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0308托福试题

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Question1-11

Iffoodisallowedtostandforsometime,it

eputrefiedmaterial

ixaminedmicroscopically,itisfoundtobeteemingwith

othe

bacteriacomefrom,sincetheyarenoteninfreshfood?

Evenuntilthemid-nineteenth

century,manypeoplebelievedthatsuchmicroorganisms

originatedbyspontaneous

(5)generation,ahypotheticalprocessbywhichlivingorganisms

developfromnonliving

matter.

Themostpowerfulopponentofthetheoryofspontaneous

generationwastheFrenchchemistandmicrobiologistLouis

Pasteur(1822-1895).Pasteurshowedthatstructures

prentinairclolyremblethemicroorganismsenin

(10)thisbypassingairthroughguncottonfilters,thefibersof

theguncottonwasdissolvedinamixtureofalcoholandether,

theparticlesthatithad

trappedfelltothebottomoftheliquidandwereexaminedon

r

foundthatinordinaryairtheexistsavarietyofsolid

structuresranginginsizefrom

thebodies

rembledthereproductive

(15)structuresofcommonmolds,single-celledanimals,and

variousothermicrobialcells.

Asmanyas20to30ofthemwerefoundinfifteenlitersof

ordinaryair,andtheycould

notbedistinguishedfromtheorganismsfoundinmuch

rconcluded

thattheorganismsfoundinputrefyingmaterialsoriginated

ulated

thatthebodiesareconstantly

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(20)beingdepositedonallobjects.

Pasteurshowedthatifanutrientsolutionwasaledina

glassflaskandheatedto

boilingtodestroyallthelivingorganismscontaminatingit,it

ponentsofspontaneousgeneration

declaredthatfreshairwasnecessaryfor

spontaneousgenerationandthattheairinsidethealed

flaskwasaffectedinsomeway

(25)byheatingsothatitwouldnolongersupportspontaneous

rconstructedaswan-neckedflaskinwhich

putrefyingmaterialscouldheheatedtoboiling,butair

dsintheneckprevented

microorganismsfromgettingintheflask..Materialsterilized

insuchaflaskdidnotputrefy.

1,Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

(a)Pasteur’sinfluenceonthedevelopmentofthemicroscope.

(b)Theoriginofthetheoryofspontaneousgeneration.

(c)Theeffectsofpasteurizationonfood.

(d)Pasteur’sargumentagainstthetheoryofspontaneous

generation.

2,Thephra“teemingwith〞inline2isclostinmeaningto

(a)fullof

(b)developinginto

(c)resistantto

(d)hurtby

3,Whichofthefollowingquestionsdidthetheoryofspontaneous

generationattempttoanswer?

(a)Whatistheoriginofthelivingorganismsareenonsome

food?

(b)Howmanytypesoforganismscanbefoundonfood?

(c)Whatisthemosteffectivewaytopreparelivingorganismsfor

microscopicexamination?

(d)Howlongcanfoodstandbeforeitputrefies?

4,Theword“remble〞inline9isclostinmeaningto

(a)benefitfrom

(b)appearsimilarto

4

(c)jointogetherwith

(d)growfrom

5,Thepurpoofthe“guncotton〞mentionedinparagraph2

wasto

(a)trapparticlesforanalysis

(b)slowtheprocessofputrefaction

(c)increatheairflowtothemicroscopicslide

(d)aidthemixingofalcoholandether

6,Theauthormention“1.0mm〞inline14indescribingthe

(a)thicknessofalayeroforganismsthatwasdepositedonan

object

(b)diameterofthefibersthatwereintheguncottonfilters

(c)thicknessofthemicroscopeslidesthatwereud

(d)sizeoftheparticlesthatthatwerecollected

d“postulated〞inline19isclostinmeaningto

(a)analyzed

(b)doubted

(c)persuaded

(d)suggested

ectsthatPasteutremovedfromtheairinhis

experimentwereremarkablebecautheywere

(a)primarilysingle-celledorganisms

(b)nodifferentfromobjectsfoundinputrefyingmaterials

(c)fairlyrare

(d)abletoliveinamixtureofalcoholandether

d“it〞inline22refersto

(a)anutrientsolution

(b)aglassflask

(c)boiling

(d)spontaneousgeneration

ingtoparagraph3,proponentsofspontaneous

generationbelievedthatwhichofthefollowingwasimportant

fortheprocesstosucceed?

