2019考研

绝密★启用前

2019

年全国硕士研究生招生考试

英语（一）

（科目代码：

201

）

☆考生注意事项☆

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SectionIUofEnglish

Directions:

thebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark

A,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

TodayweliveinaworldwhereGPSsystems,digitalmaps,andothernavigation

appsareavailableonoursmartphones.__1_ofusjustwalkstraightintothewoods

nes_2_onbatteries,andbatteriescandiefasterthanwe

realize._3_yougetlostwithoutaphoneoracompass,andyou_

4

_can'tfind

north,wehaveafewtrickstohelpyounavigate_5_tocivilization,oneofwhichis

tofollowtheland.

Whenyoufindyourlfwell6atrail,butnotinacompletely

area,

youhavetoanswertwoquestions:Which__isdownhill,inthisparticulararea?

Andwhereisthenearestwatersource?Humansoverwhelminglyliveinvalleys,and

on

suppliesoffreshwater.__,ifyouheaddownhill,andfollowanyH20youfind,

you

should__lQ_esignsofpeople.

Ifyou'veexploredtheareabefore,keepaneyeoutforfamiliarsights-youmay

be11

howquicklyidentifyingadistinctiverockortreecanrestoreyourbearings.

Another12:Climbhighandlookforsignsofhumanhabitation.13

evenindenforest,youshouldbeableto1

4

gapsinthetreelineduetoroads,

traintracks,andotherpathspeoplecarve___wardthe

16__t,scanthehorizonfor1

lightsources,suchasfires

andstreetlights,thenwalktowardtheglowoflightpollution.

the

1

,assumingyou'relostinanareahumanstendtofrequent,lookfor

19

lazes,tiretracks,andotherfeatures

can_1Q_youtocivilization.

-1-

1.[A]Some

[B]Most

[C]Few

[D]All

2.[A]put

[B]take

[C]run

[D]come

3.[A]Since

[B]If

[C]Though

[D]Until

4.[A]formally

[B]relatively

[C]gradually

[D]literally

5.[A]back

[B]next

[C]around

[D]away

6.[A]onto

[B]off

[C]across

[D]alone

7.[A]unattractive[B]uncrowded

[C]unchanged

[D]unfamiliar

8.[A]site

[B]point

[C]way

[D]place

9.[A]So

[B]Yet

[C]Instead

[D]Besides

10.[A]immediately

[B]intentionally

[C]unexpectedly

[D]eventually

11.[A]surprid[B]annoyed

[C]frightened

[D]confud

12.[A]problem

[B]option

[C]view

[D]result

13.[A]Aboveall

[B]Incontrast

[C]Onaverage

[D]Forexample

14.[A]bridge

[B]avoid

[C]spot

[D]parate

15.[A]from

[B]through

[C]beyond

[D]under

16.[A]posts

[B]links

[C]shades

[D]breaks

17.[A]artificial

[B]mysterious

[C]hidden

[D]limited

18.[A]Finally

[B]Conquently

[C]Incidentally

[D]Generally

19.[A]memories

[B]marks

[C]notes

[D]belongings

20.[A]restrict

[B]adopt

[C]lead

[D]expo

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:

thequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,

uranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)

-2-

Text1

FinancialregulatorsinBritainhaveimpodaratherunusualruleontheboss

ngnextyear,anyguaranteedbonusoftopexecutivescouldbe

n

purpoofthis"clawback"ruleistoholdbankersaccountableforharmfulrisk-taking

icialsalsohopeforamuch

largerbenefit:morelong-termdecisionmaking,notonlybybanksbutbyall

corporations,tobuildastrongereconomyforfuturegenerations.

"Short-termism"orthedesireforquickprofits,haswornedinpubliclytraded

companies,saystheBankofEngland'stopeconomist,esa

giantofclassicaleconomics,AlfredMarshall,indescribingthisfinancialimpatience

asactinglike"childrenwhopicktheplumsoutoftheirpuddingtoeatthematonce"

ratherthanputtingthemasidetobeeatenlast.

