyoudrivedownthishill,fortherigidlyenforcedspeedlimitis20

mph.开车下山时要小心，因为车子限速是每小时20英里。

11However,onsincrea

outofcontrol,peopleoftenbegintofeeltheirlifeiscrashingdownonthem.

(Para.7)

Meaning:Nevertheless,myjeanspurchaexperiencemakesadifferentproblem

standout:Whenoptionsgooutofcontrol,peopleoftenbegintofeeltheirligeis

fallingapart.

Meaningbeyondwords:Toomanyoptionswon’tnecessarilymakepeoplehappy

ally,peopleusuallyfeeltheopposite,lesshappierwhentheyhad

onlylimitedchoices.

highlight:vt.

1)makeaproblemorsubjecteasytonoticesothatpeoplepayattentiontoit使…突

出；使注意力集中于

导航系统可以

突显道路上的危险物。

2)markwrittenwordswithaspecialcoloredpen,orinadifferentcolorona

computer〔用色笔〕标出；〔在电脑上用不同颜色〕突出显示

Thespellingmistakesinthetexthadbeenhighlightedingreen.文本中的拼写错

误已用绿色标出。

outofcontrol:fcontrol,peoplearenotabletolimititormakeitdo

whattheywantittodo失去控制

I’mdealingwithcustomerswhohavelettheirdebtsgetoutofcontrolallthetime.我

一直在与那些债务失控的客户打交道。

crash:elyhard,oftencausingalotdamageormakingaloud

noi〔很响地〕猛撞，猛击

Wewatchedthewavescrashingagainsttherocks.我们看着海浪哗啦哗啦地冲击着

岩石。

NoteInthetext,thewordcrashisinthefigurativen,describinghowpeoplefeel

abouttheirlifeinthemodernsociety–likeacrashingcardoomedtodamage–

thoughtheyaresurroundedwithabundanceofmaterialgoods.

12Theyareoverloaded,overwhelmedandfeeltheirlifegrowingvacantwithout

meaning.(Para.7)

Meaning:Peopleareoverburdened,feelit’stoomuchtodealwithsomanychoices,

andconquentlyfeeltheirlifeimpty.

Meaningbeyondwords:Thentenceimpliesmoreisnotnecessarilybetter,and

therebylessismore.

overload:omanythingsorpeople使过量载重；使超载

Becarefulnottooverloadthewashingmachine.注意别让洗衣机负荷过重。

vacant:a.

1)lookingasifyouarenotpayingattentionornotinterested〔精神〕茫然的，空虚

的，不感兴趣的

Avacantexpressionttledonhisface.他的脸上露出茫然的表情。

2)aplacethatisvacantisavailable,becaunooneelisusingit〔地方〕空着的，

无人用的

Therewasonlyavacantlotwhereherhouudtobe.她以前房子所在的地方

只剩下一片空地了。

13Werelyoncommonntoguideus,andtheimplicationisthatincreasing

choiceshouldalwaysincreahappiness.(Para.8)

Meaning:Wetrustourcommonntoguideus,andourcommonnindirectly

suggeststhatweshouldbehappierwithmorechoices.

Meaningbeyondwords:Peoplebelievethatthemorechoicestheyhave,thehappier

theywillbe.

rely:vi(relyon/upon)atyouneedorexpect

themtodo信任；信赖

Thestudentsreliedheavilyontheadviceoftheirprofessionalguidancecounlors.

这些学生很信赖他们的专业指导参谋的意见。

implication:n.[C,U]asuggestionthatisnotmakedirectlybutthatpeopleare

expectedtounderstandoraccept含意；暗示

Pleaexplaintous:Whataretheimplicationsofyourproposals?请给我们解释一

下，你的这些建议有什么含意？

14Surprisingly,istsverifythatanoverabundanceof

choicetendstobringasubtractioninwell-beingandhappiness.(Para.8)

Meaning:Astonishing,istsprove

thattoomanychoicesarelikelytobringusadeductioninhealthandhappiness.

verify:证明；证实

Hisstatementwasverifiedbyveralwitness.他的说法得到了几位证人的证实。

abundance:n.[sing.,U](fml.)alargequantityofsth.大量；丰富；充裕

Wehadwineandgoodfoodinabundance.我们有充裕的葡萄酒和佳肴。

overabundance:n.[sing,U]过于丰富〔或充足〕；过剩

Theyareagroupofteenagerswithanoverabundanceofenergy.他们是一群精力过

于充分的青少年。

NoteWhenprefixover-combineswithnounstofromnewnouns,thewordsformed

inthiswayindicatealargequality/quantityofsomething.

