paradilost

paradi-lost失乐园赏析课件

2

ParadiLost

TypeofWork

ParadiLostisanepicpoemwhich—like

theepicpoemsofHomer,Dante,Vergil,and

Goethe—tellsastoryaboutmomentouvents

whileincorporatinggrandthemesthatare

timelessanduniversal.

DateCompleted

Miltoncompletedthefirstversionof

istedof10books.

In1668and1669,headdedanintroductory

commentabouttheverformandaspecial

1674,

hepublishedthefinalversionoftheepic,in

whichhedividedBooks7and10intotwo

pletedworkthushad12

placedeach

summaryatthebeginningofthebookit

summarized.

Sources

3

MiltonudtheBible,Homer'sIliadand

Odysy,Vergil'sAeneid,andthestoriesin

Greco-Romanmythologyassourcesof

le's

BookofGenesisisthemainsourceforhis

retellingofthestoryofcreationandthefirst

humans,AdamandEve.

Settings

Thettingsareheaven,hell,thefirmament

(苍穹)(Chaos),andearth.

Characters

GodtheFather,GodtheSon:(trinity)Twoof

thethreedivinepersonsmakingupthe

all-powerfulGodhead,thesingledeity（神性）

thatcreatedandruledallthatexistsoutsideof

rddivineperson,theHolySpirit,

Fatherisportrayedasjustbutmerciful,

condemning(批判)thedefiant（目中无人）

andunrepentant(不后悔的)rebelangelsbut

permittingredemptionoftherepentantAdam

4

Sonvolunteerstoredeem

thembybecominghumanandenduring

sufferinganddeath.

Satan(Lucifer,Archfiend):Powerfuland

pridefulangelwho,withlegions(众多的)of

supporters,leadsanunsuccessfulrebellion

gainrevenge,hedevisaplantocorrupt

God'snewlycreatedbeings,AdamandEve,

readersoftenadmire

himforhissteelydefiance(藐视).Hewould

ratherruleinhell,hesays,thanrvein

otMilton'sintent,however,to

createanadmirablecharacter;ratherhis

intentwastocreateacharacterofcolossal(巨

大的)hatred—loathsome(令人讨厌的),

execrable(恶劣的),incurablyremorless(冷

酷无情的).

AdamandEve:Thefirsthumanbeings,

createdbyGodtofillthevoid（真空）that

resultedwhenGodcastSatanandhis

andEveliveontheplanetearthinutter

5

happinessinaspecialgardenwherespringis

theonlyasonandloveandgodlyliving

theyhaveallthattheywant

andneed,cunningSatantellsthemtheycan

haveknowledgeandstatusbeyondtheirreach

ifonlytheyeatofthefruitoftheTreeof

becomeagoddess,hesays.

reluctantlydoesthesame.

Gabriel,Raphael,Michael,Uriel:Powerful

andfearlessangelsonthesideofGod.

Beelzebub,Mammon,Belial,Moloch:

PowerfulleadersinSatan'at

councilinhell,eachofthemspeakshismind

onwhatpolicydevil-kindshouldfollowafter

theymakeanewwar?

Shouldtheymakepeace?

Ithuriel,Zephron:AngelswhoexpelSatan

fromtheGardenofEdenwiththehelpofa

eturnstothegarden

latertocompletehisdeviounterpri.

Mulciber:Fallenangelwhodesignshell's

capitalcityandatofgovernment,

6

entRomanmythology,

MulciberisanothernameforVulcan(Greek:

Hephaestus),

blacksmith,hekeptshopinburning

mountains(volcanoes).

Sin:bornfrom

hisheadinthemannerofAthena,Greek

goddessofwisdomandwar,whosprangfrom

theforeheadofZeus,kingofthegods.

Death:SonofSatanandSin

VariousOtherAngelsandDevils

Milton'sSolarSystem

Indescribingtheplanetsandothercelestial

bodies,MiltonmodelsGod’screationonthe

Ptolemaic天动说的design(alsocalledthe

geocentricdesign)ratherthantheCopernican

design(alsocalledtheheliocentric以太阳为中

心的design).Theformerplacedearthatthe

centerofthesolarsystem,withthesunand

icus

andotherscientistslaterprovedthattheearth

wasawareofthe

7

Copernicantheory,butheudthePtolemaic

design—eitherbecauhebelieveditwasthe

morecredibletheoryorbecauhebelievedit

ParadiLost,Adaminquiresaboutthe

movementsofcelestialbodies—inparticular,

whetherearthorbitsthesunorviceversa—in

hisconversationwiththearchangel天使

Raphael,butRaphaelgivesnodefiniteanswer.

