名词性从句
1.名词性从句的概念:
在复合句中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句。
首先,从句是一个句子,所以句子中要有主语和谓语。什么是从句:clau:agroupofwords
thatincludesasubjectandaverb,andformantenceorpartofantence.
其次,那么名词性从句就是在句子中做名词性成。
再次,因为英语中有主次之分,而这个句子是从属关系,所以就叫做从句。
2.那么我们初中学过什么样的名词性从句呢?
宾语从句。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组,充当宾语的作用。
那么充当主语,表语和同位语中,名词从句又叫做什么呢?所以名词性从句可分为主语从句,
宾语从句,表语从句和同位语从句。
3考法提示:名词性从句考察最多的是连接词。
宾语从句
1宾语从句的连接词:
(1)Ithink__引导宾语从句时无意义,不
做句子成分,口语一般可以省略.
(2)Idon’tknow____/whether在从句中不承担
任何成分,但有具体含义“是否”。If和whether不能省略。
(3)Doyouknow____wonthegame?who
Hewantedtoknow____
Who,whatwhichwhomwhoever等这类词做连接代词。
(4)Thepoliceaskedme____
Iwanttoknow____
when,where,why,how,whenever连接副词。
2宾语从句中需要注意的问题
(1)that引导的宾语从句在下列情况下不可省略:
①短语,词组等将that从句与位于动词分开时:
IrealizedatoncethatIhaddonewrongimmediatelyshetoldmeallaboutthis.她告诉我所有的
一切,我就立即意识到我错了。
Everyonecoulde,Ibelieve,thatMikewasterrified.
②当一个句子中有两个或者多个宾语从句时,引导第二个及以后的从句that不可省略。
Ourteachersaid(that)thetextwasveryimportantandthatweshouldwriteitout.
Thebosstoldtheworker(that)Johnhadworkedveryhardandthathewantedhimtostay.
(2)it作形式宾语
当宾语从句后面出现宾语补足语时,通常以it代替从句,而将从句后置,这时的that不可
省略。常用的这类动词有:think,find,consider,make,feel等。
Shefounditnecessarythatsheshouldlearnaforeignlanguage.
Wehavemadeitclearthatwewillrefutoaccepttheplan.
(3)不能直接跟that从句的动词(短语)
有些动词(短语)带宾语从句时要先在宾语从句前面加形式宾语it。常用的这类动词(短语)
有:enjoy,dislike,hate,like,love,appreciate,owe,eto,relyon,dependon等。
Iwillappreciateitifyoucangivemeahand.如果你能帮我一把,我会很感激的。
Pleaetoitthatthechildrengotobedby9o’clock.请务必使孩子们9点前上床睡觉。
(4)wonder,doubt,besure/certain后的宾语从句连接词的问题。
①wonder意为“对……感到惊奇”时,其后面的宾语从句的连接词用that;当wonder意为
“想知道,不知道”时,其后的宾语从句相当于一般疑问句或特殊疑问句,要用连接词what,
who,who,which,when,where,why,how,whether,of等引导。
Iwonderthatsuchlittleantscarrysobigabranch.
Iwonderwhetherwe’llfinishthetaskontime.
②doubt用于否定句或者疑问句中时,其后用that引导宾语从句,用于肯定句中时,其后用
whether或if引导宾语从句。
Idon’tdoubtthatshewillpassthecollegeentranceexamination.
Shedoubtedif/whetherthatwaswhathewanted.我怀疑那是不是他想要的。
③besure/certain用于肯定句或疑问句中时,其后用that引导的宾语从句,besure/certain用
于否定句中时,其后用whether,if,what,who,who,where,when,how等引导宾语从句。
Areyousure/certainthatit’snothingrious?你能肯定它不严重么?
I’msure/certainthatyoudidquitewellthatday.我确信那天你做得很棒。
Wearenotsure/certainwhethertheywillhelpusornot.我不确定他们是否帮我们。
Alvaisnotsure/certainwhatheshoulddonow.
