mbaa

MBA专业术语汇总

A

Ability-to-payprinciple能力纳税原则

Theideathattaxesshouldbeleviedonapersonaccording

tohowwellthatpersoncanshouldertheburden

Absoluteadvantage绝对优势

Thecomparisonamongproducersofagoodaccordingtotheir

productivity

Aggregate-demandcurve总需求曲线

Acurvethatshowsthequantityofgoodsandrvicesthat

houholds,firms,andthegovernmentwanttobuyatany

pricelevel

Aggregate-supplycurve总供给曲线

Acurvethatshowsthequantityofgoodsandrvicesthat

firmschootoproduceandllatanylevel

Appreciation升值

Anincreainthevalueofacurrencyasmeasuredbythe

amountofforeigncurrencyitcanbuy

Automaticstabilizers自动稳定器

Changesinfiscalpolicythatstimulateaggregatedemand

whentheeconomygoesintoarecessionwithoutpolicymakers

havingtotakeanydeliberateaction

Averagefixedcost平均固定成本

Fixedcostsdividedbythequantityofoutput

Averagerevenue平均收益

Totalrevenuedividedbythequantitysold

Averagetaxrate平均税率

Totaltaxespaiddividedbytotalincome

Averagetotalcost平均总成本

Totalcostdividedbythequantityofoutput

Averagevariablecost平均可变成本

Variablescostsdividedbythequantityofoutput

Accelerator加速数

theeffectonGDPoftheincreaininvestmentthatresults

tance,thegreater

outputleadsafirmtobelievethatthedemandforits

productswillriinthefuture;theresultingincrea

ininvestmentleadstogrowthinoutputandstillfurther

increasininvestment,acceleratingtheexpansionofthe

economy

Acquiredendowments后天禀赋

resourcesacountrybuildsforitlf,likeanetworkof

roadsoraneducatedpopulation

Adaptiveexpectations适应性预期

expectationsbadontheextrapolationofeventsinthe

recentpastintothefuture

aggregateexpendituresschedule总支出曲线

acurvethattracesouttherelationshipbetween

expenditures--thesumofconsumption,investment,

governmentexpenditures,andnetexports--andthenational

income,atafixedpricelevel

antitrustlaws反托拉斯法

lawsthatdiscouragemonopolyandrestrictivepractices

andencouragegreatercompetition

arbitrage套利

theprocessbywhichastswithcomparablerisk,liquidity,

andtaxtreatmentarepricedtoyieldcomparableexpected

returns

adverlection逆向选择

principlethatsaysthatthowhomostwanttobuy

insurancetendtobethomostatrisk,butchargingahigh

priceforinsurance(tocoverthehighrisk)willdiscourage

thoatlessriskfrombuyinginsuranceatall

ast资产

anyitemthatislong-lived,purchadfortherviceit

rendersoveritslifeandforwhatonewillreceivewhen

onellsit

assistanceinkind实物援助

publicassistancethatprovidesparticulargoodsand

rvices,likefoodormedicalcare,ratherthancash

asymmetricinformation信息不对称

asituationinwhichthepartiestoatransactionhave

differentinformation,aswhenthelleroraudcarhas

moreinformationaboutitsqualitythenthebuyer

autonomousconsumption自主消费

thatpartofconsumptionthatdoesnotdependonincome

averagecosts平均成本

thetotalcostsdividedbythetotaloutput

averageproductivity平均产量

totalquantitydividedbythetotalquantityofinput

B

Benefitsprinciple受益原则

Theideathatpeopleshouldpaytaxesbadonthebenefits

theyreceivefromgovernmentrvices

Bond债券

Acertificateofindebtedness

Budgetconstraint预算约束

Thelimitontheconsumptionbundlesthataconsumercan

afford

Budgetdeficit预算赤字

Anexcessofgovernmentspendingovergovernmentreceipts

Budgetsurplus预算盈余

Anexcessofgovernmentreceiptsovergovernmentspendin

barrierstoentry进入障碍

factorsthatpreventfirmsfromenteringamarket,such

asgovernmentrulesorpatents

basiccompetitivemodel差不多竞争模型

themodeloftheeconomythatpullstogetherthe

assumptionsoflf-interestedconsumers,profit

maximizingfirms,andperfectlycompetitivemarkets

bequestsavingsmotive储蓄的遗产动机

peoplesavesothattheycanleaveaninheritancetotheir

children

Bertrandcompetition伯特兰竞争

anoligopolyinwhicheachfirmbelievesthatitsrivals

arecommittedtokeepingtheirpricesfixedandthat

customerscanbeluredawaybyofferinglowerprices

bilateraltrade双边贸易

tradebetweentwoparties

boom繁荣

aperiodoftimewhenresourcesarebeingfullyudand

GDPisgrowingsteadily

C

Capital资本

Theequipmentandstructuresudtoproducegoodsand

rvices

Capitalflight资本外流

Alargeandsuddenreductioninthedemandforasts

locatedinacountry

Cartel卡特尔

Agroupoffirmsactinginunison

Catch-upeffect追赶效应

Thepropertythatcountriesthatstartoffpoortendtogrow

morerapidlythancountriesthatstartoffrich

Centralbank中央银行

Aninstitutiondesignedtooverethebankingsystemand

regulatethequantityofmoneyintheeconomy

Ceterisparibus其它条件相同

ALatinphra,translatedas'otherthingsbeingequal,'