5

(a)Aaledcontainer

(b)Freshair

(c)Heat

(d)Theprenceofnutrients

einferredfromparagraph3thatPasteuremployeda

swam-neckedflaskto

(a)storesterilizedliquidsforuinfutureexperiments

(b)preventheatfrombuildingupinasolution

(c)disproveacriticismofhisconclusions

(d)estimatethenumberoforganismsinaliterofair

Questions12-20

IntheearlydecadesoftheUnitedStates,theagrarian

movementpromotedthefarmer

associety’indsofagrarianthinkersand

writers,thefarmerwasapersononwhowell-beingthe

iodbetweenthe

Revolution,whichendedin1783,andtheCivilWar,which

endedin1865,wastheageof

(5)an

philosophers,reprentedmosteloquentlyby

ThomasJefferson,celebratedfarmerxtravagantlyfortheir

suppodcentralityinagood

society,theirpoliticalvirtue,andtheirSuperior

tuallyallpolicymakers,whetherthey

subscribedtothetenetsofthephilosophyheldbyJefferson

ornot,recognizedagricultureasthekeycomponentofthe

uently,governmentat

(10)alllevelsworkedtoencouragefarmersasasocialgroupand

agricultureaconomic

enterpri.

Boththenationalandstategovernmentsdeveloped

transportationinfrastructure,buildingcanals,roads,bridges,

andrailroads,deepeningharbors,andremovingobstructions

ionalgovernmentimported

plantandanimalvarietiesand

(15)launchedexploringexpeditionsintoprospectivefarmlands

tion,

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governmenttradepoliciesfacilitatedtheexportingof

agriculturalproducts.

Fortheirpart,farmersemedtomeetthesocial

expectationsagrarianphilosophers

hadforthem,astheirbroaderhorizonsandgreater

lf-respect,bothproductsoftheRevolution,werereflected

semedtobecome

(20)morescientific,joiningagriculturalsocietiesandreading

thefarmnewspapersthatsprang

ganusingimproved

implements,triednewcropsand

pureanimalbreeds,andbecamemorereceptivetomodern

theoriesofsoilimprovement.

Theyalsorespondedtoinducementsbynationalandstate

s

streamedtotheWest,fillingfrontierlandswithstunning

mersresponded

(25)lesstotheexpectationsofagrariansandgovernment

inducementsthantogrowingmarket

andemandforfoodfromtheUnited

,industrialization,and

States

cities

andindustriesgrewaswell;evenindustriesnotdirectly

relatedtofarmingthrivedbecau

ofthemarket,money,andlaborthatagricultureprovided.

esthepassagemainlydiscuss?

(a)TheagrarianphilosophyofThomasJefferson

(b)Theroleofthenationalgovernmentinthedevelopmentof

agriculture

(c)Improvementsinfarmingtechniques

(d)Theimpactoftheincreadimportanceofthefarmer

d“depended〞inline3isclostinmeaningto

(a)improved

(b)relied

(c)demanded

(d)explained

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hormentionsThomasJeffersoninparagraph1asan

exampleof

(a)aleaderduringtheRevolution

(b)aninventorofnewfarmingtechniques

(c)aphilosopherwhobelievedfarmerswereesntialtothe

creationofagoodsociety

(d)afarmerwhoguidedtheagrarianmovementtowardan

emphasisoneconomicdevelopment

a“subscribedto〞inline8isclostinmeaningto

(a)contributedto

(b)agreedwith

(c)thoughtabout

(d)expandedon

fthefollowingstatementsissupportedbythe

informationinparagraph1?

(a)AllgovernmentpolicymakersacceptedJefferson’sviewsof

agricultureandfarmers.

(b)Agriculturalproductiondeclinedbetween1783and1861.

(c)Themajorityoffarmersworkedforthegovernment.

(d)Agriculturewasavitalpartofthenation’conomy.

ingtothepassage,thenationalandstategovernments

didallofthefollowingEXCEPT

(a)buildroads

(b)importnewplantvarieties

(c)givefarmersmoneyfortheircrops

(d)developpoliciesthathelpedfarmerxporttheirproducts

hefollowingarementionedaxamplesoffarmers’

meetingtheexpectationsofagrarianphilosophersEXCEPT

(a)obtaininginformationfromfarmnewspapers

(b)accumulatingpersonalwealth

(c)plantingnewcrops

(d)becomingmorescientific

d“stunning〞inline24isclostinmeaningto

(a)predictable

(b)impressive

8

(c)famous

(d)gradual

fthefollowingstatementsisbestsupportedby

paragraph4?

