muscles

更新时间:2022-12-27 19:01:44 阅读: 评论:0


2022年12月27日发(作者:秘密花园1)

第1页共5页

一级词汇:

一级词汇lesson1unit1-2

解剖学anatomy[ə'nætəmi]

生理学physiology['fɪzɪ'ɑlədʒi]

生物学biology

细胞学cytology[sai'tɔlədʒi]

胚胎学embryology[,embri'ɔlədʒi]

组织学histology

内分泌学endocrinology[,endəukri'nɔlədʒi]

血液学hematology[,hemə'tɒlədʒɪ]

免疫学immunology

心理学psychology[sai'kɔlədʒi]

骨骼系统Skeletal['skɛlətl]System

肌肉系统MuscularSystem

循环系统CirculatorySystem['sɜːkjʊlət(ə)rɪ]

呼吸系统RespiratorySystem[rɪ'spɪrət(ə)rɪ

神经系统NervousSystem

内分泌系统EndocrineSystem

泌尿系统Urinarysystem

生殖系统ReproductiveSystem

消化系统DigestiveSystem

皮肤skin

骨骼系统Thissystemismadeof:BonesJoints(关节)

Cartilage['kɑːt(ɪ)lɪdʒ]软骨

Functions:Providesupportandprotection

Providepointsofattachment附件

肌肉系统Thissystemismadeof:Striatedmuscles(skeletal骨骼的

andcardiac心脏的muscles)横纹肌Non-striatedmuscles(smooth

muscles)非横纹肌OrVoluntarymuscles随意肌(skeletalmuscles)平滑

肌Involuntarymuscles(cardiacmusclesandsmoothmuscles)非平滑肌

循环系统Thissystemismadeof:heart、bloodvesls(artery,vein,capillary

毛细管)、blood

呼吸系统Thissystemismadeof:no/mouth、throat喉咙(pharynx咽and

larynx喉)、trachea[trə'kiːə气管bronchus支气管airsacs肺泡

神经系统Functions:controlbodyactivitiesbynerves

Thissystemismadeof:brain、spinalcord脊髓(protectedbyspinalcolumn

脊柱)、nerves(peripheral周围andcentral中枢nerves)

内分泌系统Functions:controlbodyactivitiesbyhormonesproducedbya

varietyofendocrineglands

Thissystemismadeof:pituitary[pɪ'tjuːɪt(ə)rɪ]脑垂体thyroid甲状腺

(parathyroid甲状旁腺)adrenal[ə'driːn(ə)l]gland肾上腺pancreas

胰腺testis睾丸/ovary卵巢

泌尿系统Functions:maintainnormallevelsofwaterandcertainsmall

molecules[ˈmɒlɪkju:ls],suchassodium['səʊdɪəm]钠andpotassium

[pə'tæsɪəm]钾

Thissystemismadeof:kidney肾ureter尿管bladder膀胱urethra尿道

生殖系统Functions:produce,transportandmaintainviablesperm精子;

producemalexhormone(testosterone睾酮)Orproduceandtransport

ovum卵子eliminate消除ornourishanovum;producefemalex

hormones(estrogen['estrədʒən]雌激素,

progesterone[prə'dʒestərəʊn])孕酮

消化系统mouth(saliva[sə'laɪvə]唾液)esophagus[iː'sɒfəɡəs]食管

stomach(gastricacid胃酸,enzymes['enzaɪmz]酶)smallintestine小肠

(duodenum[,djuːə'diːnəm]十二指肠,jejunum空肠,[dʒɪ'dʒuːnəm]

ileum回肠)largeintestine大肠(cecum盲肠,colon结肠,rectum直肠)

Accessorydigestiveorgans:liverandgallbladder胆囊(bile胆汁)

pancreas胰腺(pancreaticenzymes胰酶)

皮肤Functions:keepoutforeignsubstances

preventexcessivewaterevaporation防止水分过度蒸发

providetactileinformation触觉信息

keepconstantbodytemperature维持恒定的体温

一级词汇:

lesson2unit1-2

Typesofanatomy:大体解剖学grossanatomy细胞解剖cyto-anotomy

系统解剖systematicanatomy局部解剖topographic[,tɒpə'ɡræfɪk]

anatomy

Basicstructureofacell:细胞壁cellwall细胞膜cellmembrane细胞质

cytoplasm['saitəuplæzəm]细胞核cellnucleus['nju:kliəs]