udasareminderthatallvariablesotherthantheones

beingstudiedareassumedtobeconstant

Circular-flowdiagram循环流向图

Avisualmodeloftheeconomythatshowshowdollarsflow

throughmarketsamonghouholdsandfirms

Classicaldichotomy古典二分法

Thetheoreticalparationofnominalandrealvariables

Clodeconomy封闭经济

Aneconomythatdoesnotinteractwithothereconomiesin

theworld

Coatheorem科斯定理

Thepropositionthatifprivatepartiescanbargainwithout

costovertheallocationofresources,theycansolvethe

problemofexternalitiesontheirown

Collectivebargaining集体谈判

Theprocessbywhichunionsandfirmsagreeontheterms

ofemployment

Collusion勾结

Anagreementamongfirmsinamarketaboutquantitiesto

produceorpricestocharge

Commoditymoney商品货币

Moneythattakestheformofacommoditywithintrinsic

value

Commonresources共有资源

Goodsthatarerivalbutnotexcludable

Comparableworth同工同酬

Adoctrineaccordingtowhichjobsdeemedcomparableshould

bepaidthesamewage

Comparativeadvantage比较优势

Thecomparisonamongproducersofagoodaccordingtotheir

opportunitycost

Compensatingwagedifferential补偿性工资差不

Adifferenceinwagesthataristoofftthenonmonetary

characteristicsofdifferentjobs

Competitivemarket竞争市场

Amarketwithmanybuyersandllerstradingidentical

productssothateachbuyerandllerisapricetaker

Complements互补品

Twogoodsforwhichanincreainthepriceofonegood

leadstoadecreainthedemandfortheothergood

Constantreturnstoscale规模收益不变

Thepropertythatlong-runaveragetotalcoststaysthe

sameasthequantityofoutputchanges

Consumerpriceindex消费物价指数

Ameasureoftheoverallcostofthegoodsandrvices

boughtbyatypicalconsumer

Consumersurplus消费者剩余

Abuyer'swillingnesstopayminustheamountthebuyer

actuallypays

Consumption消费

Spendingbyhouholdsongoodsandrvices,withthe

exceptionofpurchasofnewhousing

Cost成本

Thevalueofeverythingallermustgiveuptoproduce

agood

Cost-benefitanalysis成本—收益分析

Astudythatcomparesthecostsandbenefitstosocietyof

providingapublicgood

Crowding-outeffect挤出效应Theofftinaggregate

demandthatresultswhenexpansionaryfiscalpolicyrais

theinterestrateandtherebyreducesinvestmentspending

Currency通货

Thepaperbillsandcoinsinthehandsofthepublic

Cyclicalunemployment周期性失业

Thedeviationofunemploymentfromitsnaturalrate

capitalgain资本增值

theincreainthevalueofanastbetweenthetimeit

ispurchadandthetimeitissold

capitalmarket资本市场

themarketinwhichsavingsaremadeavailabletoinvestors

categoricalassistance分类关心

publicassistanceaimedataparticularcategoryofpeople,

liketheelderlyorthedisabled

causation因果关系

relationshipthatresultswhenanchangeinonevariable

isnotonlycorrelatedwithbutactuallycausthechange

inanotherone

centralplanning中央打算

thesysteminwhichcentralgovernmentbureaucrats(as

oppodtoprivateentrepreneursorevenlocalgovernment

bureaucrats)determinewhatwillbeproducedanhowitwill

beproduced

centralization集权

organizationalstructureinwhichdecisionmakingis

concentratedatthetop

centrallyplannedeconomy中央打算经济

aneconomyinwhichmostdecisionsaboutresource

allocationaremadebythecentralgovernment

certificateofdeposit(CD)存单

accountinwhichmoneyisdepositedforapretlengthof

time,thatmustyieldaslightlyhigherreturnto

compensateforthereducedliquidity

circularflow循环流程

howfundsmovethroughthecapital,labor,andproduct

marketsbetweenhouholds,firms,thegovernment,andthe

foreignctor

classicaleconomists古典经济学家

economistsprevalentbeforetheGreatDepressionwho

believedthatthebasiccompetitivemodelprovidedagood

descriptionoftheeconomyandthatifshortperiodsof

unemploymentdidoccur,marketforceswouldquickly

restoretheeconomytofullemployment

classicalunemployment古典失业

unemploymentthatresultsfromtoo-highrealwages;it

occursinthesupplyconstrainedequilibrium,sothat

rightwardsshiftsinaggregatesupplyreducethelevelof

unemployment

competitiveequilibriumprice竞争性均衡价格

thepriceatwhichthequantitysuppliedandthequantity

demandedareequaltoeachother

consumerprotectionlegislation消费者爱护法

lawsaimedatprotectingconsumers,forinstanceby

assuringthatconsumershavemorecompleteinformation

aboutitemstheyareconsideringbuying

consumersovereignty消费者权益

theprinciplethatholdsthateachindividualisthebest

judgeofwhatmakeshimbetteroff

consumptionfunction消费函数

therelationshipbetweendisposableincomeandconsumption

contingencyclaus应变条款

statementswithinacontractthatmakethelevelofpayment

ortheworktobeperformedconditionaluponvarious

factors

corporateincometax公司所得税

ataxbadontheincome,orprofit,receivedbya

corporation

correlation相关

relationshipthatresultswhenachangeinonevariableis

consistentlyassociatedwithachangeinanotherone

cost-pushinflation成本推动型通货膨胀

inflationwhoinitialcauisariinproductioncosts

Cournotcompetition古诺竞争

anoligopolyinwhicheachfirmbelievesthatitsrivals

arecommittedtoacertainlevelofproductionandthat

rivalswillreducetheirpricesasneededtollthat

amount

credentialscompetition文凭竞争

thetrendinwhichprospectiveworkersacquirehigher

educationalcredentials,notsomuchbecauofanything

theyactuallylearnintheprocessbuttoconvince

potentialemployerstohirethembysignalingthatthey

willbemoreproductiveemployeesthanthowithweaker

credentials

creditconstrainteffect信贷约束效应

whenpricesfall,firms'revenuesalsofall,butthemoney

theyowecreditorsremainsunchanged;asaresult,firms

eofcredit

rationing,firmscannotmakeupthedifference;