(5)否定转移
当主句的主语为第一人称,且是一般现在时态,谓语是think,believe,surpri,imagine,guess,
expect等表示“认为,相信,猜测”等意义的动词,其后接宾语从句时,若从句表示否定,
常常将否定词not转移到主句中。
Idon’tthink(that)heisfitforthejob.
注意:
这类句子后若带有附加疑问词,应用肯定形式来反问,反问部分的主语应与从句主语保持一
致。
Idon’tbelieveshehasfinishedthejob,hasshe?
(6)宾语从句的时态呼应
①如果主语是祈使句或主句是现在时态或将来时态,从句的谓语动词不受主句谓语动词时
态的影响,可以根据需要使用任何时态。
Iknowhedidn’ttellyouthathewouldcome.
我知道他们有告诉你他那是要来。
Noonecanpredictwhattheworldwillbelikeinanotherfiftyyears.
②主句是一般过去时,从句是过去的某种时态(一般过去,过去进行,过去完成时);但是
如果宾语从句表达的是客观事实,真理,自然现象时,从句通常用一般现在时。
Theteachersaidthesunrisintheeastandtsinthewest.
HesaidhehadbeentoNewYork.
(7)宾语从句用陈述语序。
Iwonderwhathewillsaytomewhenmeetingme.
我不知道他见到我时会说什么。
(8)宾语从句用陈述语序。
Iwonderwhathewillsaytomewhenmeetingme.
我不知道他见到我会说什么。
(9)表示“建议,命令,要求,决定,主张”等动词后的宾语从句要用虚拟语气,即从句
谓语动词用“(should+)动词原形”,这类动词主要有insist,persist,demand,desire,require,
request,propo,suggest,command,order,recommend,advi等。
MyteacheradvisthatI(should)notwatchtoomuchTV.
表语从句
什么是表语从句:常常位于系动词之后,身份,性质,品质状态的词。名词,形容词,副词,
介词短语。
1表语从句的连接词:
①从属连词:连接词that和whether:that在从句中不作成分,也没有意义,不可省略;
whether在从句中不作成分,但是有“是否”,但是有是否的意义,一般不用if代替。
Thereasonforyourmistakeisthatyoulackconfidenceinyourlf.
Thequestioniswhetherwecanreducethecostoftheconduct.
②连接代词:who,whom,who,what,which,whomever,whoever,whatever,whichever等
Thisiswhatwewanttodo.
Chinaisnolongerwhatsheudtobe.
③连接副词:when,where,why,how,whenever,however等
Theirdifficultyiswheretheycanraienoughmoney.
Thequestionishowwecanpersuadehimtogowithme.
④其他连接词(词组)becau,asif,asthough等
Thatwasbecauhedidn’tunderstandme.
2表语从句中需要注意的问题
(1)asif/through引导的表语从句通常位于联系动词look,em,feel等之后,从句有陈述
和虚拟两种语气。若所表达的意思是真实的,就用陈述语气,若表示与客观事实相反的假设,
则用虚拟语气,试比较:
Itlooksasif/thoughitwouldrain.(虚拟语气)
Itlooksasif/thoughourtimeisgoingtowin.(陈述语气)
(2)that,why,becau引导的表语从句的区别:
①that,why,becau引导表语从句,表示原因的名词(reason,cau,)作句子主语时,其后
的表语从句常用that引导,不可用becau。
Thereasonwhyhewaslatewasthathemisdthefirstbusthismorning.
②becau引导的表语从句常用于That’sbecau……结构中,说明产生上述结果的原因,
why引导的名词性从句说明上述原因导致某种结果。
’sbecauIstayeduptoolatelastnight.(果—因)
’swhyIwaslateforschoolthismorning.(因—果)
(3)主句表示“建议,命令,要求(suggestion,advice,proposal,order,command,request
requirement,demand)”等的名词时,表语从句应该用虚拟语气,即从句谓语动词用“should+
动词原形”,should可以省略。
Mysuggestionisthatwe(should)toffearlytomorrow.
Hisorderwasthatallthesoldiers(should)benttothefront.
练习题:
I选用适当的连接词填空。
1Thetroubleis_____utIhavelosthisnumber.
