interviewer

Interview

Interviewasarearchmethodforqualitativerearches,alargeofqualitative

rearchersuittocollectinformationfrompeople(Kumar,2011).Kahnand

Cannell(1957)defineditasaconversationwithpurposbetweenan

esaidthatInterviewing

canbedescribedas„conversationswithapurpo‟ratherthanhavingtofollow

erviewnormallyrefersto

in-depth,esaid

thattheformofinterviewisnostrictregulation,itcouldbeconductedas

one-to-oneorone-to-manybyface-to-face,telephoneorinternet-mediated

(Saunders,LewisandThornhill,2009).Ingenerally,somerearchers

r,

Denscombe(2007)suggestedthatqualitativeinterviewinghasanumberof

stfeatureisthatbecauoftherearchethic,the

rearchersandparticipantswillhaveanagreementtoachievebetweeneach

otherbeforetheinterview(ibid).Thecondfeatureistheinterviewisa

purpoconversation,inmanytimesitwillhavethemesortopic(Saunders,

LewisandThornhill,2009).Thelastfeatureisthattheinterviewersalways

sthattheintervieweeneeds

tocorporatewiththeinterviewertocollectdatawhichtheinterviewerneed

(Denscombe,2007).

ragraph

(2005)statesthatthe

adaptabilityasthemajorstrengthofinterview,ithasanimportantsignificance.

Rearcherswhichhasahighlevelinterviewskill(levelofpreparation,levelof

informationyousupply,approachtoquestioningandsoon)cangetmore

valuableinformationfromtheintervieweeratherthanfellowthestepswhich

therhand,KvaleandBrinkmann(2009)

stweaknessisthe

mple,agoodinterviewalwaysneedstotakealarge

timetodoawellprepareandalsocostlongtimetowritedownthetranscript

(ibid).Inaddition,Bell(2005)alsosuggeststhecondweaknessisthe

mes,itwillappearsomebiasbecautheinterview

haveacharacteristicthatitoverdependsontheinterviewersubjectofthe

interviewees‟respon.

Silverman(2011)ferenttypesalsosuited

meanstheinterviewerwhichuthestructuredinterviewonlyneedsatof

preparationandaskssomestandardizedquestions(Saunders,Lewisand

Thornhill,2009).Quantitativedataalwaysudtobecollectedbystructured

,thestructuredinterviewalsocanbecalled“quantitative

rearchinterview”(ibid).Thecondtypeisthemi-structuredinterview.

Themi-structuredalsoneedstopreparesomequestion,butintheprocess

oftheinterview,theinterviewersalwaysdelateoraddsomequestionssothat

theycangetmorevaluableinformationfromtheinterviewees‟respons

(SaundersandLewis,2012).man

(2011)einterviewerhavea

conversationwiththeinterviewee,theyneedtotalkbroadlyanddeeplyabout

-structureinterviewandin-depthinterviewareusuallyudto

getinformationwhichincludestheattitude,so

,thetwotypes

interviewareusuallyudtocollectthequalitativedata(Saunders,Lewisand

Thornhill,2009).

onthemoduleguideinstruction,thewriterchoosami-structuredinterview.

ingtoSilverman(2010),whensomeone

prepareaninterview,e

moduleguide,thetopicwhichthewriterchoois“whetherage,nationality

andgenderwillinfluencethemotivationwhichpeopletraveltoYork”.

Silverman(2010)alsostatesthecondstep,itisdetermininghowmuch

meonewanttodoarearchproject,

getand

timealsohaveaneffectonthedecision(RubinandRubin,1995).

Inthisreport,thetaskinstructionsuggeststhewriteronlyneedstotakean

tstepispreparing

somequestionsonthebasisofthetopic(Silverman,2010).Becauthetime

limitis20minutes,

writerconducttheinterviewinthecaféterrecorded

itbymobilephoneinthemorningandwrotedownatranscriptoftheinterview

intheafternoon(appendix1).However,thewriterforgottomakeastatementin

maketheintervieweefeelconfudabout

ultofinterviewmaybenotaccurate.