accordingly,investmentdecreas

creditrationing信贷配给

creditisrationedwhennolenderiswillingtomakealoan

toaborrowerortheamountlendersarewillingtolendto

borrowersislimited,eveniftheborroweriswillingto

paymorethanotherborrowersofcomparableriskwhoare

gettingloans

crosssubsidization交叉补贴

thepracticeofcharginghigherpricestoonegroupof

consumersinordertosubsidizelowerpricesforanother

group

D

Deadweightloss无谓损失

Thereductionintotalsurplusthatresultsfromatax

Demandcurve需求曲线

Agraphoftherelationshipbetweenthepriceofagoodand

thequantitydemanded

Demanddeposits活期存款

Balancesinbankaccountsthatdepositorscanaccesson

demandbywritingacheck

Demandschedule需求表

Atablethatshowstherelationshipbetweenthepriceof

agoodandthequantitydemanded

Depreciation贬值

Adecreainthevalueofacurrencyasmeasuredbythe

amountofforeigncurrencyitcanbuy

Depression萧条

Avererecession

Diminishingmarginalproduct边际产量递减

Thepropertywherebythemarginalproductofaninput

declinesasthequantityoftheinputincreas

Thepropertythatthemarginalproductofaninputdeclines

asthequantityoftheinputincreas

Diminishingreturns收益递减

Thepropertythatthebenefitfromanextraunitofaninput

declinesasthequantityoftheinputincreas

Discountrate贴现率

TheinterestrateontheloansthattheFedmakestobanks

Discouragedworkers丧失信心的工人

Individualswhowouldliketoworkbuthavegivenuplooking

forajob

Discrimination卑视

Theofferingofdifferentopportunitiestosimilar

individualswhodifferonlybyrace,ethnicgroup,x,age,

orotherpersonalcharacteristics

Diconomiesofscale规模不经济

Thepropertythatlong-runaveragetotalcostrisasthe

quantityofoutputincreas

Dominantstrategy优势战略

Astrategythatisbestforaplayerinagameregardless

ofthestrategieschonbytheotherplayers

debt债务

capital,suchasbondsandbankloans,suppliedtoafirm

bylenders;thefirmpromistorepaytheamountborrowed

withinterest

decentralization分权化

organizationalstructureinwhichmanyindividualsor

subunitscanmakedecisions

decisiontree决策树

adeviceforstructureddecisionmakingthatspellsoutthe

choicesandpossibleconquencesofalternativeactions

deficitspending赤字支出

thesituationthatexistswhengovernmentexpendituresare

greaterthanrevenues

deflation通货紧缩

apersistentdecreainthegenerallevelofprices

demand-constrainedequilibrium受需求约束的平衡

theequilibriumthatoccurswhenpricesarestuckatalevel

abovethatatwhichaggregatedemandequalsaggregate

supplyatthecurrentpricelevel

demand-pullinflation需求拉动型通货膨胀

inflationwhoinitialcauisaggregatedemand

exceedingaggregatesupplyatthecurrentpricelevel

demographiceffects人口效应

effectsthatarifromchangesincharacteristicsofthe

populationsuchasage,birthrates,andlocation

deregulation放松管制

theliftingofgovernmentregulationstoallowthemarket

tofunctionmorefreely

devaluation贬值

areductionintherateofexchangebetweenonecurrency

andothercurrenciesunderafixedexchangeratesystem

developedcountries发达国家或工业化国家

thewealthiestnationsintheworld,includingWestern

Europe,theUnitedStates,Canada,Japan,Australia,and

NewZealand

diminishingmarginalutility边际效用递减

theprinciplethatsaysthatasanindividualconsumesmore

andmoreofagood,eachsuccessiveunitincreasher

utility,orenjoyment,lessandless

dividends股息

thatportionofcorporateprofitspaidouttoshareholders

downwardrigidityofwages工资下降刚性

thesituationthatexistswhenwagesdonotfallquickly

inrespontoashiftinthedemandorsupplycurvefor

labor,resultinginanexcesssupplyoflabor

dualeconomy二元经济

theparationinmanyLDCsbetweenanimpoverishedrural

ctorandanurbanctorthathashigherwagesandmore

advancedtechnology

duopoly双头垄断

anindustrywithonlytwofirms

durablegoods耐用品

goodsthatprovidearviceoveranumberofyears,such

ascars,majorappliances,andfurniture

dynamicconsistency动态一致性

apolicyissaidtohavedynamicconsistencywhen

governmentannouncesacourofactionandthenhasthe

incentivestoactuallycarryoutthatpolicy

E

Economics经济学

Thestudyofhowsocietymanagesitsscarceresources

Economiesofscale规模经济

Thepropertythatlong-runaveragetotalcostfallsasthe

quantityofoutputincreas

Efficiency效率

Thepropertyofaresourceallocationofmaximizingthe

totalsurplusreceivedbyallmembersofsociety;The

propertyofsocietygettingthemostitcanfromitsscarce

resources

Efficiencywages效率工资

Above-equilibriumwagespaidbyfirmsinordertoincrea

workerproductivity

Efficientscale有效规模

Thequantityofoutputthatminimizesaveragetotalcost

Elasticity弹性

Ameasureoftheresponsivenessofquantitydemandedor

quantitysuppliedtooneofitsdeterminants

Equilibrium均衡

Asituationinwhichsupplyanddemandhavebeenbrought

intobalance

Equilibriumprice均衡价格

Thepricethatbalancessupplyanddemand

Equilibriumquantity均衡数量

Thequantitysuppliedandthequantitydemandedwhenthe

pricehasadjustedtobalancesupplyanddemand

Equity平等

Thefairnessofthedistributionofwell-beingamongthe

variousbuyersandllers;Thepropertyofdistributing

economicprosperityfairlyamongthemembersofsociety

Excessdemand超额需求

Asituationinwhichquantitydemandedisgreaterthan

quantitysupplied

Excesssupply超额供给

Asituationinwhichquantitysuppliedisgreaterthan

quantitydemanded

Excludability排他性

Thepropertyofagoodthatapersoncanbepreventedfrom

usingit

Exports出口

Goodsandrvicesthatareproduceddomesticallyandsold

abroad;Goodsproduceddomesticallyandsoldabroad

Externality外部性

Theimpactofoneperson'sactionsonthewell-beingofa

bystander

economicrents经济租金

paymentsmadetoafactorthatareinexcessofwhatis

requiredtoelicitthesupplyofthatfactor

efficiencywagetheory效率工资理论

thetheorythatpayinghigherwages(uptoapoint)lowers

totalproductioncosts,forinstancebyleadingtoamore

productivelaborforce

economiesofscope范围经济

whatexistswhenitislesxpensivetoproducetwo

productstogetherthanitwouldbetoproduceeachone

parately

efficientmarketstheory有效市场理论

thetheorythatallavailableinformationisreflectedin

thecurrentpriceofanast

elasticityoflaborsupply劳动供给弹性

thepercentagechangeinlaborsuppliedresultingfroma

1%changeinwages

equity,shares,stock股票

termsthatindicatepartownershipofafirm,whichthefirm

llsinordertoraimoney,orcapital

equitycapital股份资本

capital,suchasshares(orstock),suppliedtoafirmby

itsowners(shareholders);thereturnsreceivedbythe

ownersarenotguaranteedbutdependonhowwellthefirm

does

exchangeefficiency交换的效率

theconditioninwhichwhatevertheeconomyproducesis

distributedamongindividualsinanefficientway

exchangerate汇率

therateatwhichonecurrency(suchasdollars)canbe

exchangedforanother(suchasmarks,yen,orpounds)

excitax物资税

ataxonaparticulargoodorrvice

expectedreturn预期收益

theaveragereturn--asinglenumberthatcombinesthe

variouspossiblereturnsperdollarinvestedwiththe

chancesthateachofthereturnswillactuallybepaid

export-ledgrowth出口导向型增长

thestrategythatgovernmentshouldencourageexportsin

whichthecountryhasacomparativeadvantagetostimulate

growth

F

Factorsofproduction生产要素

Theinputsudtoproducegoodsandrvices

FederalRerve(Fed)联邦储备

ThecentralbankoftheUnitedStates

Fiatmoney法定货币

Moneywithoutintrinsicvaluethatisudasmoneybecau

ofgovernmentdecree

Financialintermediaries金融中介机构

Financialinstitutionsthroughwhichsaverscanindirectly

providefundstoborrowers

Financialmarkets金融市场

Financialinstitutionsthroughwhichsaverscandirectly

providefundstoborrowers

Financialsystem金融体系

Thegroupofinstitutionsintheeconomythathelptomatch

oneperson'ssavingwithanotherperson'sinvestment

Fishereffect费雪效应

Theone-for-oneadjustmentofthenominalinterestrateto

theinflationrate

Fixedcost固定成本

Coststhatdonotvarywiththequantityofoutputproduced

Fractional-rervebanking部分预备金银行体系

Abankingsysteminwhichbanksholdonlyafractionof

depositsasrerves

Freerider搭便车者

Apersonwhoreceivesthebenefitofagoodbutavoids

payingforit

factordemand要素需求

theamountofaninputdemandedbyafirm,giventheprice

oftheinputandthequantityofoutputbeingproduced;an

inputwillbedemandeduptothepointwherethevalueof

theinput'smarginalproductequalsthepriceoftheinput

federalgovernmentstructure联邦政府结构

asysteminwhichgovernmentactivitytakesplaceat

verallevels--national,state,county,city,andothers

firmwealtheffect厂商的财宝效应

lowerpricesorlowerdemandcaufirms'profitsandnet

worthtofall,andthismakesthemlesswillingtoundertake

therisksinvolvedwithinvestment

fiscalpolicies财政政策

policiesthataffectthelevelofgovernmentexpenditures

andtaxes

fixedexchangeratesystem固定汇率体系

anexchangeratesysteminwhichthevalueofeachcurrency

isfixedinrelationshiptoothercurrencies

flexibleexchangeratesystem浮动汇率体系

asysteminwhichexchangeratesaredeterminedbymarket

forces,thelawofsupplyanddemand,withoutgovernment

interference

fixedoroverheadinputs不变投入或分摊投入

inputsthatdonotchangedependingonthequantityof

output,atleastovertheshortterm

flowstatistics流量统计

measurementsofacertainrateofquantityperperiodof

time,suchasGDP,whichmeasuresoutputperyear

full-employmentdeficit充分就业赤字

thebudgetdeficitthatwouldhaveprevailediftheeconomy

wereatfullemployment,thuswithhighertaxrevenuesand

lowerpublicassistanceexpenditures

full-employmentoutput/potentialoutput充分就业产出或

潜在产出

thelevelofoutputthatwouldprevailiflaborwerefully

employed(outputmayexceedthatlevelifworkersworkmore

thanthenormallevelofovertime)