TheaveragetimeforholdingastockinboththeUnitedStatesandBritain,he

notes,ent

investors,whodemandhighquarterlyprofitsfromcompanies,canhinderafirm's

sbeen

dubbed"quarterlycapitalism."

Inaddition,newdigitaltechnologieshaveallowedmorerapidtradingofequities,

quickeruofinformation,andthusshorterattentionspansinfinancialmarkets.

"Thereemstobeapredominanceofshort-termthinkingattheexpenoflong­

terminvesting,"saidCommissionerDanielGallagheroftheUSSecuritiesand

ExchangeCommissioninaspeechthisweek.

IntheUS,theSarbanes-OxleyActof2002haspushedmostpubliccompaniesto

deferperformancebonusforniorexecutivesbyaboutayear,slightlyhelping

reduce"short-termism."InitslatestsurveyofCEOpay,TheWallStreetJournalfinds

that"asubstantialpart"ofexecutivepayisnowtiedtoperformance.

Muchmorecouldbedonetoencourage"long-termism,"suchaschangesinthe

ce,shareholderswho

holdontoacompanyinvestmentforatleasttwoyearscansometimearnmore

votingrightsinacompany.

Withincompanies,therightcompensationdesigncanprovideincentivesfor

executivestothinkbeyondtheirowntimeatthecompanyandonbehalfofall

n'snewruleisaremindertobankersthatsocietyhasaninterestin

theirperformance,notjustfortheshorttermbutforthelongterm.

-3-淘宝店铺：“研胜教育”提供更多考试资源

ingtoParagraph1,onemotiveinimposingthenewruleisto

[A]enhancebankers'nofresponsibility.

[B]helpcorporationsachievelargerprofits.

[qbuildanewsystemoffinancialregulation.

[D]guaranteethebonusoftopexecutives.

Marshallisquotedtoindicate

[A]theconditionsforgeneratingquickprofits.

[B]governments'impatienceindecision-making.

[qthesolidstructureofpubliclytradedcompanies.

[D]"short-termism"ineconomicactivities.

guedthattheinfluenceoftransientinvestmentonpubliccompaniescanbe

[A]indirect.

[B]adver.

[qminimal.

[D]temporary.

2

4

.TheUSandFranceexamplesareudtoillustrate

[A]theobstaclestopreventing"short-termism".

[B]thesignificanceoflong-termthinking.

[qtheapproachestopromoting"long-termism".

[D]theprevalenceofshort-termthinking.

fthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

[A]FailureofQuarterlyCapitalism

[B]PatienceasaCorporateVirtue

[qDecisivenessRequiredofTopExecutives

[D]FrustrationofRisk-takingBankers

-4-

Text2

Gradeinflation-thegradualincreainaverageGPAs(grade-pointaverages)

overthepastfewdecades-isoftenconsideredaproductofaconsumererainhigher

education,ther,

relatedforce-apolicyoftenburieddeepincourcatalogscalled"grade

forgiveness"-ishelpingraiGPAs.

Gradeforgivenessallowsstudentstoretakeacourinwhichtheyreceiveda

lowgrade,andthemostrecentgradeorthehighestgradeistheonlyonethatcounts

incalculatingastudent'soverallGPA.

Theuofthislittle-knownpracticehasacceleratedinrecentyears,ascolleges

continuetodotheirutmosttokeepstudentsinschool(andpayingtuition)and

ispracticefirststarteddecadesago,itwas

usuallylimitedtofreshmen,togivethemacondchancetotakeaclassintheirfirst

most

colleges,saveformanylectivecampus,allowallundergraduates,andeven

graduatestudents,togettheirlowgradesforgiven.