subtract:umberoranamountfromalargernumberoramount减去；减

掉

Youhavetosubtract25percentfortaxesfromthesumyoureceive.你必须从你收到

的总数中减去25%的税。

subtraction:n.[C]theprocessoftakinganumberoramountfromalargenumberor

amount减；减法

Thetestinvolvessimplecalculations,suchasadditionandsubtraction.测试涉及简单

的计算，如加法和减法。

portionof

thepopulationdescribingitlfas“veryhappy”hasdeclinedbyfivepercent,

approximately14millionAmericans.(Para.9)

Meaning:

percentageofthepopulationdescribingitlfas“veryhappy”hasdecreadbyfive

percent,nearly14millionAmericans.

16Ofcour,noonebelievesthatasinglefactorexplainsthis,butaccumulating

evidencefrompsychologicalrearchindicatesthattheexplosionofchoiceand

tremendousincreasinmaterialposssionsplayaprimaryrole.(Para.10)

Meaning:Ofcour,it’simpossibletoletasinglefactorberesponsibleforthe

r,moreandmoreevidencefrompsychological

rearchshowsthatit’smainlycaudbytheoverflowofchoiceandhugeincreain

owningmaterialgoods.

playarole(in):haveaneffectorinfluenceonsth.(在某事中)起作用，有影响

Doyouthinktheycanplayaroleinthemakingofpeacebetweenthetwocountries?

你认为他们能为两国之间的和平发挥作用吗？

etratingmessage

ofmoderntimesemstobe:“Themorewehave,themorewewanttohave!”

(Para.11)

Meaning:iantsaying

inourmodernsocietycouldbe:Weexpecttocontrolofit;wewanttohavemore

whenweaffordtohavemore.

penetrate:

sorspreadthroughit,isisdifficult进入；渗入；刺

入；穿过；穿透Sunlightbarelypenetratedthedenfogwhichwascomingfromthe

ocean.阳光几乎不能穿透来自海洋的浓雾。

dinbeingacceptedintoagrouporanorganization,sometimesinorderto

findourtheircrets渗入〔某团体或组织〕

KGBagentshadpenetratedmostoftheirintelligencervices.克格勃特工人员已渗

透到他们的大部分情报部门中。

penetrating:a.

1）showinganabilitytounderstandthingsquicklyandcompletely有洞察力的；思

维敏锐的

Heneverstoppedaskingquestionsthatwereintelligentandpenetrating.他从没停止

过机智而尖锐的提问。

2〕(~look/eyes/gaze,etc,)alook,akeyoufeeluncomfortableandems

toeinsideyourmind锐利的目光/眼睛/凝视等Hegaveherapenetratingstare.他

以犀利的眼神看了她一眼。

18Weexpecttobeabletohavealifethatisfulfilling,excitingandsometimeven

lfish!(Para.11)

Meaning:Weexpectahappy,thrilling,andsometimevenlfishlifeasweare

expectingmoreandmore.

19Wetransferourhighexpectationstoourproperty,ourresidences,andour

families-expectingthemtobeoutstandingandbeautiful.(Para.11)

Meaning:Withincreasinghighexpectingthemtobeexceptionallysmartand

attractive.

transfer:

vt.

1)stopgivingyourtimeorsupportonepersonorthingandgiveittoanother转移

〔时间或支持〕

Thetimecametotransfertheirattentionfromstudytopracticallife.到了把他们

的注意力从学业转到现实生活的时候了。

2）movemoneyfromoneaccountorinstitutiontoanother把〔钱〕转到另一账户〔机

构〕上

Johnwenttohisbankbecauhewantstotransfermoneytotheaccountofhis

daughter.约翰去了银行，因为他想把钱转到他女儿的账户上。

omonejob,office,ordepartmenttoanotherinthesamecompanyor

organization(在同一公司或组织内)调动，调职

BecauhespokeFrench,Bill’scompanytransferredhimfromNewYorktoParis.因

为比尔会说法语，公司把他从纽约调到了巴黎。

property:n.