RaphaelmayhavebeenspeakingforMilton.

StyleandVerFormat

MiltonwroteParadiLostindignified,lofty,

melodicEnglishfreeofanycolloquialismsand

slangsthatwouldhavelimitedthework's

mat,Milton

saysinanintroductorynote,is"Englishheroic

verwithoutrhyme"—inotherwords,blank

ver,thesameverformudby

'sstrong

religiousfaithinfusthepoemwithsincerity

andmoralpurpo,buthedoesnotallowhis

enthusiasmforhissubjecttoovertakecontrol

8

Miltonfrequentlyus

obscureallusionstomythologyandhistory,as

wellasoccasionaldifficultwordsandphras,

hislanguageisneverdeliberatelyaffectedor

ostentatious炫耀的.Whatismore,itdoesnot

preachanddoesnottakethereaderon

circumlocutory迂回的

symphonycompor—mightyBeethoven,for

example—Miltonisalwaysincontrol,

temperinghiscreativegeniuswithhis

technicaldiscipline.

Withagooddictionaryandanannotated有

注解的text,afirst-timereaderofMiltoncan

easilyfollowandunderstandthestorywhile

developinganappreciationfortheexquisite

writing.

EpicConventions

InParadiLost,Miltonudtheclassical

epicconventions—literarypractices,rules,or

devicestablishedbyHomerthatbecame

the

practiceswerealsoudinothergenresof

9

heclassicalconventions

Miltonudarethefollowing:

(1)Theinvocation祈祷ofthemu,in

whichawriterrequestsdivinehelpin

composinghiswork.

(2)Tellingastorywithwhichreadersor

listenersarealreadyfamiliar;theyknowthe

characters,theplot,

thegreatwritersoftheancientworld—aswell

asmanygreatwritersinlatertimes,including

Shakespeare—frequentlytoldstoriesalready

,insuchstories,

therewerenounexpectedplottwists,no

soundsstrangetoyou,

themodernreaderandtheatergoer,consider

thatmanyofthemostpopularmotionpictures

todayareaboutstoriesalreadyknowntothe

esareThePassionoftheChrist,

Titanic,TheTenCommandments,Troy,

Spartacus,PearlHarbor,andGettysburg.

(3)Beginningthestoryinthemiddle,a

literaryconventionknownbyitsLatintermin

mediares资源(inthemiddleofthings).Sucha

10

conventionallowsawritertobeginhisstoryat

anexcitingpart,thenflashbacktofillthe

readerinondetailsleadinguptothatexciting

part.

(4)Announcingorintroducingalistof

characterswhoplayamajorroleinthestory.

Theymayspeakatsomelengthabouthowto

resolveaproblem(asthefollowersofSatando

earlyinParadiLost).

(5)

beingsfightandschemeagainstoneanotherin

theepicsofHomerandVergil,andtheydoso

inParadiLostonagrandscale,withSatan

andhisforcesopposingGodandhisforces.

(6)icironyis

aliterarydeviceinwhichacharacterina

storyfailstoeorunderstandwhatisobvious

icirony

appearsfrequentlyintheplaysoftheancient

mple,inOedipuxRex,by

Sophocles,dramaticironyoccurswhen

Oedipusfailstorealizewhattheaudience

knows—

11

ParadiLost,dramaticironyoccurswhen

AdamandEvehappilygoaboutdailylifein

theGardenofEdenunawarethattheywill

succumbtothedevil'stemptationandsuffer

icironyalso

occurswhenSatanandhisfollowersfailto

understandthatitisimpossibleultimatelyto

thwart挫败orcircumventdivinewilland

justice.

PlotSummary

AllHellbrokeloo

BookIV,ParadiLost

.

TheInvocationoftheMu

.......MiltonopensParadiLostbyaskinga

entGreece

andRome,poetshadalwaysrequested“the

mu”tofirethemwithcreativegeniuswhen

theybeganlongnarrativepoems,calledepics,

k

mythology,therewereninemus,allsisters,

12

whowerebelievedtoinspirepoets,historians,

flutists,dancers,singers,astronomers,

philosophers,

onewantedtowriteagreatpoem,playa

musicalinstrumentwithbravado,ordevelopa

grandscientificorphilosophicaltheory,he

wouldaskforhelpfromamu.

Whenawriteraskedforhelp,hewassaidto

be“invokingthemu.”Themuofepic

poetrywasnamedCalliope[kuhLYuhpe].

However,inBook7,Miltonidentifies

Urania—themuofastronomy—asthe

goddesstowhomheaddresshispleafor

inspiration.