2Helookedjust_____hehadlookedtenyearsago.
3Itsounds____someoneisknockingatthewindow.
4Ithinkitis____youaredoingtoomuch.
5Whatthedoctorsreallydoubtis_____mymotherwillrecoverfromtheriousdiasoon.
5Allthiswasovertwentyyearsago,butitis____itwereonlyyesterday.
6That’s____hedidn’trecognizeme.
II用表语从句完成下列句子。
____________________________________________(他拒绝接受它的原因).
(why)
uestis_______________________________________(我们应努力工作).(that)
s____________________________________________(好像他不了解此事故).
III单项选择:
sonwhyhefailedis____hewastoocareless.
eof
hequiet,cleancountryside,whichis_____Iwanttogoandworkthere.
AwhatBhowCthatDwhy
3.—IdrovetoQingdaoforthenavyparade.
-Isthat____youhadafewdaysoff?
主语从句
什么是主语从句:主从复合句中,充当主语的从句。(由宾语从句和表语从句中推倒得来)
Whathedidintheearthquakemovedeverybody.
That
1引导主语从句的三类连接词及其句法功能:
(1)that在从句中不充当句子成分,whether在从句中不充当句子成分,意为“是否”
①That在从句中不充当句子成分,也无词义,但不可省略。
Thatshegotthefirstprizemadeherparentsveryhappy.
ThatChinawillbecomemorepowerfuliscertain.
②whether在从句中不充当句子成分,意为“是否”。
Whetherwegotherebytrainorbyairmakesnodifference.
(2)连接代词:who,whom,who,what,which,whoever,ver“无论哪一个”
等。它们在从句中充当主语,宾语,表语或定语。
Whowillhostthemeetinghasn’tbeendecided.
Whocarrunsfastershouldbetested.
Whichplanisbettershouldbediscusd.
WhoevercomestoChinaiswelcome.
Whateveryoudoshoulddoharmtoothers.
(3)连接副词:when,where,why,how,有词义,在从句中作状语,分别表示时间,地点,
原因和方式。
Whenandwherewewilltupthefactoryhasn’tbeendecided.
Whythesingercommittedsuicidehasnotbeenclearedyet.
Howthishappenedisnotcleartoanyone.
3用it作形式主语的主语从句
由于主语从句太长,为了避免头重脚轻,常常用it作形式主语,而把主语从句放在句末。
常用的主要有五种句型:
①It+be+adj.(obvious,true,natural,surprising,good,wonderful,funny,possible,likely,
probable,certain,uncertain,fortunate,ect.)+that从句
Itisclearthatthegirlwastellingthetruth.
②It+be+N.(apity,nowonder,anhonour,agoodidea,afact,ashame,ect.)+that从句
Itisapitythatyoucan’tgowithus.
③It+be+过去分词(said,believed,reported,thought,expected,decided,announced,arranged,
confirmed,ect.)+that从句
ItisreportedthataviolentearthquakeandtsunamihappenedinJapan.
④It+vi.(短语)(em,turnout,happen,appear,ect.)+that从句
Ithappenedthathewasoutthatday.
⑤It+vt.+(worry,shock,etc.)+sb.+that从句
Itworriedheralotthathersonwassocrazyaboutcomputergames.
Itshockedmethathedidn’ttellanyonewherehewas.
注意:①过去分词如果是suggested,ordered,required,advid,requested,insisted等表示要求,
建议,命令等的词时,主语从句应用虚拟语气,即谓语动词应用“should+”动词原形的形
式。
Itissuggestedthatmeasures(should)betakentoimproveoureducation.
②当宾语或表语也为从句时,不能用it作形式主语。
Whatmovedusisthathelosthislifeinordertosaveothers.
4应用主语从句的注意事项:
(1)主语从句的语序总是用陈述语序:
Howhemanagedtosurviveintheforestinterestedeveryoneprent.
(2)时态与谓语动词的单复数
①如果主句是过去时态(一般过去时和过去进行时),那么从句的时态要用相应的过去的某
种时态。
Whatsurpridmemostwasthatlittlegirlcouldplaytheviolinsowell.