Collegeofficialstendtoemphasizethatthegoalofgradeforgivenessisless

aboutthegradeitlfandmoreaboutencouragingstudentstoretakecourscritical

totheirdegreeprogramandgraduationwithoutincurringabigpenalty."Ultimately,"

saidJackMiner,OhioStateUniversity'sregistrar,"weestudentsachievemore

successbecautheyretakeacouranddobetterinsubquentcoursormaster

thecontentthatallowsthemtograduateontime."

Thatsaid,thereisawayinwhichgradeforgivenesssatisfiescolleges'ownneedsas

licinstitutions,statefundsaresometimestiedpartlytotheirsuccessonmetrics

suchasgraduationratesandstudentretention-sobettergradescan,byboostingfigures

liketho,thingthatraisGPAswilllikelymake

students-who,attheendoftheday,arepayingthebill-feelthey'vegottenabettervalue

fortheirtuitiondollars,whichisanotherbigconcernforcolleges.

Indeed,gradeforgivenessisjustanotherwaythatuniversitiesarerespondingto

consumers'tudentsandparentxpecta

collegedegreetoleadtoajob,itisinthebestinterestofaschooltoturnout

,students'

andcolleges'incentivesemtobealigned.

-5-淘宝店铺：“研胜教育”提供更多考试资源

commonlyregardedasthecauofgradeinflation?

[A]Thechangeofcourcatalogs.

[B]Students'indifferencetoGPAs.

[qColleges'neglectofGPAs.

[D]Theinfluenceofconsumerculture.

stheoriginalpurpoofgradeforgiveness?

[A]Tohelpfreshmenadapttocollegelearning.

[B]Tomaintaincolleges'graduationrates.

[qTopreparegraduatesforachallengingfuture.

[D]Toincreauniversities'incomefromtuition.

ingtoParagraph5,gradeforgivenesnablescollegesto

[A]obtainmorefinancialsupport.

[B]boosttheirstudentenrollments.

[qimprovetheirteachingquality.

[D]meetlocalgovernments'needs.

esthephra"tobealigned"(Line5,Para.6)mostprobablymean?

[A]Tocounterbalanceeachother.

[B]Tocomplementeachother.

[qTobeidenticalwitheachother.

[D]Tobecontradictorytoeachother.

horexaminesthepracticeofgradeforgivenessby

[A]asssingitsfeasibility.

[B]analyzingthecausbehindit.

[qcomparingdifferentviewsonit.

[D]listingitslong-runeffects.

-6-

Text3

Thisyearmarkxactlytwocenturiessincethepublicationof"Frankenstein;or,

TheModernPrometheus,"foretheinventionoftheelectric

lightbulb,theauthorproducedaremarkableworkofspeculativefictionthatwould

foreshadowmanyethicalquestionstoberaidbytechnologiesyettocome.

Todaytherapidgrowthofartificialintelligence(AI)raisfundamentalquestions:

"Whatisintelligence,identity,orconsciousness?Whatmakeshumanshumans?"

Whatisbeingcalledartificialgeneralintelligence,machinesthatwouldimitate

thewayhumansthink,ansremainfascinatedby

theideaofrobotsthatwouldlook,move,andrespondlikehumans,similartotho

recentlydepictedonpopularsci-fiTVriessuchas"Westworld"and"Humans."

Justhowpeoplethinkisstillfartoocomplextobeunderstood,letalone

reproduced,saysDavidEagleman,aStanfordUniversityneuroscientist."Wearejust

inasituationwheretherearenogoodtheoriexplainingwhatconsciousnessactually

isandhowyoucouldeverbuildamachinetogetthere."

Butthatdoesn'tmeancrucialethicalissuesinvolvingAIaren'

cominguofautonomousvehicles,forexample,posthornyethicalquestions.

eactionsmaybe

acomplexcombinationofinstantreflexes,inputfrompastdrivingexperiences,and

"vision"todayisnotnearlyas

nticipateeveryimaginabledrivingsituation

isadifficultprogrammingproblem.

