federal rerve

缁忔祹瀛︼細涓栫晫缁忔祹鍒嗘瀽(鍥?

(鎬诲垎锛?2.00锛屽仛棰樻椂闂达細90鍒嗛挓)

涓€銆亄{B}}鍗曢」閫夋嫨棰榹{/B}}(鎬婚鏁帮細42锛屽垎鏁帮細42.00)

rentscheckabledeposits,Rreprentsrervesandrreprentstherequired

rerveratio,theequationthatexpresstherelationshipsamongthevariablesis:

•A.D=R/r.

•B.R=D/r.

•C.r=D/R.

锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>

A.鈭?/span>

B.

C.

瑙ｆ瀽锛歍hequantityofcheckabledeposits(D)thatcanbesupportedwiththeavailable

rerves(R)iqualtoR/r,whereristherequiredrerveratio.

fthefollowingarefourphasofthetypicalbusinesscycle?

•,boom,bust,andrecession.

•,expansion,recession,andstability.

•,contraction,recessionarytrough,andexpansion.

锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>

A.

B.

C.鈭?/span>

瑙ｆ瀽锛歍hefourphasofthebusinesscycleincludethepeak,contraction,recessionary

trough,andexpansion.

creainaggregatedemandisgreaterthanexpected,actualinflationis:

•rthanexpectedinflationandunemploymentincreas.

•anexpectedinflationandunemploymentdecreas.

•rthanexpectedinflationandunemploymentdecreas.

锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>

A.

B.

C.鈭?/span>

瑙ｆ瀽锛欰greaterthanexpectedincreainaggregatedemandsuggeststhatactualinflation

willexceedexpectedinflationandunemploymentwilldecrea.

ctivefiscalpolicyinvolves:

•taxesandincreadgovernmentspending.

•taxesandreducedgovernmentspending.

•axesandincreadgovernmentspending.

锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>

A.

B.鈭?/span>

C.

瑙ｆ瀽锛欻ighertaxesanddecreadgovernmentspendingreduceaggregatedemandunder

restrictivefiscalpolicy.

ffectsarefullyanticipated,whatimpactixpansionarymonetarypolicymost

likelytohaveonrealeconomicactivity?

•ornoimpact.

•xpansionaryimpact.

•teexpansionaryimpact.

锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>

A.鈭?/span>

B.

C.

瑙ｆ瀽锛欼fexpansionarymonetarypolicyisfullyanticipated,theimpactonrealeconomic

ionandnominal,interestratesri,butrealoutputand

interestratesdonotchange.

ingtothePhillipscurveapproach,wheninflationislessthanexpected,themost

likelyinitialeffectisthat:

•gerateswillfall.

•terestrateswillfall.

•oymentwillriaboveitsnaturalrate.

锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>

A.

B.

C.鈭?/span>

瑙ｆ瀽锛欼tisthedifferencebetweenactualandexpectedratesofinflationthat

oymentriswhendecision-makersoverestimatetheinflation

rate.

hillipscurvemodeloftherelationshipbetweeninflationandtheunemployment

rate,ashifttoanewshort-runPhillipscurvereprentsachangeinthe:

•edinflationrate.

•inflationrate.

•oymentrate.

锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>

A.鈭?/span>

B.

C.

瑙ｆ瀽锛欰short-runPhillipscurveisconstructedassumingaparticularexpectedinflation

rate,gis

intheactualinflationrateortheshort-rununemploymentratewouldreprentmovement

alinflationissustainedaboveorbelowthe

expectedinflationrate,uldbeen

asanewshort-runPhillipscurvethatinterctsthelong-runPhillipscurveatthenew

expectedinflationrate.

ofLaborStatistics,whichofthe

followingpeoplewouldNOTbeconsideredunemployed?Someonewho:

•minatedfromhislastjob.

•dislookingfornewwork.

•bledandunabletoreturntowork.

锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>

A.

B.