1)[U]所有物；资产；财产

Thepolicefoundthestolenpropertyhiddeninthethief’shou.警方发现被盗窃的

财产藏在小偷的房子里。

2〕[C,U]abuilding,apieceofland,orbothtogether房产；地产；房地产

Topreventpropertydamage,manynewhounowhaverelativelylightroofsand

strongwalls.为了防止房产受损，很多新房子现在都装有较轻的房屋和坚实的墙

壁。

residence:n.[C](fml.)ahou,esp,alargeorofficialone住宅；住所；宅邸；官

邸

Itisreportedthathundredsofangryprotestersattackedhisresidenceyesterday

afternoon.据报道，昨天下午数百名愤怒的抗议者攻击了他的住所。

20Somepeoplebelievetheyshouldneverhavetottleforthingsthatarejust

“goodenough”.Theirtrademarkisthattheyexpectandacceptonlythebest.

(Para.12)

Meaning:Somepeoplebelievetheyshouldneverhavetoacceptthingsthatareonly

“goodenough”.Thetypicalfeatureforthepeopleistheyexpectandacceptonlythe

best.

Meaningbeyondwords:Whenpeopleacceptonlythebest,theybecomegreedier

becauthereisnoendtothebestorperfect.

ttlefor:oughtitisnotthebest,ornotonlywhatyoureallywant

勉强接受；将就Sheneverttlesforcondbest.她从不接受屈居第二。

trademark:n.[C]

1)uwear,do,orsaythatistypicalofyou(某人的)标记，特征

Shegaveoneofhertrademarksmiles.她露出了一个她具有的独特的笑容。

2)anameordesignbelongingtoaparticularcompany,udonitsproducts商标

Theirignoranceoftrademarkregistrationledtotheiroutrightlossinthelegalca.

对商标注册的无知导致了他们这场官司的彻底败诉。

21Rearcherscallthisgroup“maximizers”.Theirthoughtsaredominatedbyan

ever-increasingdesireformoreandafocusonthehighestquality.(Para.12)

maximizer:n.[C]easpossible使…最大

化的人

Weoughttoacknowledgethatfarmersmaynotbehaveasprofitmaximizersbutas

profitsatisfiers.我们应该承认，农民可能不会表现出是利润最大化的追求者，而

是利润的满足者。

dominate:moreimportancethanotherpeopleorthings

支配；控制；主宰

Youngerbrothersandsistersareoftendominatedbytheirolderbrothersandsisters.

弟弟妹妹往往受到他们哥哥姐姐的支配。

22Studiesshowthatmaximizersarelessoptimistic,moredissatisfiedwith,and

moredepresdabouttheirlivesthanotherswhoarewillingtottleforslightlyless.

(Para.12)

Meaning:Studiesshowthatmaximizersarelesspositiveandconfidentbutmore

disappointedanddownheartedwiththeirlivesthanthowhoarewillingtoaccepta

bitless.

bedissatisfiedwith:.对某事或某人不满意

IhintedtohimthatIwasdissatisfiedwithhiswork.我暗示他，我对他的工作不满

意。

bedepresdabout:feelunhappyaboutsth.对…感到很沮丧

Ourcompanymanagerwasabitdepresdabouttheapparentlackofprogressinour

project.我们公司的经理对我们的项目进度明显落后感到有点沮丧。

gglestolect

adish,goinginacircularmotionbetweenoneoptionandanother,tryingtofindthe

bestoptions.(Para.13)

Meaning:

fforttofindthebestofallchoices,hegoesaround

andaroundbetweenoneoptionandanother.

Meaningbeyondwords:Theexample,again,showsthatmoreisnotnecessarily

bettersincepeoplewilleasilywastetimewhengiventoomanychoices,especiallyfor

thowhoekonlythebest.

circular:aroundinacircle循环的；环形的

Thecattlearekeptinalargecircularenclosure.牛被圈在一个大的环形的场地里。

24Somestudentsbehavethesamewaylookingforjobsastheyworryexcessively

concerningwhichjoboptiontochoolesttheyoverlookthe“perfect”job!

(Para.13)

Meaning:Somestudentsbehavethesamewaywhentheylookjobsastheyget

nttomakesuretheywon’t

neglecttheverybestone.

Meaningbeyondwords:Studentsalsohavethetendencytokeepalltheoptions

open;asaresult,theymaylogoodopportunities.

concerning:rrelatingto关于；有关；涉及

Concerningyourletter,Iampleadtoinformyoutattheproblemwillbesolved

soon.关于你的来信，我很高兴通知你这个问题将很快得到解决。

lest:conj.