Wheneverdecisionsarebadonmassofdata,"youquicklygetintoalotof

ethicalquestions,"notesTanKiatHow,chiefexecutiveofaSingapore-badagency

thatishelpingthegovernmentdevelopavoluntarycodefortheethicaluofAI.

AlongwithSingapore,othergovernmentsandmega-corporationsarebeginningto

elead

itsAIethicsstrategythisspring.

OnJuneGooglepledgednotto"designordeployAI"thatwouldcau"overall

harm,"ortodevelopAI-directedweaponsoruAIforsurveillancethatwould

pledgednottodeployAIwhouwouldviolate

internationallawsorhumanrights.

Whilethestatementisvague,theidea

thatdecisionsmadebyAIsystemsshouldbeexplainable,transparent,andfair.

Toputitanotherway:Howcanwemakesurethatthethinkingofintelligent

machinesreflectshumanity'shighestvalues?Onlythenwilltheybeufulrvants

andnotFrankenstein'sout-of-controlmonster.

-7-淘宝店铺：“研胜教育”提供更多考试资源

elley'snovelFrankensteinismentionedbecauit

[A]fascinatesAIscientistsallovertheworld.

[B]hasremainedpopularforaslongas200years.

[qinvolvessomeconcernsraidbyAItoday.

[D]hassparkedriouthicalcontroversies.

dEagleman'sopinion,ourcurrentknowledgeofconsciousness

[A]helpxplainartificialintelligence.

[B]canbemisleadingtorobotmaking.

[qinspirespopularsci-fiTVries.

[D]istoolimitedforustoreproduceit.

utiontotheethicalissuesbroughtbyautonomousvehicles

[A]canhardlyeverbefound.

[B]isstillbeyondourcapacity.

[qcauslittlepublicconcern.

[D]hasaroudmuchcuriosity.

3

4

.Theauthor'sattitudetowardGoogle'spledgesisoneof

[A]affirmation.

[B]skepticism.

[qcontempt.

[D]respect.

fthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

[A]AI'sFuture:IntheHandsofTechGiants

[B]Frankenstein,theNovelPredictingtheAgeofAI

[qTheConscienceofAI:ComplexButInevitable

[D]AIShallBeKillersOnceOutofControl

-8-

Text4

Stateswillbeabletoforcemorepeopletopaysalestaxwhentheymakeonline

purchasunderaSupremeCourtdecisionThursdaythatwillleaveshopperswith

lighterwalletsbutisabigfinancialwinforstates.

TheSupremeCourt'sopinionThursdayoverruledapairofdecades-olddecisionsthat

isionsmadeitmore

difficultforstatestocollectsalestaxoncertainonlinepurchas.

Thecasthecourtoverturnedsaidthatifabusinesswasshippingacustomer's

purchatoastatewherethebusinessdidn'thaveaphysicalprencesuchasa

warehouoroffice,thebusinessdidn'thavetocollectsalestaxforthestate.

Customersweregenerallyresponsibleforpayingthesalestaxtothestatethemlves

iftheyweren'tchargedit,butmostdidn'trealizetheyoweditandfewpaid.

JusticeAnthonyKennedywrotethatthepreviousdecisionswereflawed."Eachyear

thephysicalprencerulebecomesfurtherremovedfromeconomicrealityandresultsin

si

gn

ificantrevenuelosstotheStates,"hewroteinanopinionjoinedbyfourotherjustices.

Kennedywrotethattherule"limitedstates'abilitytoeklong-termprosperityandhas

preventedmarketparticipantsfromcompetingonanevenplayingfield."

Therulingisavictoryforbigchainswithaprenceinmanystates,sincethey

,rivalswillbecharging

salestaxwheretheyhadn'inshavebeencollectingsalestax

nationwidebecautheytypicallyhavephysicalstoresinwhateverstateapurchais

,withitsnetworkofwarehous,alsocollectssalestax

ineverystatethatchargesit,thoughthird-partyllerswhouthesitedon'thaveto.