C.鈭?/span>

瑙ｆ瀽锛歅eoplewhoareunabletoworkduetodisabilityarenotincludedaspartofthe

laborforceand,therefore,whoarenotincludedin

thelaborforcearehouholdworkers,students,andretirees.

ildstein,HarryOsajnuk,andKurtWeil,arealljunioreconomistsattheBankof

lRerve(theFed)andthe

dethefollowingstatementsregardingthe

overallpurpooftheFederalRerveSystem:Wildstein:Inmyopinion,theoverallpurpo

andgoaloftheFederalRerveSystemistoinsurethedepositsofindividualsandfirms

k:TheoverallgoaloftheFederalRerve

Systemistokeepthediscountrateflexiblesothatifadditionalfundsareneededinthe

economythediscountratewillbereducedandifthereistoomuchmoneyintheeconomythe

:TheprimarypurpooftheFederalRerveSystemis

toregulatetheamountofexcessrervesheldbymemberbanksthroughthepotentialdeposit

statementsmadebyWildstein,Osajnuk,andWeilcorrect?

WildsteinOsajnukWeil鈶燗.IncorrectIncorrectCorrect鈶.CorrectIncorrectIncorrect

鈶.IncorrectIncorrectIncorrectA.鈶燘.鈶.鈶?br/>锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>

A.

B.

C.鈭?/span>

瑙ｆ瀽锛歍rall

way,they

ektoprovideforamonetaryenvironmentthatisinthebestinterestsoftheeconomy.

sinwhichofthefollowingarelikelytoaffectinterestrates?

鈪?Inflationexpectations

鈪?Sizeofthefederaldeficit

鈪?Moneysupply

•A.鈪?and鈪?only.

•B.鈪?and鈪?only.

•C.鈪?鈪?and鈪?

锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>

A.

B.

C.鈭?/span>

瑙ｆ瀽锛歂ominalRates=RealRate+InflationPremium+RiskPremium.

omic

summitinPragueinvitedtheleadingeconomiststopoasolutiontothedecliningeconomic

theeconomistsinattendancesubscribetosupplysideeconomictheory.

Theirsolutionistoreducetheincrediblyhighmarginaltaxrateof68%to35%.Theprimary

benefitofsuchapolicyis:

•levelsofdisposableincomeandabilitytoconsumegoodsandrvices

leadingtohigherGDP.

•rincentiveforindividualstospend-theirincomeontax-deductibleluxury

items.

•dincentivefordomesticinvestmentleadingtoincreadaggregatesupply

andGDP.

锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>

A.

B.

C.鈭?/span>

瑙ｆ瀽锛歁arginaltaxratesaffecttherewardderivedfromadditionalwork,investment,or

saving,ngthe

marginaltaxratewillprovideincentivestoworkharder,investwily,andspendlesstime

avoidingtaxes.

aneconomyisoperatingatfullemploymentandthatthecentralbankannouncesa

decreainthegrowthrateofthemoneysupplytoreduceinflation,whichmarket

hortrun,arethedirectionsoftheimpacts

onemploymentandinflationthesameordifferent,andinthelongrun,arethedirections

oftheimpactsonemploymentandinflationthesameordifferent?Shortrun:Longrun:

EmploymentandinflationeffectsEmploymentandinflationeffects鈶燗.SameSame鈶.Same

Different鈶.DifferentSameA.鈶燘.鈶.鈶?br/>锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>

A.

B.鈭?/span>

C.

瑙ｆ瀽锛欼ntheshortrun,theimpactofadecreainthegrowthrateofthemoneysupply,

whichmarketparticipantsdonotbelieveiscredible,canbeviewedasamovementalongthe

flationandemploymentaredecread(higherunemployment).

Thelong-runPhillipscurveisvertical,inflationisreducedbutemploymentincreasback

totheoriginal(full-employment)level.

fthefollowingstatementsabouttherelationshipbetweeninterestratesandthe

demandforandsupplyofmoneyismostaccurate?Interestratesaffect:

•plyofmoneyonly.

•edemandforandsupplyofmoney.

•andformoneyonly.

锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>

A.

B.

C.鈭?/span>

瑙ｆ瀽锛欼gherinterestrates,the

opportunitycostofholdingmoneyincreas,andpeopleholdlessmoneyandmoreinterest-

ore,thesupplyof

moneyisindependentoftheinterestrate.

llipscurveshowsthetrade-offbetween:

•eofchangeinthemoneysupplyandtherateofchangeinemployment.