②单个主语从句作作主语,谓语动词一般用单数,但是what引导的主语从句作主语时,谓
语动词要根据后面的表语的单复数而确定。
Whenweshallhaveoursportsmeetinghasnotbeendecided.
WhatIneedismoney.
WhatIneedarebooks.
③如果用and连接两个或者两个以上的主语从句作主语时,谓语动词用复数,由两个或者多
个连接词引导一个主语从句时,谓语动词用单数。
Whentheywillstartandwheretheywillgohavenotbeendecidedyet.
Whenandwherethemeetingwillbeheldhasnotbeendecidedyet.
(3)whether引导的主语从句,如果用了形式主语it,引导词whether可以换成if。
whether从句在句首或后面直接跟有ornot时,不能换成if。
Whethertheywillllthehouisnotyetdecided.(不可以换)
Itisnotdecidedyetwhethertheywillllthehou.(可以换)
注意:
Whether与if引导名词性从句的区别:
(1)当提出两种选择或与ornot直接连用时,用whether。
Wehaven’tdecidedwhetherwe’llgoorstay.
Idon’tknowwhetherornotmysonwillcomebackfordinner.
(2)在discusd后面用whether而不用if
Theydiscusdwhethertheyshouldlendusahand.
(3)whether可用在介词之后或带to的动词不定式之前,if则不能。
Ihaven’tttledthequestionofwhetherwe’llinvitehim.
WehadnoideawhethertogowithoutJaneorwaitforherawhile.
(4)whether可以引导表语从句和同位语从句,if则不能。
Theproblemiswhethershecansaveenoughmoney.
ThereissomedoubtwhetherJohnwillquithisprentjob.
练习题:
Ⅰ.选择题:
1用适当的连接词填空:
1Itisapity_____wecan’tgotoethemovieontheweekend.(that).
2Theylosttheirwayintheforestand______mademattersworwas___nightbegantofall.
(whatthat)
3_____hashelpedtosavepeopleinYushu,Qingdaoisworthpraising.(whoever)
4Itdoesn’tinterestme_______yousucceedornot.(whether)
5______ZhaiZhigangatehisfoodinspaceis________wewanttoknow.(what)
6______theywillhavesportsmeetingisstillaquestion,fortheyhavesomanythingstodo.
(when)
7______theywilltalkaboutthematterwon’,itistheattitude
nottheplacethatmatters.(where)
8______hedidn’tcomeyesterdayisunknown.(why)
9______oneisbetterwillbedecidedbyyourlf.(which)
10______willbeourEnglishteacherinthenewtermhasn’tbeendecidedyet.
选择题:
1._____asmuchasone-fifthofalltimberharvestedisnotud.
timatedthat
2._____somemammalscametoliveintheaisnotknown.
3._____wehaveachievedisattributedtotheguidanceofourparents.
4._____wealthydoesnotnecessarilymeanthatamanisgreedy.
is
gh_____happenedinthisdevelopedcountrysoundslikesciencefiction,itcouldoccur
elwhereintheworld.
6._____shehadforgottentotakehernotebook.
urredthat
rredtoherthat
ethat_____shesaidiswrong.
ourwayintheforest,and_____mademattersworwasthatitwasgettingdark.
9._____somemammalscametoliveintheaisnotknown.
10._____ornotisstilluncertain.
’coming
rhe’scoming
’s_____he’llbeabletocome.
ulwhether
12._____heisatworkintheheartofthebigcityorathomeinthequietsuburb,Dick’slifeis
tiedtomachines.
13._____hesawbothsurpridandfrightenedhim.
14._____isaspellofwarmsunshine.
lweneed
allneed
15._____isapitythatheshouldfeelsoupt.
16._____aspoonfulofsoilcantellussomuchaboutthestructureandearlyhistoryofthemoon.
emarkably
markablefactthat
17._____younominatewillbeelected.
’s
18._____bookyouborrowmustbereturnedwithinaweek.
’s
19._____ofusgetshomefirststartscooking.
20._____ordershegivesareobeyed.
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