G

GDPdeflator平减指数

Ameasureofthepricelevelcalculatedastheratioof

nominalGDPtorealGDPtimes100

Gametheory博弈理论

Thestudyofhowpeoplebehaveinstrategicsituations

Giffengood吉芬物品

Agoodforwhichanincreainthepriceraisthe

quantitydemanded

Grossdomesticproduct(GDP)国内生产总值

Themarketvalueofallfinalgoodsandrvicesproduced

withinacountryinagivenperiodoftime

Grossnationalproduct(GNP)国名生产总值

Themarketvalueofallfinalgoodsandrvicesproduced

bypermanentresidentsofanationwithinagivenperiod

oftime

gainsfromtrade交易所得

thebenefitsthateachsideenjoysfromatrade

GDPpercapita人均国内生产总值

thevalueofallgoodsandrvicesproducedintheeconomy

dividedbypopulation

generalequilibriumanalysis一般均衡分析

asimultaneousanalysisofallcapital,product,andlabor

marketsthroughouttheeconomy

Ginicoefficient基尼系数

ameasureofinequality(equaltotwicetheareabetween

the45degreelineandtheLorenzcurve)

greenrevolution绿色革命

theinventionanddisminationofnewedsand

agriculturalpracticesthatledtovastincreasin

agriculturaloutputinLDCsduringthe1960'sand1970's

H

Horizontalequity横向公平

Theideathattaxpayerswithsimilarabilitiestopaytaxes

shouldpaythesameamount

Humancapital人力资本

Theknowledgeandskillsthatworkersacquirethrough

education,training,andexperience;Theaccumulationof

investmentsinpeople,suchaducationandon-the-job

training

horizontalintegration横向一体化

theintegrationofafirmwithotherfirmsproducingthe

sameproduct(atthesamelevelofproduction)

horizontalmerger横向兼并

amergerbetweentwofirmsthatproducethesamegoods

horizontalrestrictions横向约束

restrictions(suchasanagreementnottocompeteinprice

ortoentereachothers'markets)bycompetingfirms(at

thesamelevelofproduction,forinstance,amongproducers,

oramongwholesalers,oramongretailers)

hostiletakeover恶意收购

whenonemanagementteam(onefirm)takesoverthecontrol

ofanother,againstthewillofthecondfirm

I

Importquota进口限额

Alimitonthequantityofagoodthatcanbeproducedabroad

andsolddomestically

Imports进口

Goodsandrvicesthatareproducedabroadandsold

domestically

In-kindtransfers实物转移支付

Transferstothepoorgivenintheformofgoodsand

rvicesratherthancash

Incomeeffect收入效应

Thechangeinconsumptionthatresultswhenapricechange

movestheconsumertoahigherorlowerindifferencecurve

Incomeelasticityofdemand需求收入弹性

Ameasureofhowmuchthequantitydemandedofagood

respondstoachangeinconsumers'income,computedasthe

percentagechangeinquantitydemandeddividedbythe

percentagechangeinincome

Indexation指数化

Theautomaticcorrectionofadollarfigurefortheeffects

ofinflationbylaworcontract

Indifferencecurves无差异曲线

Curvesthatshowconsumptionbundlesthatgivetheconsumer

thesamelevelofsatisfactionAgoodforwhichanincrea

inincomereducesthequantitydemanded

Inferiorgood低档商品

Agoodforwhich,otherthingsbeingequal,anincreain

incomeleadstoadecreainquantitydemanded

Inflation通货膨胀

Anincreaintheoveralllevelofpricesintheeconomy

Inflationrate通货膨胀率

Thepercentagechangeinthepriceindexfromthepreceding

period

Internalizinganexternality外部性的内在化

Alteringincentivessothatpeopletakeaccountofthe

externaleffectsoftheiractions

Investment投资

Spendingoncapitalequipment,inventories,andstructures,

includinghouholdpurchasofnewhousing

imperfectcompetition不完全竞争

anymarketstructureinwhichthereissomecompetitionbut

firmsfacedownward-slopingdemandcurves

implicitcontract隐含合同

anunwrittenunderstandingbetweentwogroupsinvolvedin

anexchange,suchasanunderstandingbetweenemployerand

employeesthatemployeeswillreceiveastablewage

throughoutfluctuatingeconomicconditions

importfunction进口函数

therelationshipbetweenimportsandnationalincome

incompletemarkets不完全市场

situationsinwhichnomarketmayexistforsomegoodor

forsomerisk,orinwhichsomeindividualscannotborrow

forsomepurpos

increasing,constantordiminishingreturnstoscale规

模收益递增/不变/递减

whenallinputsareincreadbyacertainproportion,

outputincreasbyagreaterproportion(alsoknownas

economiesofscale)

indexing指数化

theformallinkingofanypaymenttoapriceindex

individualincometax个人所得税

ataxbadontheincomereceivedbyanyindividualor

houhold

infantindustryargumentforprotection稚嫩工业爱护论

theargumentthatindustriesmustbeprotectedfromforeign

competitionwhiletheyareyoung,untiltheyhaveachance

toacquiretheskillstoenablethemtocompeteonequal

terms

infiniteelasticityofdemand无限需求弹性

thesituationthatexistswhenanyamountwillbedemanded

ataparticularprice,butnothingwillbedemandedifthe

pricerivenasmallamount

infiniteelasticityofsupply无限供给弹性

situationthatexistswhenanyamountwillbesuppliedat

aparticularprice,butnothingwillbesuppliedifthe

pricefallvenasmallamount

inflationtax通货膨胀税

thedecreainbuyingpower(wealth)thatinflation

imposonthowhoholdcurrency(andotherasts,like

bonds,thepaymentsforwhicharefixedintermsofdollars)