•linterestratesandrealinterestrates.

•ionandunemployment.

锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>

A.

B.

C.鈭?/span>

瑙ｆ瀽锛歍hetheoryofthePhillipscurveisthatthereisaninverrelationshipbetween

theinflationrateandtheunemploymentrate.

hortrun,theimpactofanincreainthemoneysupplyonthepriceleveland

realoutputwillbe:PricelevelRealoutput鈶燗.IncreaIncrea鈶.IncreaNo

change鈶.NochangeIncreaA.鈶燘.鈶.鈶?br/>锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>

A.鈭?/span>

B.

C.

瑙ｆ瀽锛欼ntheshortrun,anincreainthemoneysupplywillincreaaggregatedemand.

Thenewshort-runequilibriumwillbeatahigherpricelevelandagreaterlevelofreal

output(GDP).

oymentcompensationisanexampleof:

•etionaryfiscalpolicystabilizer.

•maticfiscalpolicystabilizer.

•maticmonetarypolicystabilizer.

锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>

A.

B.鈭?/span>

C.

瑙ｆ瀽锛歎nemploymentcompensationautomaticallyrisandfallswiththebusinesscycle,

thereforeitisanexampleofanautomaticfiscalpolicystabilizer.

m"crowdingout"impliesthat:

•chasofcuritiescauinflationinthelongrun.

•tsurpluswillbeahighlyeffectiveweaponagainstinflation.

•deficitswillincrearealinterestratesandtherebyretardbusiness

investment.

锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>

A.

B.

C.鈭?/span>

瑙ｆ瀽锛歎nderthistheory,increadgovernmentborrowingincreasinterestrateswhich

causbusinesstoundertakelessinvestmentassomeprojectsnolongerhavepositive

NPVs.

fthefollowingrelationshipsinregardtotheequationofexchangeisleast

accurate?

•lGDP=(Price)(RealOutput).

•lGDP=(MoneySupply)(Velocity)=(Price)(RealOutput).

•lGDP=(Price)(MoneySupply).

锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>

A.

B.

C.鈭?/span>

瑙ｆ瀽锛歍heequationofexchangeholdsthat:(MoneySupply)(Velocity)=NominalGDP=

(Price)(RealOutput).

fercurveindicatesthat:

•nginflationwilllikelyincreaunemployment.

•taxratescanreducetaxrevenues.

•enuesareapositivefunctionofGDP.

锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>

A.

B.鈭?/span>

C.

瑙ｆ瀽锛歍heLaffercurveindicatesthattaxrevenuesreachamaximumatsometaxrateand

decreaiftaxratesareincreadabovethatrate.

lRerveSystembuys$10millionofgovernmentcuritiesfromthe

public,thererverequirementis20percent,andallbankshavezeroexcessrerves.A

fewweekslater,ifnoexcessrervesstillexist,thetotalimpactofthisactiononthe

moneysupplywillbea:

•A.$50millionincrea.

•B.$2millionincrea

•C.$2milliondecrea.

锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>

A.鈭?/span>

B.

C.

瑙ｆ瀽锛?1)TheFEDincreasthemoneysupplybybuyingcurities.(2)Therearenoexcess

rervessotherewasamaximumexpansion.(3)(NewRervesinsystem)/(Rerve

requirement=Moneycreated(10/0.2)=$50.

fthefollowingstatementsaboutthedemandandsupplyofmoneyismostaccurate?

Peoplewhoare:

•bondstoreducetheirmoneybalanceswillincreathedemandforbonds

withanassociatedincreaininterestrates.

•gbondstoincreatheirmoneybalanceswillreducethedemandforbonds

withanassociatedreductionininterestrates.

•gmoneywheninterestratesarehigherwilltrytoreducetheirmoney

balancesand,asaresult,thedemandformoneydecreas.

锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>

A.

B.

