vocal什么意思

定义1.语言学Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyof

language.

2.语言Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsudforhuman

communication.语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。

4.识别特征DesignFeaturesItreferstothedefiningpopertiesofhuman

languagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.语

言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特

征。Arbitrariness任意性Productivity多产性Duality双重性

Displacement移位性Culturaltransmission文化传递⑴arbitrariness

arbitrarynatureoflanguageisasignofsophisticationanditmakesit

possibleforlanguagetohaveanunlimitedsourceofexpressions⑵

ProductivityAnimalsarequitelimitedinthemessagestheyareabletond.

⑶DualityLanguageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwotsofstructures,or

twolevels.⑷DisplacementLanguagecanbeudtorefertocontexts

removedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.⑸Cultural

transmissionHumancapacityforlanguagehasageneticbasis,butwehave

owedthat

sarebornwiththe

capacitytoproducethetofcallspeculiartotheirspecies.

5.语言能力Competenceistheidealur’sknowledgeoftherulesofhis

language.

6.语言运用Performanceistheactualrealizationofthisknowledgein

linguisticcommunication.语言运用是所掌握的规则在语言交际中的体

现。

7.历时语言学DiachroniclinguisticsThestudyoflanguagechangethrough

ronicstudyoflanguageisahistoricalstudy,whichstudiesthe

historicaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime.

8.共时语言学SynchronicallinguisticsThestudyofagivenlanguageata

giventime.

9.语言langueTheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallmembersofa

speechcommunity.

10.言语paroleTherealizationoflangueinactualu.

11.规定性PrescriptiveItaimstolaydownrulesfor”correct”behavior,to

tellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayandwhatshouldnotsay.

12.描述性DescriptiveAlinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthe

languagepeopleactuallyu.

三、问答题emajorbranchesoflinguistics?whatdoeachstudy?

Phonetics----it’sdefinedasthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage,it’s

concernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld’slanguages.

Phonology---thestudyofsoundssystems—theinventoryofdistinctive

soundsthatoccurinalanguageandthepatternsintowhichtheyfall.

Morphology---It’sabranchofagrammarwhichstudiestheinternal

-------it's

asubfieldoflinguisticsthatstudiesthentencestructureofalanguage.

Semantics---It’ssimplydefinedasthestudyofmeaninginabstraction.

Pragmatics---thestudyofmeaningincontextofwords.

Sociolinguistics—thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosociety.

Psycholinguistics---thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetotheworkingof

dlinguistics---theapplicationoflinguisticprinciplesand

theoriestolanguageteachingandlearning.

esaylanguageisarbitrary?Languageisarbitraryinthen

thatthereisnointrinsicconnectionbetweenthesoundsthatpeopleuand

tthatdifferentlanguages

havedifferentwordsforthesameobjectisagoodillustrationofthe

arbitrarynatureoflanguage,it’sonlyourtacitagreementofutteranceand

conceptatworkandnotanyinnaterelationshipboundupintheutterance.A

typicalexampletoillustratethe‘arbitrariness’oflanguageis‘arobyany

othernamewouldsmellassweet’.

tinctionbetweenlangueandparole?⑴langueisabstract,relatively

stable⑵paroleisconcrete,variesfrompersontoperson,fromsituationto

situation.

1/Whatislinguistics?什么是语言学？Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedas

iesnotanyparticularlanguage,but

languagesingeneral.

2/Thescopeoflinguistics语言学的研究范畴Thestudyoflanguageasa

wholeisoftencalledgenerallinguistics.(普通语言学)Thestudyofsounds,

whichareudinlinguisticcommunication,iscalledphonetics.（语音学）

Thestudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherandudincommunicationis

calledphonology.（音系学）Thestudyofthewayinwhichmorphemes

arearrangedtoformwordsarecalledmorphology.（形态学）Thestudy

ofhowmorphemesandwordsarecombinedtoformntencesiscalled

syntax.（句法学）Thestudyofmeaninginlanguageiscalledmantics.

（语义学）Thestudyofmeaningincontextofuiscalledpragmatics.