Tissues:上皮组织epithelial[,epɪ'θiːlɪəl]Tissue[,epi'θi:liəl]

结缔组织connectivetissue肌肉组织musculartissue神经组织

nervoustissue

骨,Bones软骨Cartilage肋软骨,costicartilage/气管trachea支气管

bronchus肺泡airsacs唾液saliva[sə'laɪvə]外耳externalear关

节joints韧带ligament肌腱tendon

Mainbonesofthehumanbody:

头骨skull面骨facialbones椎骨vertebra锁骨clavicle,胸骨sternum,

肋骨rib肩胛骨scapula,

实习生intern助理医师assistantdoctor住院医生resident住院总chief

resident主治医师attending/visitingdoctor副主任医师associatedchief

doctor主任医师chiefdoctor药师pharmacist研究员rearchfellow

护工orderly内科医生physician外科医生surgeon放射科医生radiologist

mortality死亡率,morbidity发病率,

morbid,(malignant[mə'lɪgnənt]/benign)tumor['tju:mə(r)]恶/良性肿

瘤,obesity[ə(ʊ)'biːsɪtɪ]肥胖,ulcer['ʌlsə]溃疡

pathogen病原体,病菌['pæθədʒ(ə)n]

第2页共5页

一级词汇

Unit3

肌纤维musclefiber

随意肌voluntarymuscle

消化道alimentarycanal

肌腹fleshybelly

横纹肌striatedmuscle

肌肉痉挛musclecramps

肌肉痉挛musclespasm

肌肉附着点attachmentofthemuscle

动脉出血arterialbleeding

止端inrtion

起端origin

供血bloodsupply

屈肌flexor

伸肌extensor

蛋白分子proteinmolecule

纤维结缔组织fibrousconnectivetissue

意志力willpower

横切面transverction

起搏器pacemaker

肌炎myositis

电冲动electricalimpul

肌肉酸痛musclesoreness

肌肉收缩musclecontraction

肌肉放松musclerelaxation

括约肌sphincter

肌肉肥大muscularhypertrophy

肌肉萎缩muscleatrophy

神经末梢nerveending

动脉出血arterialbleeding

体神经somanticnerve

肌营养不良muscledystrophy/

myodystrophy

generalanesthesia全身麻醉

generalcheck-up普查,集体检查

generalhospital综合性医院

generalpractitioner全科医生

generalperitonitis弥漫性腹膜炎

Unit4

高血压hypertension

空腔脏器holloworgan

心房/室atrium/ventricle['ɑ:triəm]/['ventrikl]

含氧血oxygenatedblood

收缩期/舒张期systole/diastole['sistəli:]

/[dai'æstəli]

上/下腔静脉superior/inferiorvenacava

肺动脉/静脉pulmonaryartery/vein

小动/静脉arteriole/venule

心肌heartmuscle/myocardium

冠脉循环coronarycirculation

心肌缺血myocardialischemia

气促shortnessofbreath

心悸palpitation

头晕目眩light-headedness/dizziness

pharmacy,药房(一级词汇)