inflationaryspiral通货膨胀螺旋

alf-perpetuatingsysteminwhichpriceincreaslead

tohigherwages,whichleadtofurtherpriceincreas

infrastructure基础设施

theroads,ports,bridges,andlegalsystemthatprovide

thenecessarybasisforaworkingeconomy

insider-outsidertheory局内人—局外人理论

thetheorythatfirmsarereluctanttopaynewworkers

(outsiders)alowerwagethancurrentworkers(insiders),

becaucurrentworkerswillfearbeingreplacedbythenew

log-wageworkersandwillnotparticipateincooperating

withandtrainingthem

interest利息

thereturnasaverreceivesinadditiontotheoriginal

amountshedeposited,andtheamountthataborrowermust

payinadditiontotheoriginalamountshedeposited

interestrateeffect利率效应

thesituationthatexistswhenlowerinterestrates

(resultingfromanincreainthemoneysupply,orafall

inthepricelevel)inducefirmstoinvestmore

investmentschedule投资曲线

therelationshipbetweenthelevelofinvestmentandthe

(real)rateofinterest

investmenttaxcredit(ITC)投资税减免

aprovisionofthetaxcodeinwhichthegovernmentreduces

acompany'staxbillbyanamountequaltoapercentageof

itsspendingoninvestment

involuntaryunemployment非自愿失业

thesituationthatoccurswhenthesupplyofthowilling

toworkatthegoingmarketwageexceedsthedemandfor

labor

J

Jobarch查找工作

Theprocessbywhichworkersfindappropriatejobsgiven

theirtastesandskills

K

Keynesianmonetarytheory凯恩斯货币理论

Keynesianunemployment凯恩斯失业

unemploymentthatoccursasaresultofinsufficient

aggregatedemand;itarisinthedemand-constrained

equilibrium(whereaggregatedemandislessthanaggregate

supply),sothatrightwardshiftsinaggregatedemand

reducethelevelofunemployment

kinkeddemandcurve有折点的需求曲线

thedemandcurveperceivedbyanoligopolistwhobelieves

thatrivalswillmatchanypricecutsbutwillnotmatch

priceincreas

L

Laborforce劳动力

Thetotalnumberofworkers,includingboththeemployed

andunemployed

Labor-forceparticipationrate劳动力参工率

Thepercentageofthepopulationthatisinthelaborforce

Lawofdemand需求规律

Theclaimthat,otherthingsbeingequal,thequantity

demandedofagoodfallswhenthepriceofthegoodris

Lawofsupply供给规律

Theclaimthat,othersthingsbeingequal,thequantity

suppliedofagoodriswhenthepriceofthegoodris

Lawofsupplyanddemand供求规律

Theclaimthatthepriceofanygoodadjuststobringthe

supplyanddemandforthatgoodintobalance

LifeCycle生命周期

Theregularpatternofincomevariationoveraperson's

life

Liquidity流淌性

Theeawithwhichanastcanbeconvertedintothe

economy'smediumofexchange

Lump-sumtax定额税

Ataxthatisthesameamountforeveryperson

learningbydoing干中学

theincreainproductivitythatoccursasafirmgains

experiencefromproducing,andthatresultsinadecrea

inthefirm'sproductioncosts

learningcurve学习曲线；经验曲线

thecurvedescribinghowcostsofproductiondeclineas

cumulativeoutputincreasovertime

lessdevelopedcountries(LDCs)进展中国家

thepoorestnationsoftheworld,includingmuchofAfrica,

LatinAmerica,andAsia

life-cyclehypothesis生命周期假讲

thetheorythatindividualstypicallysavewhentheyare

youngandworkingandspendtheirsavingsastheyageand

retire

life-cyclesavingsmotive生命周期储蓄动机

peoplesaveduringtheirworkinglivessothattheycan

consumemoreduringretirement

limitpricing限制性定价

thepracticeofchargingalowerpricethanthelevelat

whichmarginalrevenueequalsmarginalcost,asawayof

deterringentrybypersuadingpotentialcompetitorsthat

theirprofitsfromenteringarelikelytobelimited

Lorenzcurve洛伦兹曲线

acurvethatshowsthecumulativeproportionofincomethat

goestoeachcumulativeproportionofthepopulation,

startingwiththelowestincomegroup

Luddites卢德派分子

earlynineteenth-centuryworkmenwhodestroyed

labor-savingmachineryratherthaneittakingovertheir

jobs

M

Macroeconomics宏观经济学

Thestudyofeconomy-widephenomena,includinginflation,

unemployment,andeconomicgrowth

Marginalchanges边际变动

Smallincrementaladjustmentstoaplanofaction

Marginalcost边际成本

Theincreaintotalcostthatarisfromanextraunit

ofproduction

Marginalproduct边际产量

Theincreainoutputthatarisfromanadditionalunit

ofinput

Marginalproductoflabor劳动的边际产量

Theincreaintheamountofoutputfromanadditionalunit

oflabor

Marginalrateofsubstitution边际替代率

Therateatwhichaconsumeriswillingtotradeonegood

foranother

Marginalrevenue边际收益

Thechangeintotalrevenuefromanadditionalunitsold

Marginaltaxrate边际税率

Theextrataxespaidonanadditionaldollarofincome

Market市场

Agroupofbuyersandllersofaparticulargoodor

rvice

Marketeconomy市场经济

Aneconomythatallocatesresourcesthroughthe

decentralizeddecisionsofmanyfirmsandhouholdsas

theyinteractinmarketsforgoodsandrvices

Marketfailure市场失灵

Asituationinwhichamarketleftonitsownfailsto

allocateresourcefficiently

Marketforloanablefunds可贷资金市场

Themarketinwhichthowhowanttosavesupplyfundsand

thowhowanttoborrowtoinvestdemandfunds

Marketpower市场力量

Theabilityofasingleeconomicfactor(orsmallgroupof

factors)tohaveasubstantialinfluenceonmarketprices

Mediumofexchange交换媒介

Anitemthatbuyersgivetollerswhentheywantto

purchagoodsandrvices

Menucosts菜单成本

Thecostsofchangingprices

Microeconomics微观经济学

Thestudyofhowhouholdsandfirmsmakedecisionsand

howtheyinteractinmarkets

Modelofaggregatesupplyandaggregatedemand总需求与

总供给模型

Themodelthatmosteconomistsutoexplainshort-run

fluctuationsineconomicactivityarounditslong-run

trend

Monetaryneutrality货币中性

Thepropositionthatchangesinthemoneysupplydonot

affectrealvariables

Monetarypolicy货币政策

Thettingofthemoneysupplybypolicymakersinthe

centralbank

Money货币

Thetofastsintheeconomythatpeopleregularlyu

tobuygoodsandrvicesfromotherpeople

Moneymultiplier货币乘数

Theamountofmoneythebankingsystemgenerateswitheach

dollarofrerves

Moneysupply货币供给

Thequantityofmoneyavailableintheeconomy

Monopolisticcompetition垄断竞争

Amarketstructureinwhichmanyfirmsllproductsthat

aresimilarbutnotidentical

Monopoly垄断

Afirmthatisthesolellerofaproductwithoutclo

substitutes

Multipliereffect乘数效应

Theadditionalshiftsinaggregatedemandthatresultwhen

expansionaryfiscalpolicyincreasincomeandthereby

increasconsumerspending

Mutualfund共同基金

Aninstitutionthatllssharestothepublicandusthe

proceedstobuyaportfolioofstocksandbonds

M1,M2,M3货币供给量的度量

measuresofthemoneysupply:M1includescurrencyand

checkingaccounts;M2includesM1plussavingsdeposits,

CDs,andmoneymarketfunds;M3includesM2plus

large-denominationsavingsdepositsandinstitutional

moneymarketmutualfunds

managerialslack治理松懈

thelackofmanagerialefficiency(forinstance,incutting

costs)thatoccurswhenfirmsareinsulatedfrom

competition

marginalcostsandbenefits边际成本和边际收益

costsandbenefitsthatresultfromchoosingalittlebit

moreofonethingandalittlebitlessofanother

marginalpropensitytoconsume边际消费倾向

theamountbywhichconsumptionincreaswhendisposable

incomeincreasbyadollar

marginalpropensitytoimport边际进口倾向

theamountbywhichimportsincreawhendisposableincome

increasbyadollar

marginalpropensitytosave边际储蓄倾向

theamountbywhichsavingsincreawhendisposableincome

increasbyadollar

marginalutility边际效用

theextrautility,orenjoyment,apersonreceivesfromthe

consumptionofoneadditionalunitofagoo

marketclearing市场出清

situationthatexistswhenthereisneitherexcesssupply

norexcessdemand

marketfailuresapproach市场失灵论

theargumentthatgovernmentmayhaveaneconomicroleto

playwhenmarketsfailtoproduceefficientoutcomes

marketlaborsupplycurve劳动的市场供给曲线

therelationshipbetweenthewagepaidandtheamountof

laborwillinglysupplied,foundbyaddingupthelabor

supplycurvesofallindividualsintheeconomy

medianvoter中间投票人

thevotersuchthathalfthepopulationhavepreferences

ononesideofthisvoter(forinstance,theywanthigher

governmentexpendituresandtaxes),whiletheotherhalfof

thepopulationhavepreferencesontheothersideofthis

voter(theywantlowertaxesandexpenditures)

