modernism

(完整word版)英国文学名词解释

1.(1)Modernism（现代主义)

istfic

tionreprentedatrenddriftingawayfromthetraditionofthe19th

centuryrealism。Itputemphasisonthedescriptionogoometimesitis

ceisatypicalreprentative

ofit

Realism（现实主义)

Realismwasaloolyudtermmeaningtruthtotheobrvedfactsoflife

（especiallywhentheyaregloomy）。Realisminliteratureisanapproachthatattempts

todescribelifewithoutidealizationorromanticsubjectivity。

Realism现实主义：Anelasticandambiguoustermwithtwomeanings。（1）First,

itrefersgenerallytoanyartisticorliteraryportrayaloflifeinafaithful，accurate

manner,uncloudedbyfalideals,literaryconventions,ormisplacedaesthetic

glorificationandbeautificationoftheworld。Itisatheoryortendencyinwriting

todepicteventsinhumanlifeinamatter—of—fact，straightforwardmanner。Itis

anattempttoreflectlife”asitactuallyis"--aconceptinsomewayssimilartowhat

theGreekswouldcallmimesis.（2）Secondlyandmorespecifically,realismrefers

toaliterarymovementthatdevelopedoutofnaturalisminthenineteenthandtwentieth

centuries。Althoughrealismandtheconcernforaspectsofverisimilitudehavebeen

componentsofliteraryarttoonedegreeoranotherinnearlyallcenturies,theterm

realismalsoappliesmorespecificallytothetendencytocreatedetailed,probing

analysoftheway"thingsreallyare，"usuallyinvolvinganemphasisonnearly

photographicdetails。ThewritersincludesuchdiverartistsasMarkTwain,Tolstoy，

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&ThomasHardy。

Modernism（现代主义）:Aroundthetwoworldwars，manywritersandartistsbeganto

iedtofindnewwaystoexpress

movementofexperimentsintechniquesin

rnedtheir

e

oftheiremphasisonthepsychologicalactivitiesofthecharacters，theirwritings

rentativesareW。ndT。S.

Eliot，D。ce,，JamesJoyceandVirginiaWoolf

Modernism:1）TheriOfmodernismmovementModernismrooutofskepticism

anddisillusionmentofcapitalism,whichmadewritersandartistsarchforanewways

nchsymbolism

wastheforerunnerofmodernism。TheFirstWorldWarquickenedtherisingofallkinds

ofliterarytrendsofmodernism，which，towardthe1920s，convergedintoamighty

torrentofmodernistmovement。Themajorfiguresassociatedwiththemovementwere

Kafka,Picasso,Pound,Eliot，Joyce，ismwassomewhatcurbed

erWorldWarII，Varietiesofmodernism,orpost-modernism，ro

againwiththespurofSarter’r，theygraduallydisappeared

ordivergedintootherkindsofliterarytrendsinthe1960s.2)Thecharacteristics

ofmodernism●Modernismmarksastrongandconsciousbreakwiththepast，byrejecting

themoral,religiousandculturalvaluesofthepast.●Modernismemphasizesonthe

needtomoveawayfromthepublictotheprivate，fromtheobjectivetothesubjective.

●Modernismupholdsanewviewoftimebyemphasizingthepsychictimeoverthe

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tainsthatthepast,theprentandthefutureareoneand