Untilnow,manyllersthathaveaphysicalprenceinonlyasinglestateora

fewstateshavebeenabletoavoidchargingsalestaxeswhentheyshiptoaddress

sthatueBayandEtsy,whichprovideplatformsfor

smallerllers,alsohaven'heruling

Thursday,statescanpasslawsrequiringout-of-statellerstocollectthestate'ssales

taxfromcustomersandndittothestate.

Retailtradegroupspraidtheruling,sayingitlevelstheplayingfieldforlocal

ers,saidretailanalystNeilSaunders,areonline-only

retailers,etailersmayfaceheadachescomplyingwith

llBusiness&EntrepreneurshipCouncil

advocacygroupsaidinastatement,"Smallbusinessandinternetentrepreneursare

notwellrvedatallbythisdecision."

-9-淘宝店铺：“研胜教育”提供更多考试资源

remeCourtdecisionThursdaywill

[A]betterbusiness'relationswithstates.

[B]putmostonlinebusinessinadilemma.

[qmakemoreonlineshopperspaysalestax.

[D]forcesomestatestocutsalestax.

elearnedfromparagraphs2and3thattheoverruleddecisions

[A]haveledtothedominanceofe-commerce.

[B]havecostconsumersalotovertheyears.

[qwerewidelycriticizedbyonlinepurchars.

[D]wereconsideredunfavorablebystates.

ingtoJusticeAnthonyKennedy,thephysicalprencerulehas

[A]hinderedeconomicdevelopment.

[B]broughtprosperitytothecountry.

[qharmedfairmarketcompetition.

[D]boostedgrowthinstates'revenue.

mostlikelytowelcometheSupremeCourtruling?

[A]Internetentrepreneurs.

[B]Big-chainowners.

[qThird-partyllers.

[D]Smallretailers.

4

ingwiththeSupremeCourtdecisionThursday,theauthor

[A]givesafactualaccountofitanddiscussitsconquences.

[B]describesthelongandcomplicatedprocessofitsmaking.

[qprentsitsmainpointswithconflictingviewsonthem.

[D]citessomecasrelatedtoitandanalyzestheirimplications.

-10-

PartB

Directions:

stions

4

1-

4

5,youare

requiredtoreorganizetheparagraphsintoacoherenttextbychoosingfromthelist

aphsCandFhavebeen

uranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

[A]Thetoolscanhelpyouwineveryargument-notintheunhelpfulnof

beatingyouropponentsbutinthebetternoflearningabouttheissuesthat

gwhytheydisagreewithusandlearningtotalkandwork

adjustourviewofarguments-fromaverbalfightor

tennisgametoareasonedexchangethroughwhichweallgainmutualrespect,and

understanding-thenwechangetheverynatureofwhatitmeansto''win"an

argument.

[BJOfcour,,weneedtobecarefulnot

tolearnhowto

partofevaluationiscallingoutbadarguments,

butwealsoneedtoadmitgoodargumentsbyopponentsandtoapplythesame

tyrequiresyoutorecognizeweaknessin

yourownargumentsandsometimesalsotoacceptreasonsontheoppositeside.

[me

youstateyourposition,formulateanargumentforwhatyouclaimandhonestly

meyoutalkwith

someonewhotakesastand,

objectionsandlistencarefullytotheirreplies.

[D]Carnegiewouldberightifargumentswerefights,whichishowweoftenthinkof

ysicalfights,

whenyouwin,ospectswouldbealmostas

dismalifargumentswereevenjustcompetitions-like,say,

-11-

ofopponentshittheballbackandforthuntilonewinneremergesfromallwho

ndofthinkingiswhysomanypeopletryto

avoidarguments,especiallyaboutpoliticsandreligion.

[EJInhis1936workHowtoWinFriendsandInfluencePeople,DaleCarnegiewrote:

"Thereisonlyoneway...togetthebestofanargument-andthatistoavoidit."