Unit6

粘膜mucousmembrane/mucosa

唾液腺salivaryglands

味蕾tastebuds

蛀牙toothdecay

软腭softpalate

Unit7

尿素urea

电解质平衡electrolytebalance

氨基酸aminoacid

肾小管renaltubule

活性维他命activevitamin

钙质吸收calciumabsorption

脂肪垫fatcushion

皮质cortex

髓质medulla

盆腔pelviccavity

Unit8

生长激素growthhormone/somatotropin

外分泌腺exocrinegland

腺体结构glandularstructure

电反应electricalrespon

靶组织targettissue

识别部位recognitionsites

细胞反应celluarrespon

促激素tropichormones

脑垂体pituitarygland

类固醇激素steroidhormones

生理节奏circadianrhythms

免疫反应immunerespon

Unit9

微观神经细胞microscopicnervecells

外部刺激externalstimuli

周围神经peripheralnerve

中枢神经centralnerve

迷走神经vagus

植物神经系统autonomicnervoussystem

副交感神经parasympatheticnerve

瞳孔收缩constrictionofthepupils

基底核basalnuclei

颈神经丛cervicalplexus

大脑皮质cerebralcortex

传入神经afferentnerveefferent~

脑脊液cerebrospinalfluid

脊髓穿刺spinalcordpuncture

下丘脑hypothalamus

垂体pituitarygland

脑干brainstem

肌张力musculartension/tone

脑膜meninges

蛛网膜下腔subarachnoidspace

二级词汇:

facioplegia面瘫,

lumbago腰痛,

ventral腹部的

rheumatoid风湿的风湿性关节炎

rheumatoidarthritis(有可能考)

inflammation炎症

vertigo眩晕,

atrophy萎缩

窦房结sinuatrialnode

心尖搏动apicalimpul

震颤thrill

心浊音界cardiacdullness

心率和心律heartrateandrhythm

心音heartsound

心脏杂音cardiacmurmurs

心肌酶cardiacenzyme

心肌蛋白myocardinheartprotein

心电图ECGelectrocardiogram

超声心动图UCG(ultrosoniccardiogram/

echocardiogram)

心衰heartfailure

心律失常arrhythmia

动脉粥样硬化atherosclerosis

心脏瓣膜病valvularheartdia

心包疾病diaofthepericarditis

先天性心脏病congenitalheartdia

胃窦antrumofstomach

胃底fundusofstomach

贲门括约肌cardiacsphincter

强酸性highacidity

胃排空gastricempty

胰酶pancreaticenzyme/pancreatin

肠容物稠度consistencyofintestinalcontents

胆总管commonbileduct

肝肠循环enterohepaticcirculation

电解质electrolyte

胆固醇cholesterol

脂溶性维生素fat-solublevitamins

pneumonia肺炎,(重点二级词汇)

第3页共5页

asthma哮喘(重点二级词汇)

rhinitis,鼻炎

肾盂renalpelvis

amputation截肢,

hemoptysis咯血,[hi'mɔptisis]

metastasize转移

hemophilia血友病

astigmatism散光

arthropathy关节病

leukemia白血病[lju'ki:miə]

adipoma脂肪瘤

febricide退烧药['febrəsaid]

pyoptysis咯脓

pyrosis胃灼热[paiə'rəusis]

osteoporosis骨质疏松症

ankylosis,关节僵硬

calculus结石

lithotripsy碎石术

openfracture开放性骨折

rickets佝偻病

gout痛风

三级词汇:

上颌骨maxilla,

下颌骨mandible,

肱骨humerus,

桡骨radius,

尺骨ulna,

腕骨carpalbone,

掌骨metacarpal,

指骨phalanges,

盆骨pelvicbone,

股骨femur,

胫骨tibia,

腓骨fibula,

踝骨tarsalbone,

跖骨metatarsalbone,

趾骨phalangesoftoes

胃肠蠕动gastrointestinalperistalsis

[,peri'stælsis-'stɔ:l-]

感染性心内膜炎infectiveendocarditis

冠状动脉照影coronaryangiography

嗅觉感受器olfactoryreceptor/osmoceptor

dermatitis皮炎

antitussive止咳药

arthralgia关节痛

bronchiectasis支气管扩张

analgesics药,止痛剂[,ænəl'dʒi:ziks]

重症肌无力myastheniagravis

[,maiəs'θi:niə]['ɡrɑ:vis]