InMilton’stime,writersnolongerbelieved

inmus,heless,sincethey

symbolizedinspiration,writerscontinuedto

sthatwhenMiltonbegan

ParadiLost,headdresdthemuinthe

tellingofhistale,writing,“Ithenceinvokethy

aidtomyadventurousSong.”

TheStory

13

SatanandhisfollowersrebelagainstGod.

ButGodandhismightyangelsdefeatthe

tsthemintoa

,the

defeatedlegionsdeplore悲叹theirfateand

atcouncil,the

manythousandsofthefallenasmbleinthe

capitalcityandatofgovernment,

Pandemonium,whereSatansitsonhisroyal

throne,toheartheirleadersspeaktheirminds

onthecourofactiontheyshouldtake.

Moloc,arebelleaderwhofoughtfiercely

againsttheforcesoftheAlmighty,callsfor

彼勒advisado-nothing

policy,maintainingthatthehorroroftheirhell

willabateintimeandthattheirsurroundings

lengeGodwouldonly

resultinanotherdefeatandmorepunishment.

AfterMammonadvispeace,Beelzebub—a

majestic,imposingfigure—notesthatGodis

creatinganewcreature,man,whowilloccupy

anewworld,turnthisnew

creaturefromhisordainedcour,usingforce

14

ortrickery,theycanenjoyrevengeagainst

God,nisnothisown;

itistheplanofSatan,

asmblyofdevilsdoesnotrespond;theydo

notknowwhattosayaboutthisproposal.

Thentheleaderofalltheaccurd,Satan,

tbemoans悲叹their

environs:

Ourprisonstrong,thishugeconvexofFire,

Outrageoustodevour,immuresusround

Ninefold,andgatesofburningAdamant

Barredoverusprohibitallegress.

(Book2,lines444-447)

Butifanyofthemmanagestobreakfree,

Satansays,hewillencounteradarkvoid

beyondwhichareunknownregionsand

heless,Satan,as

leader,sayshewillventureforthand

"Throughallthecoastsofdarkdestruction

ek/Deliveranceforusall:thinterpri/

Noneshallpartake参与withme."His

"enterpri,"ofcouristoworkhisdeceptive

15

subvert破坏God’splanandgivehellareason

theasmblagespokeagainst

d,allrowithathunderous

noitogiveasnt:

Towardshimtheybend

Withawfulreverenceprone;andasaGod

ExtolhimequaltothehighestinHeaven.

(Book2,477-479)

Andsotheasmblybrokeupandventured

offintotheregionsfromwhencetheycame:

Rocks,caves,lakes,fens,bogs,dens,and

shadesofdeath,

Auniverofdeath,whichGodbycur

Createdevil,forevilonlygood,

Wherealllifedies,deathlives,andnature

breeds,

Perver,allmonstrous,allprodigiousthings,

Abominable,inutterable,andwor.

(Book2,621-626)

Meanwhile,Satan"withthoughtsinflamed

ofhighestdesign/Putsonswiftwings,and

towardtheGatesofHell/Exploreshissolitary

flight..."(Book2,lines630-632).Later,

16

Satan'sdaughter,Sin,whowasbornfromthe

archfiend'shead,andhisson,Death,whowas

bornofSatan'sunionwithSin,decideto

followandassisttheirfather.

Inheaven,GodtheFatherandGodtheSon

obrveSatanflyinginaragetowardearth.

Satanwillcorrupthisnewcreatures,the

Fathersays,eventhoughtheyposssthe

enaltywillbe

r,becautheywillnotrebel

againstGodbutinsteadsuccumbtoSatan’s

temptation,theywillberedeemable—if

someonetakesontheburdenoftheirsinby

e

Sonoffershimlfforthistask,theFather

acceptstheofferandapprovesofhis

incarnationintheworldofman.

Toreachearth,SatanmustflypastUriel,a

memberofthehighest-rankingorderofangels,

atchesoverearthfrom

singhimlfasoneof

thecherubim—thecond-highest-ranking

orderofangels—SatanasksUrieltopointout

17

theplanetwheremandwellssothathemaygo

there,admirethisnewcreature,andpraihis

nstructshim,andSatan

resumeshisjourneyandarrivesatearth.

ThesightofParadidisheartenshim,forit

remindshimofallthathelostinhisrebellion

trugglingwith

lf-recriminationanddoubt,Satanregains

himlfandentersParadi,takingtheshape

ofacormorant—aweb-footedabird—and

perchingintheTreeofLife(atreeproducing

fruitwhich,wheneaten,yieldverlastinglife)

toobrvethenewlycreatedAdamandEve.

Theyarebeautiful,happycreatureswho

surpriSatanwiththeirabilitytospeakand

thinklogically.