Becauofthelackingofpracticeexperienceandtraining,thewritermake

someissues,oneislackingofstatementinthebeginningoftheinterviewand

man(2010)suggestthatthestatement

sinterview,the

writerdon‟tmakeastatementinthebeginningoftheinterview,itmakesthe

intervieweeveryconfudaboutwhetherthegender,nationalityandagecan

iabilityinthe

interviewmeanswhetheranotherrearchercancollectasimilardatainthe

sameproject(Saunders,LewisandThornhill,2009).Thefirstissueaboutlow

reliabilityistheansweroftheintervieweeiasilyaffectedbyleadingquestion.

AccordingtoLegard,KeeganandWard(2003),itiasilytomakeamistake

thatistheansweralwaysbeaffectedbytheleadingquestionwhichmaybe

ewriterdidtheinterview,some

answeroftheintervieweeisdifferentfromthewriter‟terthink

,thewriter

asksomeleadingquestiontomakethetopicbacktothewriter‟sforecast(e

appendix1,page3,line1,3and4).Veal(2011)suggestthisproblemwillbe

ond

sthattheinterviewerpaymore

stheinterviewerwillignorethenon-verbal

communicationlikeaction,-verbalcommunicationalways

containmanyinformation(Denscombe,2007).Toavoidthissituation,the

interviewercanchoothevideorecordinginarealproject(ibid).

Questionnaire

Theoretically,Kumar(2011)definedthequestionnaireisaprintedoron-linelist

ofquestionswitharangeof„responts‟,theresultsaretheanswerswhich

tically,Veal

(2011)statedmanyrearchersudthequestionnairetocollectthegeneral

quantitativedatasuchasthenumberofthepeopleliketheManchesterunited

orthepercentageofcustomer'

(2011)mentionedoneofthemain

strengthsisthattherearcherscancollectalargenumberofdatawitha

limitedtimeandbudget.

Forthetypesofthequestionnaire,therearesomedifferentargumentsamong

(2011)andSaunders,LewisandThornhill(2009)stated

thatsomeacademicsconsideredthequestionnairecandesigninthe

r,Kumar(2011)

arguetheinterview-administeredquestionsaremoresuitforthestructured

,themostimportantforthe

questionnairedesigningisutheplainlanguagetoidentifythequestionbe

clearandmisleading,becauwhentherespondentsanswerthequestion,no

onecouldexplainthemeaning(Bell,2005).

Saunders,LewisandThornhill(2009)suggestedthatthenumberofquestions

andthesamplingchoosingneedtocostalargetimetoconsiderinareal

r,becauthemoduletaskinstruction,forthisquestionnaire,

respondentsare

questionpreparing,accordingtoRobson（1993），

,inorder

topredicttheresultoftherearchmoreaccurately,thewriterpreparesome

detailedquestions(eappendix2,question1,2,3,4).

y,

whenthequestions‟topicchangetoanewcontent,therespondentsusually

mple,in

thisquestionnaire,thequestionasktherespondentsaboutthe“push”and“pull”

thethirdquestion,thetopicisturntofive-stage

hierarchyofneeds,twooffiverespondentsshowthattheythinkitsimilaras

thefirstandcondquestion(eappendix2,question10).Secondly,the

stherespondentscannotskip

somequestionswhichtheydon‟thaveanyexperience(Saunders,Lewisand

Thornhill,2009).Fortheresultofthisquestionnaire,oneoffiverespondents

,thisrespondentisn‟tsuitforthisquestion(e

appendix2,question2).Sotheanswerbythisrespondentisjustbytheir

obablynotaccurate(Schneider,1985).

Ingeneral,Giddens(1993)statesthestructureofthequestionnairewasmade

upfromthepreface,guidancelanguage,

firstpartisprefacewhichcanintroducethetargetofthequestionnaire.

Thegeneralstructureofthequestionnaire,includingthepreface,guidance

language,bodyandcodedquestionnaire(Giddens,1993).Prefaceisthe

purpoofthesurveyintroductionandnotesabouttheidentityofthecontents

geguideisintendedtoguide

nbodyisa

questionnairesurveyincludingquestionsandanswers(Ryan,1995).Coding

fortherespondent'sanswerisconvertedintodigital,quantitativeanalysisand

processing.

Becauofthelackingofpracticeexperienceandtraining,thewriteralso

makesomeissuesinthisquestionnaire.