meritgoodsandbads公益品和公害品

goodsthataredeterminedbythegovernmenttobegoodor

badforpeople,regardlessforwhetherpeopledesirethem

forthemlvesornot

mixedeconomy混合经济

aneconomythatallocatesresourcesthroughamixtureof

public(governmental)andprivatedecisionmaking

model模型

atofassumptionsanddataudbyeconomiststostudy

anaspectoftheeconomyandmakepredictionsaboutthe

futureorabouttheconquencesofvariouspolicychanges

Modigliani-Millertheorem莫迪利安尼—米勒定理

thetheoremthatsaysthatunderasimplifiedtof

conditions,themannerinwhichafirmfinancesitlfdoes

notmatter

monetarists货币主义者

economistswhoemphasizetheimportanceofmoneyinthe

economy;theytendtobelievethatanappropriatemonetary

policyisalltheeconomyneedsfromthegovernment,and

marketforceswillotherwisolveanymacroeconomic

problems

moralhazard败德；道德陷阱

principlethatsaysthatthowhopurchainsurancehave

areducedincentivetoavoidwhattheyareinsuredagainst

multiplier-acceleratormodel乘数—加速数模型

amodelthatrelatesbusinesscyclestotheinternal

workingsoftheeconomy,showinghowchangesininvestment

andoutputreinforceeachother;thecentralingredients

ofthemodelarethemultiplierandtheaccelerator

multilateraltrade多边贸易

tradebetweenmorethantwoparties

N

Nashequilibrium纳什均衡

Asituationinwhicheconomicactorsinteractingwithone

anothereachchootheirbeststrategygiventhe

strategiesthatalltheotheractorshavechon

Nationalsaving(saving)国民储蓄

Thetotalincomeintheeconomythatremainsafterpaying

forconsumptionandgovernmentpurchas

Naturalmonopoly自然垄断

Amonopolythatarisbecauasinglefirmcansupplya

goodorrvicetoanentiremarketatasmallercostthan

couldtwoormorefirms

Naturalrateofunemployment自然失业率

Thenormalrateofunemploymentaroundwhichthe

unemploymentratefluctuates

Naturalresources自然资源

Theinputsintotheproductionofgoodsandrvicesthat

areprovidedbynature,suchasland,rivers,andmineral

deposits

Natural-ratehypothesis自然率假讲

Theclaimthatunemploymenteventuallyreturnstoits

normal,ornatural,rate,regardlessoftherateof

inflation

Netexports净出口

Thevalueofanation'xportsminusthevalueofits

imports,alsocalledthetradebalance;Spendingon

domesticallyproducedgoodsbyforeigners(exports)minus

spendingonforeigngoodsbydomesticresidents(imports)