C.鈭?/span>

瑙ｆ瀽锛欱gbonds

wouldhavetheoppositeeffect;

interestratesarelower,plyofmoneyis

determinedbythemonetaryauthorities.

lecorrectlyanticipatetheeffectsofexpansionarymonetarypolicybeforeit

occurs,thenimplementingthepolicywill:

•realoutput.

•hepricelevelunchanged.

•realoutput.

锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>

A.

B.鈭?/span>

C.

瑙ｆ瀽锛歋incethechangeisfullyanticipated,pricesandinterestrateswillchange

thepolicychangehappen,therewillbeno

changeinpricesorinterestrates.

ingtothecrowding-outeffect,whichofthefollowingstatementsisleastlikely

correct?Thesaleofgovernmentbondsudtofinanceexcessgovernmentspendingwill:

•herealinterestrate.

•henominalinterestrate.

•theprofitabilityofcorporateinvestmentprojects.

锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>

A.

B.

C.鈭?/span>

瑙ｆ瀽锛欼twoulddecrea,notincrea,theprofitabilityofcorporateinvestment

projects.

ingtothequantitytheoryofmoney,whichoneofthefollowingeconomicvariables

wouldchangeinrespontoanincreahathesupplyofmoney?

•evel.

•come.

•ty.

锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>

A.鈭?/span>

B.

C.

瑙ｆ瀽锛歁V=PY,oneysupplyis

increadthenitwouldfollowthatP,thepricelevel,wouldincrea.

ngtheeconomycurrentlyixperiencinghighinflation,anexampleofappropriate

discretionaryfiscalpolicyis:

•thefederalfundstargetrate.

•governmentexpendituresonmajorgovernmentconstructionprojects.

•themoneysupply.

锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>

A.

B.鈭?/span>

C.

瑙ｆ瀽锛欴iscretionaryfiscalpolicyreferstothefederalgovernment'sdecisionsregarding

tioningovernmentspendingonmajorgovernment

constructionprojectsislikelytoleadtoareductioninaggregatedemandandlesspressure

onprices,reducinginflation.

entialdepositexpansionmultiplierequals:

•uiredrerveratio.

•eroftherequiredrerveratio.

•uiredrerveratiomultipliedbythequantityofrerves.

锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>

A.

B.鈭?/span>

C.

瑙ｆ瀽锛歍hepotentialdepositexpansionmultiplieriqualtotheinveroftherequired

rerveratio.

hehypotheticalinformationbelowabouttheconditionsinthelabormarket,what

istheunemploymentrate?

Employed177000

Discouragedworkers2000

Unemployed13000

Houholdworkers20000

Students15000

Retirees19000

Disabled5000

Laborforce190000

Civilianpopulation16andover249000

•A.5.3%.

•B.6.0%.

•C.6.8%.

锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>

A.

B.

C.鈭?/span>

瑙ｆ瀽锛歎nemploymentrate=(numberofunemployed)/(numberinthelaborforce)Inthis

problem,houholdworkers,students,retirees,andthedisabledarenotconsidered

,theunemploymentrateiscalculatedas:(13000)/(190000)=6.8%.

fthefactorsisleastlikelytochangethenaturalrateofunemployment?

•pectedtighteningofthemoneysupplyreducesaggregatedemand.

•-termdemographicshiftsresultinfeweryoungadultsinthelaborforce.

•arketderegulationmakesiteasierforworkerstochangejobs.

锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>

A.鈭?/span>

B.

C.

瑙ｆ瀽锛歍henaturalrateofunemploymentisthesumoffrictionalandstructural

pecteddecreainthemoneysupplywouldbringaboutcyclical

uralrateisinfluencedbysuchfactorsascompositionandmobilityof

thelaborforceandtheleveloftechnologyavailableintheeconomy.

onalunemploymentresultsfrom:

•iblewagesinthemarketplace.

•ionarybusinessconditionsandinadequateaggregatedemandforlabor.

•ntchangesintheeconomythatpreventqualifiedunemployedworkersfrom

beingimmediatelymatchedupwithexistingjobopenings.

锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>

A.

B.