Later,whentheyareasleep,Satanwhispers

evilthoughtsintoEve’ar—of“vainhopes”

and“inordinatedesires.”Whenthearchangel

GabriellearnsofSatan’sprenceinEden,he

ey

confronthim,Satandefiantlyscornsthemand

licsquadron

18

descendstowardEdenunderthecommandof

Gabriel,andasignappearsintheheavensin

whichGodweighstheadversariesinhis

brieltellsSatantolook

atthescales,thearchfiendesthattheytipin

thefavorofthecelestialforces,andheflees.

OnamissionfromGod,theangelRaphael

theyunderstandthenatureoftheirfoe,

RaphaeltellsthemthestoryofSatan’s

rebellionandthegreatwarinwhichangelson

dinSatan’s

expulsionfromheaven,Raphaelsays,afterthe

SonofGodintervenedonbehalfofthe

rldwithnew

creatureswasthencreatedtofillthevoidleft

bytherebelscastintothedeep.

Adam,acuriouscreature,asksRaphael

abouttheearthanditsplaceincreation.

Raphaelexplainstheuniverbutwarns

Adamtotemperhisdesireforknowledgewith

amexpresshisgreat

satisfactionwithEveasamate,Raphaelagain

19

withand

lovingacreaturesuchasEve,withallofher

charmandbeauty,iswonderful;however,

Adammustnotletherdiverthisattention

fromhisresponsibilitiestoGod.

SatanreturnstotheGardenofEdeninthe

formofasnakeandtemptsEvetoeatfruitof

theTreeofKnowledgeindefianceofadivine

ndAdam

tastethefruit,hesays,theywillbecomegods.

atanleaves,Adam—though

reluctant—damandEvefall

fromgrace,andtheSonofGodpronounces

judgmentonthetransgressinghumans.

WhenSatanreturnsintriumphtohell,the

multitudeoffiendscheerhimbutsuddenly

ecomesaplaceof

changingasons;theeternalspringisno

downcast,wishingfordeath,

theyreconcileanddecidetogoon,confessing

theirwrongdoingandpleadingforforgiveness.

Goddecreesthatheavenwillremainopen

20

endsthearchangelMichael

Michaelleaves,hetellsthemabouteventsto

comeinthehistoryoftheworldand,froma

hilltop,showsAdamhisprogeny—Cainand

Abel(andthemurderofCainbyAbel)andthe

descendantswholaterwillformacovenant

withGodafteragreatflood.

Michaelthenforetellstheadventofa

Redeemer,whowilldieforthesinsof

humankind—thenrifromthegraveand

leaveearthbutreturnlaterinacondcoming.

AdamandEvethenwalkintotheirnewlife.

TheWorldwasallbeforethem,wheretochoo

Theirplaceofrest,andProvidencetheirguide:

Theyhandinhandwithwanderingstepsand

slow,

ThroughEdentooktheirsolitaryway.

(Book10,lines1537-1540)

Theyentertheimperfectworld,withallits

perils.'

Imagery

21

Milton'simageryisattimesgracefuland

elegant,asinthismemorablepersonification

inBook6:

Morn,

Wakedbythecirclinghours,withrosyhand

Unbarredthegatesoflight.(lines2-4)

Atothertimes,theimageryisimposingand

awe-inspiring,asinthisdescriptioninBook7

thatendswithhyperbole:

ThereLeviathan

Hugestoflivingcreatures,onthedeep

Stretchedlikeapromontorysleepsorswims,

Andemsamovingland,andathisgills

Drawsin,andathistrunkspoutsoutaa.

(lines412-416)

InBook8,Miltondescribesthecommission

ofthefirstsininsimple,straightforward

language,followedbyasuccinct

personificationsumminguptheterribleeffects

oftheiniquity:

[H]errashhandinevilhour

Forthreachingtothefruit,sheplucked,she

eat:

22

Earthfeltthewound,andNaturefromher

at,

Sighingthroughallherworks,gavesignsof

woe

Thatallwaslost.

(line780-784)

MiltonalsouspersonificationinBook4in

thisbeautifulpassageaboutaquietnight,the

starrysky,andtheascendancyofthemoon:

ThewakefulNightingale;

Sheallnightlongheramorousdescantsung;

Silencewasplead:nowglow'dthe

Firmament

WithlivingSapphires:Hesperusthatled

[Hesperus:eveningstarwhichtheGreeks

associatedwiththebrother

ThestarryHost,rodebrightest,tilltheMoon

ofAtlas;laterHesperuswasassociatedwith

Lucifer'sbrilliantlight.]