(a)Agriculturaldevelopmentcontributedtodevelopmentin

otherpartsoftheeconomy.

(b)Europeanagriculturalproductswereofahigherqualitythan

thoproducedintheUnitedStates.

(c)ThegrowingttlementoftheWestledtoadecreain

agriculturalproduction.

(d)Farmerswereinfluencedmorebygovernmentpoliciesthan

bymarketopportunities.

Question21-29

ThewidevarietyofclimatesinNorthAmericahashelped

spawnacomplexpatternof

ral,therealm’ssoilsalsoreflectthe

broadenvironmentalpartitioning

into“humidAmerica〞and“aridAmerica.〞Where

annualprecipitationexceeds20inches

(50centimeters),soilsinhumidareastendtobeacidicin

chemicalcontent,Sincecrops

(5)dobestinsoilsthatareneitheracidic(higherinacidcontent)

noralkaline(higherinsaltcontent).fertilizationisnecessary

toachievethedesiredlevelofneutralitybetweenthe

erica’ssoilsaretypicallyalkalineandmustbe

9

fertilizedbacktoward

ghmanyof

thedrylandsoils,particularly

intheGreatPlains,arequitefertile,Europeanttlers

learnedoveracenturyagothat

(10)wateristhemainmissingingredientinachievingtheir

1970’s,certainirrigationmethodswereperfectedandfinally

providedarealopportunity

toexpandmoreintensivefarmingwestfromtheCentral

Lowlandintothedrierportions

tionalsoenhancedtherichlegacy

offertilesoilsinthecentral

UnitedStates,bothfromthedepositionofmineral-rich

glacialdebrisleftbymeltwater

(15)andfromthicklayersoffinewind-blownglacialmaterial,

calledloess,inandaroundthe

middleMississippiValley.

Naturalvegetationpatternscouldbedisplayedonamap

ofNorthAmerica,butthe

enormoushumanmodificationoftheNorthAmerican

environmentinmoderntimeshas

allbutreducedthisregionalizationschemetothelevelof

eless,

(20)thehumidAmerica-aridAmericadichotomyisstillavalid

generalization:thenatural

vegetationofareasreceivingmorethan20inchesofwater

yearlyisforest,whereasthe

estsof

NorthAmericatenttomake

anadianNorth,

needle-leafforestsdominate,but

theconiferoustreesbecomemixedwithbroadleaf

deciduoustreesasonecrossthe

(25)roceeds

towardtheSoutheast,broadleafvegetationbecomes

ericamostlyconsistsofshort-grass

prairiesor

yareasoftruedertareintheSouthwest.

10

21WhataspectofNorthAmericadoesthepassagemainly

discuss?

(A)Thewidevarietyofclimates

(B)Soiltypesandvegetationpatterns

(C)Improvedirrigationmethodsandtheexpansionof

agriculture

(D)Thechangeinprecipitationpatterns

22Theword“spawn〞inline1isclostinmeaningto

(A)distinguish

(B)eliminate

(C)protect

(D)create

23Theword“partitioning〞inline2isclostinmeaningto

(A)division

(B)modification

(C)opening

(D)circulating

24Accordingtothepassage,acidicsoilstenttobeassociated

with

(A)ahighsaltcontent

(B)anincreainfarming

(C)largeamountsofrain

(D)glacialmeltwater

25Theword“enhanced〞inline13isclostinmeaningto

(A)implied

(B)incread

(C)indicated

(D)informed

26HowdidglacialmeltdownaffectthesoilinNorthAmerica?

(A)Itredistributedthesoiltypes

(B)Itaddedsalttothesoil

(C)Itmadethesoilmoreneutralincontent

(D)Itaddedmineralstothesoil

11

27Thephra“thisregionalizationscheme〞inline19refersto

the

(A)movementsofglacialdeposits

(B)patternsofnaturalvegetation

(C)humanmodificationoftheNorthAmericanenvironment

(D)distinctionbetweenhumidAmericaandaridAmerica

28Theword“transition〞inline23isclostinmeaningto

(A)elevation

(B)change

(C)advantage

(D)condition

29Thepassagesupportswhichofthefollowingstatements?