三/二尖瓣tricuspid/bicuspidvalve

心包炎pericarditis

胸膜炎pleuritis

动脉瘤arterialaneurysm

二尖瓣脱垂mitralvalveprolap

动脉粥样硬化atherosclerosis

癫痫epilepsy

豆状中空器官bean-shapedholloworgan

心肌疾病myocarditis

肾小球glomerulus

膀胱三角区trigoneofurinarybladder

蠕动波peristalticwave

phosphata磷酸酶

carcinoma癌

tuberculosis肺结核,

hemoptysis,咯血[hi'mɔptisis]

emphyma,肺气肿[,emfi'si:mə]

steroid类固醇,

bronchiole,细支气管炎

trachitis,气管炎

高要求词汇

COPD,慢性阻塞性肺病

pleurisy,胸膜炎['pluərisi]

exudates,渗出液,分泌液

dyspnea,呼吸困难

cyanosis,苍白病,黄萎病

[,saiə'nəusis]

histamine,组胺['histəmi:n]

bronchodilators支气管扩张剂

polio小儿麻痹症,

diuretics,利尿剂[,daijuə'retiks]

pneumothorax,气胸

nasogastric,鼻饲的

laryngoscope,喉镜

radiotherapy,放射疗法

endotoxin,内毒素

erythromycin,红霉素

procaine,普鲁卡因(局麻药)

contraception,避孕

antirum抗血清

Mastitis乳腺炎,

ribosome核糖体,

mentoplasty颏成形术,

cervicitis宫颈炎,

acromegaly肢端肥大症,

acromioclavicular肩锁的,

brachioradialis肱桡肌,

coxarthritis髋关节炎

cephalalgia头痛,

hemiplegia偏瘫,

femorocele股疝,

carpitis腕关节炎

cephalitis脑炎,

thoracotomy胸廓开切术,

mammoplasty乳房成型术,

dactylitis指炎

thoracoscopy胸腔镜检查

chromosome染色体

参考部分:(有班级此部分没有上课)

medicaldocuments

问诊(Inquiry)

视诊(Inspection)、

听诊(Auscultation)、

触诊(Palpation)、

叩诊(Percussion)

GeneralAppearance

呼吸困难difficultbreathing,breathless,dyspnea

呼吸急促rapidbreathing,shortofbreath,

tachypnea

呼吸缓慢slowbreathing,bradypnea

鼻翼呼吸nasalalarbreathing

张口呼吸mouth/buccalbreathing

气喘panting

形容血压的常用词语高high稍高slightly

elevated低low正常normal稳定stable

坐位(卧位,立位)sitting(lying,standing)

BP稳定在BPstablizesat

波动于BPfluctuates/rangesbetween

由升到rifrom…to

由…降到dropfrom…to

无法测得undetectable(unobtainable,

unrecordable)

第4页共5页

身材(stature)

体位(position)

姿势(posture)

步态(gait)

肥胖fat,obesity,overweight

瘦小thin,lean,underweight,slim

丰满plump

肌肉发达的muscular

身材匀称ofproportionalbuild

壮实strong,husky

大腹便便potbelly,big-bellied

自动(被动,强迫)体位active(passive,

compulsive)position

仰(俯,侧)卧supine/dorsal(prone,lateral/side)

站立standing,upright,erect

坐位sitting

胸膝位knee-chestposition

敏捷alert痉挛spastic

交叉步态scissors-like

不稳unsteady,unstable

蹒跚stagger

共济失调ataxia

体格(physique)与发育(physicaldevelopment)

发育良好well-developed

发育不良poorly-developed

发育欠佳under-developed

发育不全hypoplasia

超重overweight纤弱delicate虚弱weak

面色(complexion),面容(appearance)与面部

表情(expression)

苍白pale,pallid,pallor

病黄色sallow

倦怠sluggish淡漠dullappearance

呈(急性,危重)病容look(acutely,critically)ill

满月脸full-moon/moonlikeface

病危面容criticalface

贫血面容anemicface

神态(mentalstate)、意识(consciousness)和

感觉(ns)

清醒consciousl,sober

(半)昏迷(mi-)comato,unconscious

镇定calm

不安restless

神清合作alertandcooperative

有定向力oriented

能辨别时间地点人物orientedtotime,person

andplace

情绪不稳emotionallyunstable

皮肤状况(skin)

潮红flush

轻微(中度、明显)发绀befaintly(moderately,

markedly)syanotic

色素沉着pigmentation

黄疸jaundice,icteric,icterus

无黄疸nonicteric

黄染bejaundiced

蜘蛛痣spiderangioma

局部水肿localizededema

全身水肿generaledema

斑疹macule

丘疹paplule

药疹drugeruption

结节nodules

脓包pustules

水疱blister

荨麻疹hives

囊肿cyst

溃疡ulcer

脱屑desquamation

疣warts

褥疮bedsore

浅表淋巴结(superficiallymphnodes)