Thisaversiontoargumentsiscommon,butitdependsonamistakenviewof

argumentsthatcausprofoundproblemsforourpersonalandsociallives-and

inmanywaysmissthepointofarguinginthefirstplace.

[_F]eeaconversationasa

fightorcompetition,youcanwinbycheatingaslongasyoudon'tgetcaught.

calltheir

viewsstupid,thetrickswillhelp

youunderstandthem,theirpositionsortheissuesthatdivideyou,buttheycan

helpyouwin-inoneway.

[ethatyoufavorincreasingthe

minimumwageinourstate,ell,"Yes,"andIyell,"No,"

herunderstandnorrespecteachother,and

rast,suppoyougivea

reasonableargument:thatfull-timeworkersshouldnothavetoliveinpoverty.

ThenIcounterwithanotherreasonableargument:thatahigherminimumwage

an

understandeachother'spositionsandrecognizeoursharedvalues,sinceweboth

careaboutneedyworkers.

4

1.1-14

2.1-CIJ-14

3.1-144

.1-1C1-14

5.

-12-

PartC

Directions:

ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedgmentsintoChine.

YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

ItwasonlyafterIstartedtowriteaweeklycolumnaboutthemedicaljournals,

andbegantoreadscientificpapersfrombeginningtoend,thatIrealidjusthowbad

orecognivarioussignsofa

badpaper:thekindofpaperthatpurportstoshowthatpeoplewhoeatmorethanone

kiloofbroccoliaweekwere1.17timesmorelikelythanthowhoeatlesstosuffer

lateinlifefromperniciousanaemia.(46)Thereisagreatdealofthiskindof

nonninthemedicaljournalswhich,whentakenupbybroadcastersandthelay

press,generatesbothhealthscaresandshort-liveddietaryenthusiasms.

Whyissomuchbadsciencepublished?Arecentpaper,titled"TheNatural

SelectionofBadScience",publishedontheRoyalSociety'sopensciencewebsite,

thattheproblemis

notmerelythatpeopledobadscience,butthatourcurrentsystemofcareer

importantisnottruth,butpublication,

asbeenakindofinflationary

processatwork:(47)nowadaysanyoneapplyingforarearchposthastohave

publishedtwicethenumberofpapersthatwouldhavebeenrequiredforthesamepost

indthequality,then,countthenumber.

(48)Attemptshavebeenmadetocurbthistendency,forexample,bytryingto

incorporatesomemeasureofqualityaswellasquantityintotheasssmentofan

applicant'spapers.

Thisisthefamedcitationindex,thatistosaythenumberoftimesa

paperhasbeenquotedelwhereinthescientificliterature,theassumptionbeingthatan

importantpaperwillbecitedmoreoftenthanoneofsmallaccount.(49)Thiswouldbe

reasonableifitwerenotforthefactthatscientistscaneasilyarrangetocitethemlvesin

theirfuturepublications,orgetassociatestodosofortheminreturnforsimilarfavours.

Boilingdownanindividual'soutputtosimplemetrics,suchasnumberof

publicationsorjournalimpacts,entailsconsiderablesavingsintime,energyand

unately,thelong-termcostsofusingsimplequantitativemetricsto

asssrearchermeritarelikelytobequitegreat.(50)Ifweareriousabout

ensuringthatourscienceisbothmeaningfulandreproducible,wemustensurethat

ourinstitutionncouragethatkindofscience.

-13-

SectionIIIWriting

PartA

ions:

Suppoyouareworkingforthe"AidingRuralPrima

ry

School"projectofyour

nemailtoanswertheinqui

ry

fromaninternationalstudent

volunteer,specifyingthedetailsoftheproject.

Youshouldwriteabout100wordsontheANSWERSHEET.

"LiMing"instead.

(10points)

PartB

ions:

essay,you

should

1)describethepicturebriefly,

2)interprettheimpliedmeaning,and

3)giveyourcomments.

YoushouldwriteneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(20points)

-14-