(A)AridAmericaisnotnecessarilycharacterizedbythe

prenceofderts

(B)MostofCanadaandthenortheasternUnitedStatesconsists

ofshort-grassprairieswherevernaturalvegetationhasnot

beenmodifiedbyhumans

(C)Theaccumulationofloessisprimarilytheresultofirrigation

(D)Glaciationremovedthefertilelayerofsoilfrommuchofthe

MississippiValley

Questions30-40

Mostsourcesofilluminationgeneratelightoveran

appreciableperiod,andindeedif

anobjectislitforaverybrieftime(lessthat1/25cond),

thehumaneyewillnotreact

graphicemulsion---thatis,

alight-nsitivecoatingonphotographicfilm,paper,or

glass---will,however,recordmuchshorterburstsoflight.A

(5)photographicflashcanthereforebeudtocapture

high-speedmovementonfilmaswell

astocorrectdeficienciesofthenormalsurroundinglighting.

Photoflashisnowgeneratedelectronically,buttheearliest

form,firstudin1864,wasapaperbagcontaining

magnesiumwireandsomeoxygen-richsubstance,suchas

e

bagwasignited,themetalburnedwithanintenflash.A

contemporaryobrverreported

12

(10)that“thisquiteunsafedeviceemstohavedonenothing

worthatengulftheroomin

densmokeandleadtopicturesofdubiousqualityand

oddpos.〞

Theevolutionofthephotoflashwasslow,flashbulbs,

containingfinewiremadeofa

metal,suchasmagnesiumoraluminum,capableofbeing

ignitedinanatmosphereofpureoxygenatlowpressure,

wereintroducedonlyinthe1920’arliesttype,the

metal

(15)

flashwasfiredbypiercingthe

bulbandallowingtheoxygentocomeintocontactwiththe

metal,whichignited

ulbswerefiredbyanelectricbattery,

whichheatedthewireby

ombinations,such

asthepairingofoxygen

difluoridewithzirconium,ca

enoughenergyisgivenoutto

(20)heattheoxidizablemetalmomentarilytoawhite-hot

ke

particlesaresosmallthattheycoolrapidly;butsincethey

arewhite,theycontributetothebrilliancebyreflectingthe

tlybigger

form

ofthemetalwillburnforalongertime.

30Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

(A)Thehistoryofthephotoflash

(B)Theoriesabouthowtheeyereactstolight

(C)Thetechnologyofmodernphotography

(D)Thedangersofusingtheearlyphotoflash

31Accordingtothepassage,1/25condistheminimumamount

oftimerequiredforthe

(A)recordingofanimageonfilm

(B)generationofartificiallight

(C)creationofaphotographicemulsion

(D)humaneyetoreacttolight

13

32Accordingtothepassage,anadvantageofusingaphotoflash

isthatit

(A)canproducerepeatedburstsoflight

(B)intensitiescolorsinphotographs

(C)isshortenoughnottobotherhumaneyes

(D)supplementxistinglighting

33Theword“ignited〞inline9isclostinmeaningto

(A)tonfire

(B)cutinto

(C)opened

(D)shaken

34Whichofthefollowingphrasisdefinedinparagraph1?

(A)〞appreciableperiod〞(line1)

(B)〞photographicemulsion〞(line3)

(C)〞high-speedmovement〞(line5)

(D)〞oddpos〞(line11)

35Theword“evolution〞inline12isclostinmeaningto

(A)publicity

(B)adoption

(C)development

(D)manufacture

36Thefunctionoftheglassinthefirstflashbulbswasto

(A)producethesparkthatinitiatedtheflash

(B)magnifythelightproducedbytheflash

(C)protectthephotographerfromtheheatoftheflash

(D)keepthemetalandoxygenapartbeforetheflash

37Theword“it〞inline18refersto

(A)oxygen

(B)battery

(C)wire

(D)current

38Theword“momentarily〞inline20isclostinmeaningto

14

(A)effortlessly

(B)briefly

(C)electronically

(D)gradually

39Accordingtothepassage,thewhitecolorofthesmoke

particlesgeneratedbyaflashbulbcontributesto

(A)rapidcooling

(B)brightillumination

(C)electricalconductivity

(D)intenheat

40Accordingtothepassage,aflashbulbcanbemadetoburn

longerbyusing

(A)thickerwire

(B)moreoxygen

(C)thinnerglass

(D)continuoulectricity

Questions41-50

Thestylisticinnovationinpainingknownas

Impressionismbeganinthe1870’ressionists

wantedtodepictwhattheysawinnature,buttheywere

inspiredtoportrayfragmentarymomentsbythe

ncentratedon

theplayoflightoverobjects,people,andnature,breakingup

eminglysolidsurfaces,

(5)stressingvividcontrastbetweencolorsinsunlightandshade,

anddepictionreflectedlight

earlierartists,theydidnot

andonedthe

studio,paintingintheopenairandrecordingspontaneous

Impressionsoftheirsubjectsinsteadofmakingoutside

sketchesandthenmovingindoors

tocompletetheworkformmemory.