肿大swelling,enlarged

颈部(腋下,锁骨上,腹股沟)淋巴结cervical

(axillary,spraclavicular,inguinal)

可扪及palpable

可移动freelymovable/mobile

无压痛non-tender

质硬hardandfirm

无明显淋巴结病变nosignificant

lymphadenopathy)

头眼与耳鼻喉(HEENT)

面部浮肿bloatedface

口臭foulbreath

恶臭气息fetid(offensive)breath

呼吸带有…味thebreathhasastrongsmellof

齿龈出血gingivalhemorrhage

瞳孔等大,反应正常pupilqualandreactive

充血congestion,injected,injection

鼻塞blockedup,stuffedup,obstruction

流涕runningno

扁桃体发红肿大reddenedandenlarged/swollen

tonsils

小片白色渗出物smallwhitepatchesof

exudates

颈部(neck)

颈软supple强直stiff,rigid

颈静脉怒张JVD(jugularvenousdistention)

颈动脉carotidartery

无杂音nobruit

甲状腺肿大enlargedthyroid

胸部(chest)

(不)对称(un/a)symmetrical

鸡胸chicken-breasted

桶装barrelchest

突出prominent,bulging

凹陷depresd

扁平胸flatchest

肋间隙intercostalsspace

锁骨中线mid-clavicularline

心脏

心尖搏动apex/apicalimpul/beat

移位dislocated,displaced

心浊音界dullnessofheartborders

奔马律galloprhythm

喷射性(吹风样)杂音ejection(blowing)

murmur

收缩期(舒张期)杂音systolic(diastolic)

murmur

心前区precordium

心律不齐arrhythmia

第一(二三四)心音S1(S2,S3,S4)

肺(主)动脉音pulmic(aortic)sound

胸(腹)式呼吸thoracic(abdominal)respiration

两肺叩音清bothlungswereresonantto

percussion

两肺音清cleartoauscultationbilaterally

干(湿)罗音dry(moist)rales

哮鸣音wheezes

腹部

胀distended,distention

平软flatandsoft

蠕动波peristalsis

反跳痛reboundtenderness/tendernessto

palpationwithrebound

弥漫性压痛diffutenderness

腹水ascites

移动性浊音shiftingdullness

振水音succussionsound

气过水声gurgling

妊娠纹striaeofpregnancy

未触及impalpable

肠鸣音亢进activebowelsound

四肢(extremities)

畸形deformity

凹陷性(广泛,轻度,中度)水肿pitting(massive,

mild,moderate)edema

神经系统(Nervoussystem,Neurological,略作

第5页共5页

Neuro或CNS):

十二对颅神经正常thecranialnerves(Ⅰ~Ⅻ)

appearedintact

偏(单、截、交叉)瘫hemi-(mono-,para-,cross-)

paralysis

肌张力musculartone

指鼻试验finger-notest

痛(温度,触,震动)觉pain(temperature,tactile,

vibratory)nsation

深(浅)反射deep(superficial)reflex

脑膜刺激征signofmeningealirritation

反射存在(消失,减弱,亢进,不明)reflex

prent(abnt,weak/hypoactive,overactive)

震颤tremor

骨骼系统(Musculoskeletalsystem):

肌萎缩muscularatrophies

肌无力myasthenia

肌肉松弛muscularrelaxation

抽搐convulsion

关节炎arthritis

关节病arthrosis/arthopathy/jointdia

关节僵硬ankylosis

关节弹响clickingofjoint

麻木numbness

泌尿生殖系统(Genitourinarysystem):

直肠指诊rectaldigitalexamination

(非)实验研究(non)experimentalstudy

比较研究comparativestudy

回顾性研究retrospectivestudy

前瞻性研究prospectivestudy

单/双盲交叉研究asingle-/double-blind,

crossoverstudy

随机控制性研究randomizedandcontrolled

study

双盲随机研究double-blindrandomizedstudy

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