C.鈭?/span>

瑙ｆ瀽锛欶rictionalunemploymentcountsonlythenumberofqualifiedandemployableworkers

employmentstemsfromtheconstantchangesinthe

demandandsupplyofspecificemployersandemployees,andthetimerequiredforjobekers

toconductjobarches.

fthefollowingstatementsisleastaccurate?Accordingtothequantitytheoryof

money:

•tyisdeterminedbyinstitutionalfactors.

•ionisafunctionofincreasinthemoneysupply.

•celeveliqualtothequantityofoutputdividedbythemoneysupply.

锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>

A.

B.

C.鈭?/span>

瑙ｆ瀽锛歍heequationofexchangestatesthatMV=PY,soP=MV/erstatements

ingtothequantitytheoryofmoney,anincreainthemoneysupplywill

cauaproportionateincreainprices,whilevelocityandrealoutputaredeterminedby

institutionalfactorsandareindependentofthemoneysupply.

dwhenaneconomyixperiencingsubstantialinflationandeitheradecliningor

slowrateofgrowthinoutputiscalled:

•ion.

•ation.

•sion.

锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>

A.

B.鈭?/span>

C.

瑙ｆ瀽锛歋ubstantialinflationisnormallynotassociatedwiththeeconomicconditions

identifiedinAandC,butonlyinB.

lbankbasitslong-runstrategyforachievingpricestabilityontargeting

thegrowthrateofthemoneysupplytoequalthedifferencebetweenthe10-yearaverage

growtk

ebank'sgoverningboard

perceivesasignificantdifferencebetweenactualrealGDPandfull-employmentrealGDP,

theyadjustthemoneysupplyinthecountercyclicaldirection:Whichtypeofmonetarypolicy

istheCentralbankfollowing?

•-rule.

•tionary.

•nesianfeedbackrule.

锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>

A.

B.鈭?/span>

C.

瑙ｆ瀽锛歍hecentralbank'spoliciesincludeelementsofthenewMonetaristandnew

r,becaupolicyadjustmentsrelyonthejudgmentofthe

bank'sgoverningboardratherthanonaspecificrole,thebankisusingdiscretionary

monetarypolicy.

nomists,PearlMillidgeandByronForrest,arediscussingtheoriesthatexplain

ferthefollowing

explanations:Millidge:Becaubusinesxpecthigherpricesfortheiroutputinthe

future,theywillexpectagreaterreturnontheirinvestmentsandwillincreatheir

demandforfinancialcapital,t:Saverxpect

topayhigherpricesforgoodsandrvicesinthefuture,sotheywillbelesswillingto

tradecurrentconsumptionforfutureconsumptionandwillthereforesupplylessfinancial

capital,explanationscorrect?MillidgeForrest鈶燗.

CorrectCorrect鈶.CorrectIncorrect鈶.IncorrectCorrectA.鈶燘.鈶.鈶?br/>锛堝垎

鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>

A.鈭?/span>

B.

C.

瑙ｆ瀽锛欱inflationresultsinincreaddemandfor

unominalinterest

ratestoincrea.

abehindtheLaffercurveisthatincreasintaxratesdonotincreatax

revenuesproportionatelybecautheydecreathe:

•forlabor.

•oflabor.

•tivityoflabor.

锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>

A.

B.鈭?/span>

C.

瑙ｆ瀽锛歍heLaffercurveisbadontheconceptthatincometaxratesaffectpotential

,thename"supply-side"

economics.

andformoneyisinverlyrelatedtotherealinterestratebecau:

•tofholdingmoneyfallsastherealinterestrategoesdown.

•singwealthmakescashbalancesunnecessary.

•akeproductiveusoffundslessprofitable.

锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>

A.鈭?/span>

B.

C.

瑙ｆ瀽锛欰tlowerrealinterestratesthecostofholdingmoney(foregoneinterest

earnings)islessandthequantityofmoneythatindividualsarewillingtoholdincreas.

elopmentmostlikelytoleadtoanincreainthevelocityofmoneyis:

•ainmoneyinterestratesresultingfromrestrictivefiscalpolicy.

•eaintheexpectedrateofinflation.

•declineintheuofcreditcards.

锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>

A.

B.鈭?/span>

C.