(10)SomeoftheImpressionists’paintingmethodswere

affectedbytechnological

mple,theshiftfromthestudiototheopen

airwasmadepossiblein

15

partbytheadventofcheaprailtravel,whichpermitted

easyandquickaccesstothe

countrysideorashore,aswellasbynewlydeveloped

chemicaldyesandoilsthatled

tocollapsiblepainttubes,whichenabledartiststofinish

theirpaintingsonthespot.

(15)Impressionismacquireditsnamenotfromsupporters

butfromangryartloverswho

m

“Impressionism〞wasbornin1874,when

agroupofartistswhohadbeenworkingtogetherorganized

anexhibitionoftheir

paintingsinordertodrawpublicattentiontotheirwork.

Reactionfromthepublicand

presswasimmediate,he165paintings

exhibitedwasonecalled

(20)Impression:Sunri,byClaudeMonet(1840-1926),Viewed

throughhostileeyes,

Monet’spaintingofarisingsunoveramisty,wateryscene

emedmessy,slapdash,

ingMonet’stitle,art

criticxtendedtheterm“Impressionism〞totheentire

on,Monetandhis29fellowartistsin

theexhibitadoptedthesamenameasabadgeoftheirunity,

despiteindividualdifferences.

(25)Fromthenuntil1886Impressionismhadallthezealofa

“church〞,asthepainterRenoir

asfaithfultotheImpressionistcreeduntilhis

death,althoughmanyofthe

othersmovedontonewstyles.

41Whataspectofpaintinginthenineteenthcenturydoesthe

passagemainlydiscuss?

(A)Theimpactofsomeartists’resistancetothefastpaceoflife

(B)Thedifferencesbetweentwomajorstylesofart

(C)Atechnologicaladvanceinthematerialsudbyartists

(D)Agroupofartistswithanewtechniqueandapproachtoart

42Theword“depict〞inline2isclostinmeaningto

16

(A)reorganize

(B)deform

(C)reprent

(D)justify

43Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingwasoneof

thedistinguishingcharacteristicsofImpressionistpainting?

(A)Theemphasisonpeopleratherthannaturescenes

(B)Thewaythesubjectswereprentedfrommultipleangles

(C)Thefocusonsmallsolidobjects

(D)Thedepictionoftheeffectsoflightandcolor

44Whichofthefollowingisasignificantwayinwhich

Impressionistsweredifferentfromtheartiststhatpreceded

them?

(A)Theybeganbymakingsketchesoftheirsubjects

(B)Theypaintedtheirsubjectsout-of-doors

(C)Theypreferredtopaintfrommemory

(D)Theyudsubjectsdrawnfrommodernlife

45Theword“advent〞inline12isclostinmeaningto

(A)achievement

(B)acceptance

(C)arrival

(D)advantage

46Theexhibitionofpaintingsorganizedin1874resultedinall

ofthefollowingEXCEPT

(A)attractingattentionfromthepublic

(B)anegativereactionfromthepress

(C)animmediatedemandforthepaintingxhibited

(D)creatinganameforanewstyleofpainting

47Theword“affront〞inline22isclostinmeaningto

(A)insult

(B)encouragement

(C)return

(D)credit

48TherejectionoftheImpressionistexhibitionbycriticswas

17

caudbywhichofthefollowing?

(A)Thesmallnumberofpaintingsondisplay

(B)Lackofinterestinexhibitionsbyyoungartists

(C)Thesimilaritybetweenallthepaintingxhibited

(D)Angerabouteminglypoorlypaintedart

49TheauthormentionsRenoirinline25togiveanexampleof

anartistwho

(A)becameasfamousasMonet

(B)wasconsistentlypraidbyartcritics

(C)describedtheenthusiasmoftheImpressionistsfortheirwork

(D)wasinfavorofatraditionalstyleofpainting

50Theword“others〞inline27refersto

(A)artcritics

(B)fellowartists

(C)individualdifferences

(D)newstyles

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