1)idorworriedthataparticularthingmighthappen唯

恐；生怕

Hepaudlesthesaidtoomuch.他停下来，唯恐说得太多。

2)thappen免得；以免

Sheheldontightlytohiswaistlestshebethrownoffthemotorcycle.她紧紧地

抱着他的腰，以免被摩托车抛出去。

overlook:icesth.,ornotehowimportantitis无视；忽略

Accidentshappenwhensafetychecksareoverlooked.无视安全检查就会发生事

故。

25Wearetoldwe’reinthe“driver’sat”,whenitcomestoorganizingandplanning

il,it’sourownfaultandcanonlyaccuourlves.(Para.14)

Meaningbeyondwords:Wearesuppodtomakeourowndecisionaboutwhat

kindoflifewewant,nlyblameourlvesif

wefail.

accu:控告；指

责

Ifweofferthisrvicetoourcustomers,ourfirmwillbeaccudofdistributing

softwareillegally.如果我们为客户提供这个服务，我们公司将被指控发布非法软

件。

SentencestructureNOTE

“whenitcomesto…”句型

1“whenitcomesto…”句型的基本含义是“涉及；关于”。在表示这种含义时，

往往可用“asfaras…isconcerned”句型或“intermsof”句型来替换。例如：

Japanis30yearsbehindAmericawhenitcomestowomen’sliberation.就女性解

放而言，日本落后美国30年。

2“whenitcomesto…”句型中的it只是个表示主语的功能性词语，无实在意义：

to为介词，其后接名词或动词现在分词形式。例如：

Whenitcomestohelpinghiswifewiththehouwork,Johnnevergrumbles.谈到

帮妻子做家务，约翰从不会抱怨。

26Itisunhealthytocombineoverwhelmingexpectationsandoptions,plusa

tendencytoblameourlvesforfailures.(Para.14)

Meaning:Itisharmfulifwecombinetremendouxpectationsandoptions,together

withaninclinationtoblameourlvesforfailures.

overwhelming:a.

1)havingsuchagreatereffectonyouthatyoufeelconfudanddonotknowhowto

react难以抗拒的；令人不知所措的

Ihadtheoverwhelmingdesiretogetupandleave.我极想起身离开。

2)muchlarger,stronger,moreimportant,ythingelinasituation压倒

性的；势不可挡的

Amongthemembersofthecommittee,thowhofavorthebillareinthe

overwhelmingmajority.在该委员会中，那些赞成该法案的占绝大多数。

27Thesuccessof21st-centurylifeturnsouttobeabitter-sweetcontroversyand

paradox.(Para.15)

Meaning:Thesuccessof21st-centurylifehasunexpectedlyresultedina

contradictionthatisbothsadandhappy.

turnout(tobe):happeninaparticularway,orhaveaparticularresult,

didn’texpect结果是；最终成为

Duringourbicycletour,itdidn’train,whichturnedouttobeastrokeofluckforus.

在我们的自行车之旅中，没有下雨，对我们来说真是出乎意料的好运。

bitter-sweet:ingorcausingfeelingofhappinessandsadnessatthesametime

有苦有乐的；苦乐参半的

He’sgotbitter-sweetmemoriesofhisfirstpublicappearancereprentinghisteamon

television.回忆起他代表他的团队第一次在电视上公开亮相时，他觉得既有苦又

有乐。

NoteBitter-sweetisanexampleofoxymoron〔矛盾修辞法〕,whichreferstoa

lsothinkofanoxymoronas

acontr

consistsusuallyoftwowordsnormallyconsideredimpossibletoconnect,butwitha

coherentmeaning.

Forexample:

bitter-sweetlove有苦有甜的恋爱

cleverfool聪明的傻瓜

silentscream无声的尖叫

opencret公开的秘密

liveddead活死人

sweetsorrow甜蜜的悲伤

controversy:n.[C,U]volvesmanypeopleand

continuesforalongtime争论；辩论；争议

Thepointofthecontroversyisnotwhetherweshoulddoit,butwhetherwecandoit.

争议的焦点不在于我们是否应该做，而是我们是否能够做。

’refloatinginavastoceanofchoices

andmaterialgoodsbutfindingthey’isneverenough.

(Para.15)

Meaningbeyondwords:r,

theyarestillunhappyandunsatisfiedwhentheyaresurroundedbytremendous

enoughemstobeneverenoughtosatisfytheir

desire.

29Let’spauandangleabrightlightfromthepastintoourmoderntimes.