existatthesametimeintheconsciousnessofindividualasacontinuousflowrather

thanariesofparatemoments.●Modernismis,inmanyrespects,areactionagainst

realism。Itrejectsrationalism，whichisthetheoreticalbaofrealism；it

excludesfromitsmajorconcerntheexternal，objective,materialworld，whichis

theonlycreativesourceofrealism；itcastsawayalmostallthetraditionalelements

inliteraturelikestory，plot，character,chronologicalnarration，etc.，which

ult，theworkscreatedbythemodernistwriterscan

oftenbelabeledasanti-novel,anti—poetryoranti-drama

[22]Realism:（写实主义）Atermudinliteratureandarttoprentlifeasitreally

iswithoutntimentalizingoridealizingit。Realisticwritingoftendepictsthe

sled，sometimestoanemphasis

onsordiddetails。

CriticalRealism（批判现实主义)Criticalrealismisoneoftheliterarygenres

alsthecorruptinginfluenceofthe

estheesntiallydemocraticandhumanistic

characterofcriticalrealism。TheEnglishcriticalrealistsofthe19thcenturynot

onlygaveasatiricalportrayalofthebourgeoisieandalltherulingclass，but

alsoshowedprofoundsympathyforthecommonpeople。Intheirbestworks,theyud

humorandsatiretocontrastthegreedandhypocrisyoftheupperclasswiththehonesty

andgood-heartednessoftheobscure“simplepeople"ofthelowerclass。Humorous

scenestofftheactionsofthepositivecharacters,andthehumorisoftentinged

w

(完整word版)英国文学名词解释

sametime,bittersatireandgrotesqueisudtoexpotheamysideofthebourgeois

ticalrealists，however,didnotfindawaytoeradicatethesocial

evilstheyknewsowell。Theydidnotrealizethenecessityofchanging4the

orksdonotpointtoward

tenstartwithapowerfulexposure

oftheuglinessofthebourgeoisworldintheirworks，buttheirnovelsusuallyhave

happyendingsoranimpotentcompromiattheend。Herearethestrengthandweakness

ofcriticalrealism。批判现实主义是盛行于19世纪的文学流派之一，揭示了金钱控制一切

对人性的恶劣影响,这正是19世纪批判现实主义民主和人文特点的根源。19世纪的英国批判现

实主义者不但讽刺性地描述了资产阶级和其他统治阶级,而且表现了对普通大众的深切同情。在

他们最好的作品中，他们利用幽默和讽刺的手法对比了上层阶级的贪婪和虚伪以及下层阶级普

通大众的诚实和善良。幽默的场景伴随着正面人物的行动，但是这种幽默略带了柔情的意味，

强调了这些人物好的一面。同时，也用辛辣的讽刺和怪诞的风格来揭露资产阶级社会丑恶的一

面。但是，批判现实主义者们并没有找到办法消除他们所熟知的社会罪恶,他们没有意识到通过

人们有意识的努力来改变资本主义社会的必要性。他们作品中的主要倾向不是革命，而是改革;

在他们的作品中，他们通常是在开始时强有力地揭示了资本主义世界的丑恶,最后只是提供一个

巧合的喜剧结尾或者以无力的妥协来结束。在这里我们同时看到了批判现实主义的优点和弱点。

批判现实主义

BriefIntroduction:A。Time–flourishinginthefortiesandintheearlyfifties，

–Thecriticalrealistsdescribedwith

muchvividnessandgreatartisticskillthechieftraitsoftheEnglishsocietyand

iticizedthe

ature–bourgeois

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D。Reprentatives–Dickens,ThackerayE。Differencesbetween18thcrealismand

19thccriticalrealism—-profoundsympathyforthecommonpeople—-thebroadsocial

conflictsoverandabovethefateofmereindividualsF。Artisticskills–humour

andsatire（ens)G。Classlimitation–petty-bourgeoisreformismii。

CharlesDickens（1812-1870）-—thegreatestreprentativeofEnglishcritical

realism

（1）CriticalRealismisthemaintrendoftheliterarythoughtsinthelate19th

century。Itrevealsthecorruptinginfluenceoftheruleofcashuponhumannature。

Criticalrealistsfirstandforemosttthemlvesthetaskofcriticizingcapitalist

societyfromademocraticviewpointofbourgeoisiereality。Asfarastheliterary

formor“genre"isconcerned，themajorcontributionmadebythe19thcenturycritical

erealistsofthe18thcentury,

the19thcenturycriticalrealistsmadeuoftheformofnovelforfullanddetailed

reprentationsofsocialandpoliticalevents,andofthefateofindividualsandof

wholesocialclass。

Realism’mphasisismainlyondetachment，objectively,andaccurateobrvation，

itslucidbutrestrainedcriticismofsocialenvironment,andthehumaneunderstanding

thatunderlayitsmoraljudgmentsbecameanintegralpartofthefabricofmodernnovel

duringtheheightofthatform’sdevelopment,andreproducethetruthofsociety

objectivelyisthemostfundamentalsignificanceofrealism

(2）WhatarethemaincharacteristicsoftheEnglishcriticalrealism?

Englishcriticalrealismofthe19thcenturyflourishedinthefortiesandinthe

earlyfifties。Thecriticalrealistsdescribedwithmuchvividnessandartisticskill

(完整word版)英国文学名词解释

thechieftraitoftheEnglishsocietyandcriticizedthecapitalistsystemfroma

democraticviewpoint。TheEnglishcriticalrealistsofthe19thcenturynotonlygave

asatiricalportrayalofthebourgeoisieandalltherulingclass,butalsoshowed

profoundsympathyforthecommonpeople.

Intheirbestworks,thegreedandhypocrisyoftheupper—classarecontrasted

withthehonestyandgood—heartednessoftheobscure“simplepeople”ofthelower

umorandsatireaboundintheEnglishrealisticnovelsofthe19th

ticalrealistsofthe19thcenturydidnot,and,duetotheirworld

outlook,couldnot，findawaytoeradicatesocialevils。

Accuracy

Realismstrivesforabsoluteaccuracyinthedepictionofitssubjects，devoidof

ticworksrefrainfromundue

embellishment,aimingforanatural(asoppodtoanartificial）tone。

Honesty

Realismeksthedepictionofhonesty,ratherthanhidingthingsbehinddistortions

santfactsorimagesareprentedastheyare，asareplainor

unassumingdetailsaboutthesubject。

Independence

Philos

havealifeandanexistenceparatefromanythingel,whichwillcontinueregardless

ofanyone’sthoughtsonthematter.

Ordinariness

Thesubjectsofrealisticworksaredefinednotbytheirexceptionalnature，butby

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epersareemphasizedovermilitarygenerals，forexample，

orstreetlampsovergrandiomountains.

Difficulties

Realisticprotagonistsareoftenbetbygreatforcesbeyondtheircontrol—-the

naturalworld，forinstance，ortheindifferenceofalargersociety--andinmany

yendingsaren’tuniversalin

realisticstories，buttheyarefairlycommon，whilehappyendingsoftenentail

compromiandpyrrhicvictories.

6。Plot

（1)Plotreferstothestructureofastory,(2）theplotofaliteraryworkincludes

therisingaction，theclimax,thefallingactionandtheresolution。Ithasa

protagonistwhoisoppodbyanantagonist,creatingwhatiscalledconflict。

fView（叙述角度）

Pointofviewcanbedividedbythenarrator‘srelationshipwiththecharacter，

reprentedbythegrammaticalperson：thefirst-personnarrative，thethird-person

narrative，andomniscientnarrator。