（语用学）Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosocietyiscalled

socio-linguistics.（社会语言学）Thestudyoflanguagewithreferenceto

theworkingofmindiscalledpsycho-linguistics.（心理语言学）The

studyofapplications(astherecoveryofspeechability)isgenerallyknown

asappliedlinguistics.（应用语言学）Butinanarrown,applied

linguisticsreferstotheapplicationoflinguisticprinciplesandtheoriesto

languageteachingandlearning,especiallytheteachingofforeignand

elatedbranchesincludeanthropologicallinguistics,

（人类语言学）neurologicallinguistics,（神经语言学）mathematical

linguistics,（数字语言学）（计算机语言

学）

3/Someimportantdistinctionsinlinguistics语言学研究中的几对基本概

念

Prescriptiveanddescriptive规定与描写Ifalinguisticstudy

describesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyu,itis

saidtobedescriptive,ifitaimstolaydownrulestotellpeople

whattheyshouldsayandwhattheyshouldnotsay,itissaidto

linguisticsdiffersfromtraditional

ionalgrammarisprescriptivewhilemodernlinguisticsis

koflinguistsissuppodtodescribethelanguagepeople

actuallyu,whetheritis“correct”ornot.

Synchronicanddiachronic共时和历时Thedescriptionofalanguageat

somepointintimeisasynchronicstudy;thedescriptionofalanguageasit

rnlinguistics,

synchronicstudyismoreimportant.

Langueandparole语言和言语suremadethe

refersto

theabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeech

community,andparolereferstotherealizationoflangueinactualu.

Saussuremadethedistinctioninordertosingleoutoneaspectoflanguage

eveswhatlinguistsshoulddoistoabstractlangue

fromparole,todiscovertheregularitiesgoverningtheactualuof

languageandmakethemthesubjectsofstudyoflinguistics.

Competenceandperformance语言能力和语言运用Propodby

yinthelate1950’nescompetenceas

theidealur’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage,andperformancethe

believesthetaskofthelinguistsistodiscoverandspecifythelanguage

rules.

7.同义词SynonymyItreferstothesamenessorclosimilarityofmeaning

orwecansaythatwordsarecloinmeaningarecalledsynonyms1

2.上下义关系HyponymyItreferstothenrelationbetweenamore

general,dwhichis

moregeneralinmeaningiscalledsuperordinate,andthemorespecific

wordsarecalleditshyponyms.

13.反义词AntonymyIt’sthetermudforoppositenessofmeaningon

differentdimension.分类(1)Gradableantonyms分级反义词(amatterof

degree)例子Old—middle-aged—young;hot-warm-coldAntonym(2)

Complementaryantonyms互补反义词amatterofdegreebetween分类

twoextremes例子Alive—dead;male—female;(3)Relationalopposites

关系反义词(中间可以加成分，如上、中、下)father-son;teacher-pupil;

doctor-patient;buy-ll;above-below

2.言语行为理论SpeechacttheoryIt’sanimportanttheoryinthe

’saphilosophicalexplanationofthenatureof

toanswerthequestion”whatdowedo

whenusinglanguage?”Theconceptofcausativesperformatives,the

locutionaryact,theillocutionaryact,theperlocutionaryactand

constitutethespeechacttheory.

3.叙述句ConstativesConstativesarestatementsthateitherstateor

describe,andarethusverifiableanditbearingthetruth-value.;

4.行为句PerformativesPerformativesarentencesthatdidnotstatea

factordescribeastate,andarenotverifiable.

5.言内行为LocutionaryActAlocutionaryactistheactofutteringwords,

phras,’stheactofconveyingliteralmeaningbymeansof

syntax,lexiconandphonology.

6.言外行为IllcotionaryActAnillocutionaryactistheactofexpressingthe

speaker’sintentionit’stheactperformedinsayingsomething.

7.言后行为PerlocutionaryActPerlocuationaryActistheactperformedby

’stheconquenceof,orthechange

broughtaboutbytheutterance.

10.合作原则CooperativePrincipleIt’,

apragmatichypothesis,isaboutthattheparticipantsmustfirstofallbe

willingtocooperate,otherwi,itwouldnotbepossibleforthemtocarryon

thetalk.

11.会话含义,itrefersto

theextrameaningnotcontainedinthutterance,understandabletothe

listeneronlywhenhesharesthespeaker’sknowledgeorknowswhyand

howheviolatesintentionallyoneofthefourmaximsoftheCP.话语的言

外之义是说话人通过故意违反某一准则而获得这种听者能懂的暗含之

意

言内行为、言外行为和言后行为例子：youhaveleftthedoorwideopen.

Locutionaryact::expresdwhateachwordofthisntenceliterallymean.

Illutionaryact:expresdhisintentionofspeaking,askingsomeonetoclo

utionaryact:someoneheardthentence,andclothedoor,

thenthisactissuccessfullyperformed