(Para.16)

Meaning:Let’sgiveourlvesapauandconsiderhowtotransmittheenlightening

teachingsofourforefathersfromthepasttoourmoderntimes.

angle:naparticulardirection,tisnotdirectlyinfront

ofyou使…指向一定的角度

Anglethemirrorsothatyoucanebehindyou.把镜子转个角度，这样你就可以看

到你的身后了。

30Over2000yearsago,thefamousChinephilosopher,LaoTzu,prescribed:“Be

contentwithwhatsoeveryouhave;urealize

thereisnothinglacking,thewholeworldbelongstoyou.”(Para.16)

Meaning:Morethan2000yearsago,thefamousChinephilosopher,LaoTzu,laid

downwhatattitudeweshouldhavetowardlife:Weshouldbesatisfiedwithwhatever

wehave,thinkthatwe

alreadyhaveeverythinginourlife,wefeelasifweownedthewholeworld.

NoteTheEnglishtranslationiscreditedtoStephenMitchell,butitwasnotexactly

thesameastheoriginalChinebyLaoTzu(“知足不辱，知止不殆，可以长久”).

OurEnglishtextfollowsStephenMitchell’stranslation,andourChinetranslation

onTeacher’sBookfollowstheoriginalwordsofLaoTzu.

prescribe:vt.

1)(fml.)stateofficiallywhatshouldbedoneinaparticularsituation规定；指定

TheConstitutionprescribesthemethodofelectingthepresident.宪法规定了选

举总统的方法。

2)saywhatmedicineortreatmentasickpersonshouldhave给…开药〔开处方〕

Ifthepillsdon’twork,Imayhavetoprescribeyousomethingstronger.如果这

些药没效，我可能得给你开一些药性更强的。

whatsoever:

pron.(veryfml.)whatever任何事物；无论什么

Hiscalmacceptanceofwhatsoeverhappenstohimsurpridus.他平静地接受任何

发生在他身上的事让我们感到惊讶。

emphasizeanegativestatement丝毫〔用于强调否认句〕

Hehasnorespectforauthoritywhatsoever.他对权威没有丝毫尊重。

rejoice:showthatyouareveryhappy喜悦；欣喜

Theparentsrejoicedovertheimprovementoftheirson’shealth.这对父母为儿子健

康状况的改善感到欣喜。

belongto:beownedbysb.属于〔某人〕

ThePorschebelongstothewomannextdoor.这辆保时捷是隔壁那个女人的。

31Andheaddedthisprecaution:Hewhoknowsthatenoughinoughwillalways

haveenough.(Para.16)

Meaning:Inaddition,LaoTzucautionedusthatthowhoaresatisfiedwithwhat

theyhavewillalwaysfeelhappy.

Meaningbeyondwords:Happinessstemsfromouron-goingappreciation.

precaution:n.[C,.]protectpeopleorthingsagainstharmor

trouble预防；防范；警惕

Aftertheearthquakestruck,residentsalongthecoastwereevacuatedasaprecaution.

地震过后，为以防万一，沿海的居民们均被撤离。

32Uyourcollegeyearstostiryourheartandrenewyourlife.(Para.17)

Meaning:Makeuofyourcollegeyearstoarouyourstrongfeelingandresume

yourhappylife.

stir:vt.

1)trongfeelingorreaction激发，激起〔强烈的感情〕；引起〔强

烈的反应〕

Asadstoryislikelytostirfeelingsofsadnesswithinyou.一个悲伤的故事有可

能引起你内心悲伤的感觉。

2)movealiquidorsubstancearoundwithaspoonorstickinordertomixittogether

搅；搅动；搅拌

Shestirredhercoffeewithaspoon.她用匙子搅拌咖啡。

renew:vt.

1)(fml.)fteraperiodofnotdoingit〔停下一段时间后〕重

新开始，继续

Thetreesrenewtheirleaveveryspring.每年春天，树木都会重新长出树叶。

2)arrangeforanagreementorofficialdocumenttocontinueforafurtherperiodof

time延长〔协议、官方文件等的〕期限；使续期

MycarlicenhastoberenewedinJuly.我的驾照得在七月续期。

33Withstandthepressureoftoomanychoicestoacquiremorethanyouneed.

(Para.17)

Meaning:Resistthepressureoftoomanychoicesthataskyoutogetmorewhatyou

reallyneed.

withstand:ngenoughnottobeharmedordestroyedbysth.承受住；顶住；

抵住

Theirmarriagedidn’twithstandfouryears’parationduringthewar.他们的婚姻没

能经受住战时四年的别离。

34Specifywhattrulymatterstoyouandwhatdoesnot.(Para.17)

Meaning:Findoutexactlywhatisimportanttoyouandwhatisnot.

specify:actanddetailedway具体指明；明确说明；详述

Hehasn’tspecifiedwhatactionhewilltakeinrespontotheirimproperbehavior.