Netforeigninvestment国外净投资

Thepurchaofforeignastsbydomesticresidentsminus

thepurchaofdomesticastsbyforeigners

NominalGDP名义GDP

Theproductionofgoodsandrvicesvaluedatcurrent

prices

NominalVariables名义变量

Variablesmeasuredinmonetaryunits

Nominalexchangerate名义汇率

Therateatwhichapersoncantradethecurrencyofone

countryforthecurrencyofanother

Nominalinterestrate名义利率

Theinterestrateasusuallyreportedwithoutacorrection

fortheeffectsofinflation

Normalgood正常物品

Agoodforwhichanincreainincomeraisthequantity

demanded;Agoodforwhich,otherthingsbeingequal,an

increainincomeleadstoanincreainquantity

demanded

Normativestatements规范表述

Claimsthatattempttoprescribehowtheworldshouldbe

naturalendowments自然禀赋

acountry'snaturalresources,likegoodclimate,fertile

land,orminerals

netexportfunction净出口函数

acurvethatgivesthelevelofnetexportsateachlevel

ofincome

netdomesticproduct(NDP)国内生产净值

GDPminusthevalueofthedepreciationofthecountry's

capitalgoods

newclassicaleconomists新古典经济学家

economistswho,beginninginthe1970;s,builtonthe

traditionofclassicaleconomistsandbelievedthatbyand

large,marketforces,iflefttothemlves,wouldsolve

theproblemsofunemploymentandrecessions

newgrowtheconomists新增长经济学家

economistswho,beginninginthe1980's,soughtto

understandbetterthebasicforcesthatledtheeconomyto

growfastatonetimeandsloweratanother,orsome

countriestogrowfasterthanothers

newKeynesianeconomists新凯恩斯主义经济学家

economistswho,beginningthe1980's,builtonthe

traditionofKeynesianeconomistsandfocudattentionon

unemployment;theysoughtexplanationsforthefailureof

wagesandpricestoadjusttomakelabormarketsand

possiblyothermarketsclear

newlyindustrializedcountries新工业化国家

nationsthathaverecentlymovedfrombeginquitepoorto

beingmiddle-incomecountries;includingSouthKorea,

Taiwan,Singapore,andHongKong

normativeeconomics规范经济学

economicsinwhichtheconclusionsrestonvaluejudgments

aswellasfactsandtheories

O

Oligopoly寡头

Amarketstructureinwhichonlyafewllersoffersimilar

oridenticalproducts

Openeconomy开放经济

Aneconomythatinteractsfreelywithothereconomies

aroundtheworld

Open-marketoperations公开市场活动

ThepurchaandsaleofUnitedStatesgovernmentbondsby

theFed

Opportunitycost机会成本

Whatevermustbegivenuptoobtainsomeitem

Okun'slaw奥确信律

theobrvationthatastheeconomypullsoutofarecession,

outputincreasmorethanproportionatelytoincreasin

employment

opportunityts机会集合

asummaryofthechoicesavailabletoindividuals,as

definedbybudgetconstraintsandtimeconstraints

outputpercapita人均产量

anation'soutputdividedbythenumberofindividualsin

thecountry

outputs产量

theoutcomesofaproductionprocess

overheadcosts治理费用

donotdependonthescaleofproduction

P

Perfectcomplements完全互补品

Twogoodswithright-angleindifferencecurves

Perfectsubstitutes完全替代品

Twogoodswithstraight-lineindifferencecurves

Permanentincome持久收入

Aperson'snormalincome

Phillipscurve菲利普斯曲线

Acurvethatshowstheshort-runtradeoffbetweeninflation

andunemployment

Physicalcapital物质资本

Thestockofequipmentandstructuresthatareudto

producegoodsandrvices

Pigoviantax庇古税

Ataxenactedtocorrecttheeffectsofanegative

externality

Positivestatements实证表述

Claimsthatattempttodescribetheworldasitis

Povertyline贫困线

Anabsolutelevelofincometbythefederalgovernment

foreachfamilysizebelowwhichafamilyisdeemedtobe

inpoverty

Povertyrate贫困率

Thepercentageofthepopulationwhofamilyincomefalls

belowanabsolutelevelcalledthepovertyline

Priceceiling价格上限

Alegalmaximumonthepriceatwhichagoodcanbesold

Pricediscrimination价格卑视

Thebusinesspracticeofllingthesamegoodatdifferent

pricestodifferentcustomers

Priceelasticityofdemand需求价格弹性

Ameasureofhowmuchthequantitydemandedofagood

respondstoachangeinthepriceofthatgood,computed

asapercentagechangeinquantitydemandeddividedbythe

percentagechangeinprice

Priceelasticityofsupply供给价格弹性

Ameasureofhowmuchthequantitysuppliedofagood

respondstoachangeinthepriceofthatgood,computed

asthepercentagechangeinquantitysupplieddividedby

thepercentagechangeinprice

Pricefloor价格下限

Alegalminimumonthepriceatwhichagoodcanbesold

Prisoners'dilemma囚犯的两难处境

Aparticular'game'betweentwocapturedprisonersthat

illustrateswhycooperationisdifficulttomaintaineven

whenitismutuallybeneficial

Privategoods私人物品

Goodsthatarebothexcludableandrival

Privatesaving私人储蓄

Theincomethathouholdshaveleftafterpayingfortaxes

andconsumption

Producerpriceindex生产物价指数

Ameasureofthecostofabasketofgoodsandrvices

boughtbyfirms

Producersurplus生产者剩余

Theamountallerispaidforagoodminustheller's

cost

Productionfunction生产函数

Therelationshipbetweenquantityofinputsudtomake

agoodandthequantityofoutputofthatgood

Productionpossibilitiesfrontier生产可能性边界

Agraphthatshowsthevariouscombinationsofoutputthat

theeconomycanpossiblyproducegiventheavailable

factorsofproductionandtheavailableproduction

technology

Productivity生产率

Theamountofgoodsandrvicesproducedfromeachhour

ofaworker'stime;Thequantityofgoodsandrvices

producedfromeachhourofaworker'stime

Profit利润

Totalrevenueminustotalcost

Progressivetax累进税

Ataxforwhichhigh-incometaxpayerspayalargerfraction

oftheirincomethandolow-incometaxpayers

Proportionaltax比例税

Ataxforwhichhigh-incomeandlow-incometaxpayerspay

thesamefractionofincome

Publicgoods公共物品

Goodsthatareneitherexcludablenorrival

Publicsaving公共储蓄

Thetaxrevenuethatthegovernmenthasleftafterpaying

foritsspending

Pareto-efficientallocations帕雷托有效配置

resourceallocations,thatcannotmakeapersonbetteroff

withoutmakingsomeoneelworoff

partialequilibriumanalysis局部均衡分析

ananalysisthatfocusononlyoneorafewmarketsat

atime

partnership合伙制

abusinessownedbytwoormoreindividuals,whosharethe

profitsandarejointlyliableforanyloss

patent专利

agovernmentdecreegivinganinventortheexclusiveright

toproduce,u,orllaninvention

paternalism父爱主义

themakingofjudgmentsbygovernmentaboutwhatisgood

forpeopletohave,ratherthanlettingpeoplechooon

theirown

payrolltax工薪税

ataxbadonpayroll(wages)thatisudtofinancethe

SocialSecurityandMedicareprograms

perfectcompetition完全竞争

situationinwhicheachfirmisapricetaker--itcannot

influencethemarketprice;atthemarketpricethefirm

canllasmuchasitwishes,butifitraisitsprice,

itlosallsales

perfectlymobilecapita具有完全流淌性的资本

capitalthatrespondsquicklytochangesinreturnsin

differentcountries

permanent-incomehypothesis永久收入假讲

thetheorythatindividualsbatheircurrentconsumption

levelsontheirpermanent(long-runaverage)income

permanent-incomesavingsmotive永久收入储蓄动机

peoplesaveingoodyears,totidethemoverinbadyears;

theychootheirpatternofsavingsandspendingyearby

yeartoaverageorsmooththeirconsumptionovergoodyears

andbad

piece-ratesystem计件工资制度

acompensationsysteminwhichworkersarepaid

specificallyforeachitemproduced

plannedorunplannedinventories打算或无打算库存

plannedinventoriesarethofirmschootohaveonhand

becautheymakebusinessmoreefficient;unplanned

inventoriesresultwhencannotllwhattheyproduce

policyineffectiveness政策无效性命题

thepropositionthatgovernmentpoliciesare

ineffective--policiesaimedatstimulatingaggregate

demandatmostchangethepricelevel

plannedeconomy打算经济

aneconomyinwhichmostdecisionsaboutresource

allocationaremadebythegovernment

portfoliotheories资产组合理论

theoriesthatarguethatmonetarypolicyaffectsoutput

throughitffectonpricesofvariousasts,in

particularthepricesofstocks

portfolio资产组合

aninvestor'ntirecollectionofastsandliabilities

potentialGDP潜在GDP

ameasureofwhatthevalueofGDPwouldbeiftheeconomy's

resourceswerefullyemployed

potentialoutput潜在产出

thelevelofoutputthatwouldprevailiflaborwerefully

employed(outputmayexceedthatlevelifworkersworkmore

thanthenormallevelofovertime)

precautionarysavingsmotive慎重储蓄动机

peoplesavetoguardagainstthechanceofanunexpected

illnessoraccident

predatorypricing掠夺性定价

thepracticeofcuttingpricesbelowthemarginalcostsof

productiontodriveoutanewfirm(ortodeterfuture

entry),atwhichpointpricescanberaidagain

prentdiscountedvalue现期贴现值

howmuchanamountofmoneytobereceivedinthefuture

isworthrightnow

priceindex价格指数

ameasureofthelevelofpricesfoundbycomparingthecost

ofacertainbasketofgoodsinoneyearwiththatcostin

abayear

principal本金

theoriginalamountasaverdepositsinabankoraborrower

borrows

principal-agentproblem所有者—代理人问题

anysituationinwhichoneparty(theprincipal)needsto

delegateactionstoanotherparty(theagent),andthus

wishestoprovidetheagentwithincentivestoworkhard

andmakedecisionsaboutriskthatreflectstheinterests

oftheprincipal

privatemarginalcost私人边际成本

themarginalcostofproductionbornebytheproducerof

agood;whenthereisanegativeexternality,suchasair

pollution,privatemarginalcostislessthansocial

marginalcost

privatization私有化

theprocesswherebyfunctionsthatwereformallyrunbythe

governmentaredelegatedinsteadtotheprivatector

productdifferentiation产品差异

thefactthatsimilarproducts(likebreakfastcerealsor

softdrinks)areperceivedtodifferfromoneanotherand

thusareimperfectsubstitutes

productmarket产品市场

themarketinwhichgoodsandrvicesareboughtandsold

product-mixefficiency产品组合效应

theconditioninwhichthemixofgoodsproducedbythe

economyreflectsthepreferencesofconsumers

productionefficiency生产效率

theconditioninwhichfirmscannotproducemoreofsome

goodswithoutproducinglessofothergoods

productivity(GDPperhour)生产率/平均每人时的GDP

howmuchanaverageworkerproducesperhour,calculated

bydividingrealGDPbyhoursworkedintheeconomy

proprietorship独资企业

abusinessownedbyasingleperson,usuallyasmall

business

protectionism爱护主义

apolicyofprotectingdomesticindustriesfrom

foreign-madecompetition

pureprofit(monopolyrents)纯利润或垄断租金

theprofitearnedbyamonopolistthatresultsfromits

reducingoutputandincreasingthepricefromthelevelat

whichpriceequalsmarginalcost

Q

Quantitydemanded需求量

Theamountofagoodthatbuyersarewillingandableto

purcha

Quantityequation货币数量方程式

TheequationMxV=PxY,whichrelatesthequantityofmoney,

thevelocityofmoneyandthedollarvalueoftheeconomy's

outputofgoodsandrvices

Quantitysupplied供给量

Theamountofagoodthatllersarewillingandableto

ll

Quantitytheoryofmoney货币数量论

Atheorythatasrtsthatthequantityofmoneyavailable

determinesthepricelevelandthatthegrowthrateinthe

quantityofmoneyavailabledeterminestheinflationrate;