RisingincloudedMajesty,atlength

ApparentQueenunveiledherpeerlesslight,

Ando'erthedarkherSilverMantlethrew.

(lines602-609)

23

Enjambment跨行连续

Miltonusfrequentlyunjambment

(alsospelledenjambement)

literarydeviceinwhichapoetdoesnot

completehisntenceorphraattheendof

onelinebutallowsittocarryovertothenext

line,asinthepassagesfromthepoem:

Ofman'sfirstdisobedience,andthefruit

Ofthatforbiddentree,whomortaltaste

Broughtdeathintotheworld...

(Book1,lines1-3).

YetChainsinHell,notRealmxpect:mean

whileFrommereturned,arstthousaidst,

fromflight,

ThisgreetingonthyimpiousCrestreceive.、

(Book6,lines186-188)

Milton'suofenjambmenthelpsthepoem

flowfromonelinetothenext.

MainTheme

InBook1ofParadiLost,Miltonreveals

thecentralthemeofthework:tojustifythe

24

yheremeansto

explainanddefend,andultimatelytovindicate

澄清,God’scourofactionindealingwith

AdamandEveaftertheysuccumbedtothe

temptationofSatanandateforbiddenfruit.

.

OtherThemes

Inordinate过度的pride:ItleadstoSatan's

downfallandhiscontinuingdefianceofGod.

Envy:ArisingfromSatan'spride,itmakes

himjealousofGodtheSon,whoisthefavorite

ofGodtheFather.

Revenge:ItmotivatesSatantocorruptAdam

andEveandtherebysubvertGod'splans.

Vanity:ItleadsEvetobelieve—underthe

temptationofSatan—thatshecanbecome

godlike.

Deceit:Satanappearsinmanydisguisand

tellsmanyliesduringhismissiontotrick

AdamandEve.

Infidelity:AdambetraysGodbysidingwith

Eveandeatingtheforbiddenfruit.

Unbridled不受约束的pursuitofknowledge:

25

ItleadsAdamandEvetoekknowledge

beyondtheirken,knowledgethatwillmake

themgodlike.

Volition意志:Angelsandhumansalikeposss

freewill,enablingthemtomakedecisions.

SatanfreelychoostorebelagainstGod,and

AdamandEvefreelychootoeatforbidden

quencesoftheiractionsare

theirownfault,notGod'usthis

themetohelpsupportthecentraltheme,"to

justifythewaysofGodtoman."

Disobedience违抗:Allsinsareactsof

disobedienceagainstGod,impairingorcutting

offthesinner'

andEveandallofthedevilsdisobeyGod

throughtheirsins.

Loyalty:LoyaltytoGodandhiswaysare

y

hegoodangels

exhibitloyalty.

Repentance悔悟:EventhoughAdamandEve

havedisobeyedGod,theirrepentancemakes

themeligibleforeventualsalvation.

26

Hope:AttheendofParadiLost,Adamand

Eveentertheimperfectworldwithhope;they

canyetattaineternalsalvation.

Redemption赎回:Throughthesufferingand

deathoftheSonofGod,sinfulmancan

reconcilehimlfwithGodifheissincerely

sorryforhissins.

Climax

Theclimax,orturningpoint,ofParadi

LostoccurswhenAdamandEvesuccumbto

Satan'stemptationsandeattheforbiddenfruit.

Thisactofdisobedienceresultsintheir

downfallandevictionfromParadi.

WhatIsanAngel?

Anangelisasupernaturalbeingthatrves

GodbypraisingandadoringHimandby

carryingoutspecialmissionsthatassist

havetheadditionaltaskof

are

angelscastoutofheavenbecautheyrebelled

dangelderivesfromthe

Greekwordangelos,

27

majorwesternreligions—Christianity,

Judaism,andIslam—allaccepttheexistence

kofangelsfromhighestto

lowestisasfollows:

im(Seraph)

im(Cherub)

s

tions

s

palities

gels

StudyQuestionsandEssayTopics

esSatanmeanwhenhesays,

“Bettertoreigninhell,then[than]rvein

heav’n”(Book1,line263)?

esBelialmeanwhenhesays,"This

horrorwillgrowmilde,thisdarknesslight"?

(Book2,line220).

ntheallusionintheunderlinedwords:

28

"[H]isAltarbreathes/AmbrosialOdoursand

AmbrosialFlowers"(Mammon,Book2,lines

243-244)

nessaythatreviewsMilton'suof

to

giveplentyofexamplestosupportyourthesis.

nessayexplainingthedifference

betweenthePtolemaicandCopernicanmodels

einyouressay

illustrationsofbothmodels.