他没有清楚地说明对他们的不当行为他将采取什么行动。

35Learnwhenenoughinough,andyouwilltraceapathofcontentment

throughoutyourlife.(Para.17)

Meaning:Learntobehappywithwhatyouhave,andyou’llstayonthetrackof

satisfactionthroughoutyourlife.

trace:rdescribethehistory,development,orprogressofsth.追寻…的轨

迹

Mostcertainly,Iwilltrymybesttotracethemoneyleftonmydesktoitsowner.我

最能确定的是，我会尽自己所能找到那位把钱落在我书桌上的失主。

PARTⅡ

KEYTOEXERCISES

SectionA

Languagefocus

Wordsinu

3

1implement2rival3motivating4discarded5fluctuating

6prejudiced7restore8enlightening9profit10investigate

Wordbuilding

4

WordslearnedNewwordsformed

-ic

strategystrategic

sympathysympathetic

-ion

confirmconfirmation

locatelocation

reflectreflection

provideprovision

installinstallation

registerregistration

quotationquote

-ize

sympathysympathize

criticcriticize

industrialindustrialize

5

1sympathize2confirmation3strategic4installation

5quote6sympathetic7criticize8location

9reflection10industrialize11provision12registration

Bankedcloze

6

1M2D3H4D5F

6L7I8C9J10A

Expressionsinu

7

1wasattachedto

2bemeasuredin

3comeinhandy

4clingingto

5payabigprice

6areexhaustedfrom

7impodon

8revolvearound

Translation

9

极简主义是指去掉多余的，仅保留需要的部分。用最简单的话来说，极简的生活

方式，就是生活得越简单越好，直到获得心灵的平静，这种简单既是精神上的，

也是身体上的。这样的生活方式会减轻压力，带来更多自由时间，并增强幸福感。

极简主义者会说，他们生活得更有意义了，更从容了，极简的生活方式让他们着

眼于生活中更重要的事情：朋友、爱好、旅游和体验。当然，极简主义并不意味

着拥有物质财富从本质上来讲有什么不对。现在的问题似乎在于，我们往往太重

视所拥有的东西，而常常抛弃了健康、人与人之间的关系、我们的热情、个人成

长，以及帮助他人的愿望。极简主义除了在我们的日常生活中可以得到应用，还

存在于很多创意领域，包括艺术、建筑、设计、舞蹈、电影、戏剧、音乐、时尚、

摄影和文学等。

10

NationalHappinessIndex(NHI)

alsoatoolthatmeasuresthelevelsofeconomicdevelopmentandpeople’slivelihood

efastgrowthofChineeconomy,the

Chinegovernmenthasbeenpayingmoreandmoreattentiontopeople’sliving

ernmentstressimprovementof

itspeople’slivelihood,strivingtoimprovetheireconomicconditionsandmeettheir

tly,theChinegovernmentadvocatesthe

unleashingofmorereformdividends,withtheaimofofferingmorerealbenefitstoits

measureswillcombinetoeffectivelyincreatheNHIofourpeople.

SectionB

Readingcomprehension

Understandingthetext

2

1C2B3D4A5D6B7A8D

Languagefocus

Wordsinu

4

1concerning2specified3controversy4rendered5enforced

6distribute7highlighted8implication9penetrating10subtract

5

1playedarole2turnedout

3aredepresdabout4ttlefor

5rushedinto6outofcontrol

7transferredto8relyon

Sentencestructure

6

ecarefullyhethoughtaboutit,thecleareritbecametohimthatthiswasa

jobforsomeonewithexperience.

eexerciyoudo,themoreenergeticyouwillbecome,andtheeasieryour

everydaytaskswillem.

einterestingtheplotis,themoreappealingthefilmwillbecometothe

audience.

7

nitcomestosports,hebecomesacompletelydifferentman.

comestocomputersandtheInternet,allthestudentsbecomeexcited,

nitcomestofriendship,theFrenchemtobemorecautiousthanthe

British.

Collocation

8

1consciouffort2winningstrategy

3limitedchoice4remotestidea

5temporarypain6primaryrole

9

1rivaloptions2painfulchoices

3carefullychon4multipleoptions

5winningstrategy6predictablyirrational

7temporarypain8complexdecision

9limitedchoices10consciouffort

11naturallyprejudiced12accumulatingevidence