瑙ｆ瀽锛欻igherexpectedinflationleadstohighernominalinterestratesandhigher

alsoleadtohigherprices,butthisisnotoneofthechoices.

lbankmostoftenutochangethemoney

supply?

•countrate.

•ositexpansionmultiplier.

•rketoperations.

锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>

A.

B.

C.鈭?/span>

瑙ｆ瀽锛歄lRerve'smostoftenudtoolfor

changingthemoneysupply.

fthefollowingfiscalpolicymodelsismostlikelytosupporttheconclusionthat

theadjustmentofmoneywagestorestorefull-employmentequilibriumisrapidandthat

withoutthedistortingeffectsoftaxes,long-runequilibriumrealoutputwouldincrea

withincreasinthelaborforceandaccumulatedcapital,andwithimprovementsin

technology?

•cal.

•ian.

•-side.

锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>

A.鈭?/span>

B.

C.

瑙ｆ瀽锛歍heclassicaleconomistsbelievedthattheadjustmentofmoneywagestorestore

full-employmentequilibriumisrapidandthatwithoutthedistortingeffectsoftaxes,long-

runequilibriumrealoutputwouldincreawithincreasinthelaborforceandaccumulated

capital,andwithimprovementsintechnology.

fthefollowingisNOTasourceofadvereffectsofinflationonaneconomy?

Inflation:

•tstheinformationdeliveredbyprices.

•sproductpriceswithoutchangingunderlyingresourceprices,suchas

wages,inthelongrun.

•stheuncertaintyaccompanyinginvestmentandotheractivitiesinvolving

futurepayments.

锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>

A.

B.鈭?/span>

C.

瑙ｆ瀽锛欰llaretrueexcept"B":Inflationaffectsbothproductpricesandresource

prices.

sandhouholdsdecidetoreducetheircurrencyholdingsandincreatheir

holdingsoffundsintheircheckingaccountsbyanequalamount,whatwillbetheimpacton

lRervedoesnotundertakeanyoffttingactions?

•illbenodirectorindirectimpactonthemoneysupplybecauthe

decreaincurrencyholdingswillbeexactlyofftbytheincreainthefundsin

thecheckingaccounts.

•illbenodirectimpactonthemoneysupply,however,banks'excess

rerveswilldecrea,whichwillcauthemtodecreatheirloans,thereby

leadingtoanindirectdecreainthemoneysupply.

•r,banks'excess

rerveswillincrea,whichwillenablethemtoincreatheirloans,thereby

leadingtoanindirectincreainthemoneysupply.

锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>

A.

B.

C.鈭?/span>

瑙ｆ瀽锛欼ffirmsandhouholdsdecidetoreducetheircurrencyholdingsandincrea

theirholdingsoffundsintheircheckingaccountsbyanequalamount,therewillheno

heless,theresultingincreainexcessrerves

willenablebankstoincreatheirloans,therebyleadingtoanindirectincreainthe

gmoneyinacheckingaccountincreas,

notdecreas,bankrerves.

followingtwostatementsaboutfiscalpolicycorrect?Statement1:Thecrowding

outeffectreducesthemultipliereffectofexpansionaryfiscalpolicybutdoesnotaffect

ent2:Agenerationalimbalanceexistsiftheprentvalueof

governmentbenefitstothecurrentgenerationisnotfullypaidforbytaxesonthecurrent

ent1Statement2鈶燗.CorrectCorrect鈶.CorrectIncorrect鈶.

IncorrectCorrectA.鈶燘.鈶.鈶?br/>锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>

A.

B.

C.鈭?/span>

瑙ｆ瀽锛歋easingtheavailablequantityofsavingsand

increasingtherealinterestrate,fiscalcrowdingoutresultsinlesscapitalinvestmentby

ent2isanaccuratedescriptionof

thegenerationaleffectsoffiscalpolicy.

inthelong-runPhillipscurvereprentsachangeinthe:

•inflationrate.

•edinflationrate.

•lrateofunemployment.

锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>

A.

B.

C.鈭?/span>

瑙ｆ瀽锛歍s

inthenaturalratecanoccurduetolong-runchangesinthestateoftechnologyandthe

size,makeup,andmobilityofthelaborforce.