Thetheorythatvelocityisconstant,sothatchangesin

themoneysupplyleadtoproportionalechangesinnominal

income(whichalsoequalsthevalueofoutput)

quotarents配额租金

profitsthataccruetofirmswhichareallocatedtherights

toimportagoodsubjecttoquotasthatresultfromthe

artificiallycreatedscarcity

quotas配额

limitsontheamountofforeigngoodsthatcanbeimported

R

Rationalexpectations理性预期

Thetheoryaccordingtowhichpeopleoptimallyuallthe

informationtheyhave,includinginformationabout

governmentpolicies,whenforecastingthefuture

RealGDP实际GDP

Theproductionofgoodsandrvicesvaluedatconstant

prices

Realexchangerate实际汇率

Therateatwhichapersoncantradethegoodsandrvices

ofonecountryforthegoodsandrvicesofanother

Realinterestrate实际利率

Theinterestratecorrectedfortheeffectsofinflation

Realvariables实际变量

Variablesmeasuredinphysicalunits

Recession衰退

Aperiodofdecliningrealincomesandrisingunemployment

Regressivetax累退税

Ataxforwhichhigh-incometaxpayerspayasmaller

fractionoftheirincomethandolow-incometaxpayers

Rerveratio预备金率

Thefractionofdepositsthatbanksholdasrerves

Rerverequirements法定预备金

Regulationsontheminimumamountofrervesthatbanks

mustholdagainstdeposits

Rerves预备金

Depositsthatbankshavereceivedbuthavenotlentout

Rivalness竞争性

Thepropertyofagoodthatoneperson'sudiminishes

otherpeople'su

randomwalk随机行走

atermudtodescribethewaypricesofstockmove,where

thenextmovementcannotbepredictedonthebasisof

previousmovements

rationingsystems配给制

waysofdistributinggoodsthatdonotrelyonprices,such

asqueues,lotteries,andcoupons

realbalanceeffect实际余额效应

aspricesfall,therealvalueofpeople'smoneyholdings

increas,andtheyconsumemore

realbusiness-cycletheorists实际经济周期理论家

aschoolofeconomistswhocontendthattheeconomy's

fluctuationshavenothingtodowithmonetarypolicybut

aredeterminedbyrealforces

realincome实际收入

incomemeasuredbywhatitcanactuallybuy,ratherthan

bytheamountofmoney

realproductwage实际产品工资

thewagedividedbythepriceofthegoodbeingproduced

regulatorycapture管制俘虏

atermudtodescribeasituationinwhichregulators

rvetheinterestsoftheregulatedratherthanthe

interestsofconsumers

relativeperformancecompensation相对表现补偿

pay(compensation)badonperformanceonthejobrelative

tootherswhohavesimilarresponsibilitiesandauthority

renteking寻租

thenamegiventobehaviorthatekstoobtainbenefits

fromfavorablegovernmentdecisions,suchasprotection

fromforeigncompetition

revenuecurve收益曲线

therelationshipbetweenafirm'stotaloutputandits

revenue

revenues收益

theamountafirmreceivesforllingitsproducts,equal

tothepricereceivedmultipliedbythequantitysold

right-to-worklaws工作权利法

lawsthatpreventunionmembershipfrombeingacondition

ofemployment

riskaver/loving/neutral厌恶风险/喜爱风险/中性风

险

givenequalexpectedreturnsanddifferentrisksrisk

averpeoplewillchooastswithlowerrisk,risk

lovingpeoplewillchooastswithhigherrisk,and

risk-neutralindividualswillnotcareaboutdifferences

inrisk

riskpremium风险收益

theadditionalinterestrequiredbylendersas

compensationfortheriskthataborrowermaydefault;more

generally,theextrareturnrequiredtocompensatean

investor

S

Sacrificeratio牺牲率

Thenumberofpercentagepointsofannualoutputthatis

lostintheprocessofreducinginflationbyonepercentage

point

Scarcity希缺性

Thelimitednatureofsociety'sresources

Shoeleathercosts皮鞋成本

Theresourceswastedwheninflationencouragespeopleto

reducetheirmoneyholdings

Stagflation滞胀

Aperiodoffallingoutputandrisingprices

Stock股票

Aclaimtopartialownershipinafirm

Storeofvalue价值储藏

Anitemthatpeoplecanutotransferpurchasingpower

fromtheprenttothefuture

Strike罢工

Theorganizedwithdrawaloflaborfromafirmbyaunion

Substitutes替代品

Twogoodsforwhichanincreainthepriceofonegood

leadstoanincreainthedemandfortheothergood

Substitutioneffect替代效应

Thechangeinconsumptionthatresultswhenapricechange

movestheconsumeralongagivenindifferencecurvetoa

pointwithanewmarginalrateofsubstitution

Supplycurve供给曲线

Agraphoftherelationshipbetweenthepriceofagoodand

thequantitysupplied

Supplyschedule供给表

Atablethatshowstherelationshipbetweenthepriceof

agoodandthequantitysupplied

screening筛选

theprocessofdifferentiatingamongjobcandidates,when

thereisincompleteinformation,todeterminewhowillbe

themostproductive

shadowprice影子价格

thetruesocialvalueofaresource

signaling信号

conveyinginformation,forexamplebyearninga

college-degree,topersuadeanemployerthataprospective

workerhasdesirablecharacteristicsthatwillenhancehis

productivity

slope斜率

theamountbywhichthevaluealongtheverticalaxis

increasasaresultofachangeinaunitalongthe

horizontalaxis;theslopeiscalculatedbydividingthe

changeintheverticalaxis(the"ri")bythechangein

thehorizontalaxis(the"run")

Smith's"invisiblehand"斯密“看不见的手”

theideathatifpeopleactintheirownlf-interest,they

willoftenalsobeactinginabroadersocialinterest,as

iftheyhadbeendirectedbyan"invisiblehand"

smoothingconsumption均匀消费

consumingsimilaramountsintheprentandfuture,rather

thanlettingyear-to-yearincomedictateconsumption

socialmarginalcost社会边际成本

themarginalcostofproduction,includingthecostsofany

negativeexternality,suchasairpollution,borneby

individualsintheeconomyotherthantheproducer

socialism社会主义

aneconomicsysteminwhichthemeansofproductionare

controlledbythestate

softbudgetconstraints软预算约束

budgetconstraintsfacingafirminwhichthegovernment

subsidizesanyloss

staticexpectations静态预期

thebeliefofindividualsthattoday'spricesandwagesare

likelytocontinueintothefuture

stickyprices粘性价格

pricesthatdonotadjustoronlyadjustslowlytowarda

newequilibrium

stickywages粘性工资

wagesthatareslowtoadjustinrespontoachangein

labormarketconditions

stockstatistics存量统计

measurementsofthequantityofacertainitematacertain

pointintime,suchascapitalstock,thetotalvalueof

buildingsandmachines

sunkcost沉没成本

acostthathasbeenincurredandcannotberecovered

supply-constrainedequilibrium供给约束的均衡

theequilibriumthatoccurswhenpricesarestuckatalevel

belowthatatwhichaggregatedemandequalsaggregate

supply;inasupply-constrainedequilibrium,outputis

equaltoaggregatesupplybutlessthanaggregatedemand

surpluslabor剩余劳动

agreatdealofunemployedorunderemployedlabor,readily

availabletopotentialemployers

T

Tariff关税

Ataxongoodsproducedabroadandsolddomestically

Taxincidence税收归宿

Thestudyofwhobearstheburdenoftaxation

Technologicalknowledge技术知识

Society'sunderstandingofthebestwaystoproducegoods

andrvices

Theoryofliquiditypreference流淌偏好理论

Keynes'theorythattheinterestrateadjuststobring

moneysupplyandmoneydemandintobalance

Totalcost总成本

Theamountafirmpaystobuytheinputsintoproduction

Totalrevenue总收益

Theamountafirmreceivesforthesaleofitsoutput;The

amountpaidbybuyersandreceivedbyllersofagood,