英语词汇学

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EnglishLexicology(英语词汇学)

Lexicology（词汇学）:isabranchoflinguistics,inquiringintotheoriginsandmeaningsof

words.

TheNatureandScopeofEnglishlexicology：

Englishlexicologyaimsatinvestigatingandstudyingthemorphologicalstructuresof

Englishwordsandwordequivalents,theirmanticstructures,relations,historical

development,formationandusages.

ThesubjectsthatEnglishLexicologycorrelatedwithandextentto：

EnglishLexicologyiscorrelatedwithsuchlinguisticdisciplinesasmorphology(形态学),

mantics(语义学),etymology(词源学),stylistics（文体论）andlexicography(词典学)

ThereasonforastudenttostudyEnglishlexicology：

Accordingtothetextbook,EnglishLexicologywilldefinitelybebeneficialforstudentsof

English.

AgoodknowledgeofmorphologicalstructuresofEnglishwordsandrulesof

word-formationwillhelplearnersdeveloptheirpersonalvocabularyandconsciously

ormationofthehistoricaldevelopmentandthe

principlesofclassificationwillgivethemadeeperunderstandingofword-meaningand

enablethemtoorganize,erstandingand

theirnrelationswillgraduallyraitheirawarenessofmeaningandusage,andenable

ngknowledgeofdictionaries

willimprovetheirskillsofusingreferencebooksandraitheirproblem-solvingabilityand

efficiencyofindividualstudy.

Chapter1--Basicconceptsofwordsandvocabulary

Word（词的定义）:Awordisaminimalfreeformofalanguagethathasagivensoundand

meaningandsyntacticfunction.(1)aminimalfreeformofalanguage(2)asoundunity

(3)aunitofmeaning(4)aformthatcanfunctionaloneinantence

Soundandmeaning（声音与意义）:almostarbitrary,“nologicalrelationshipbetweenthe

soundwhichstandsforathingoranideaandtheactualthingandideaitlf”

Soundandform（读音和形式）:不统一的四个原因（1）theEnglishalphabetwasadopted

fromtheRomans,whichdoesnothaveaparatelettertoreprenteachother（2）

thepronunciationhaschangedmorerapidlythanspellingovertheyears（3）someof

thedifferencewerecreatesbytheearlyscribes（4）theborrowingsisanimportant

channelofenrichingtheEnglishvocabulary

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Vocabulary（词汇）:allthewordsinalanguagemakeupitsvocabulary

ClassificationofEnglishWords：

Byufrequency:basicwordstock&nonbasicvocabulary

Bynotion:contentwords&functionalwords

Byorigin:nativewords&borrowedwords

Thebasicwordstock（基本词汇）:isthefoundationofthevocabularyaccumulatedover

itconstituteasmall

percentageoftheEV,itisthemostimportantpartofvocabulary.

TheFundamentalFeaturesoftheBasicWordStock(基本词汇的特征):

1)All-Nationalcharacter（全民通用性mostimportant）2)Stability（相对稳定性）

3)Productivity（多产性）4)Polymy（多义性）5)Collocability（可搭配性）

没有上述特征的words:(1)Terminology(术语)(2)Jargon（行话）(3)slang（俚语）

(4)Argot（暗语）（5）Dialectalwords(方言)(6)Archaisms（古语）(7)Neologisms（新

词语）:Neologismsmeansnewly-createdwordsorexpressions,orwordsthathavetaken

onnewmeanings.(email)

Contentwords/notionalwords实词(cloud,runwalk,never,five,frequently)and

functionalwords/emptywords虚词(on,of,and,be,but)

NativeWordsandBorrowedWords

Nativewords（本族语词）:knownasAnglo-Saxonwords(50,000-60,000),arewords

broughttoBritaininthe5thcenturybytheGermanictribes.(mainstreamofthebasic

word-stocks).Twootherfeatures:(1)neutralinstyle(2)frequentinu

Borrowedwords/Loanwords（外来语词）:wordstakenoverfromforeign

languages.(80%ofmodernEV)

4Typesofloanwords:

1)denizens(同化词):(shirtfromskyrta(ON))

2)aliens（非同化词/外来词）:areborrowedwordswhichhaveretainedtheiroriginal

pronunciationandspelling(kowtow(CH)磕头)

3)translationloans(译借词):按其他语言方式组成英语longtimenoe(fromChina)

4)manticloans（借义词）：theyarenotborrowedwithreferencetotheform,buttheir

meaningsareborrowed

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Chapter2thedevelopmentoftheEnglishVocabulary

TheIndo-EuropeanLanguageFamily(印欧语系)

TheEightGroupsinIndo-EuropeanFamilyofLanguages（8大印欧语群）

TheEasternt:

（1）TheBalto-slavicGroup（波罗的-斯拉夫语族）：Russian,Bulgarian,Polish,Czechetc.

（2）TheIndo-IranianGroup（印度-伊朗语族）：Hindi,Bengali,Persianetc.

(3)TheArmenianGroup（亚美尼亚语族）：Armenian.

(4)TheAlbanianGroup（阿尔巴尼亚语族）：Albanian.

TheWesternt:

(5)TheHellenicGroup（古希腊语族）：Greek.

(6)TheItalianGroup（意大利语族）：Latin,Romancelanguages(French,Italian,Spanish,

portugue,Romanian)etc.

(7)TheCelticGroup（凯尔特语族）：Irish,Welsh,Bretonetc.

(8)TheGermanicGroup（日耳曼语族）：

Flemish,German,Dutch,Scandinavian(Norweigian,Swedish,Danish,Icelandic)etc.

TheThreeStagesofDevelopmentoftheEnglishVocabulary:

1OldEnglish(450-1100)(vocabulary50,000to60,000):wasIhighinflectedlanguage.

2MiddleEnglish(1150-1500):retainesmuchfewerinflections

3ModernEnglish(1500-uptonow):infactmorethan25%ofmodernEwordscome

rnE,wordndingsweremostlylostwith

hhavolvedfromasyntheticlanguage(OldEnglish)tothe

prentanalyticlanguage.

ModesofVocabularyDevelopment(词汇的发展模式):

1)creation创造新词：theformationofnewwordsbyusingtheexistingmaterials,namely

toots,affixesandotherelements.(最重要方式)

2)manticchange旧词新义:doesnotincreathenumberofwordformsbutcreate

manymorenewuagesofthewords.

3)borrowing借用外来词:constitutemerely6to7percentofallnewwords

RevivingwordsorobsoletewordsalsocontributestothegrowthofEnglishvocabulary

thoughquiteinsignificant.

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Chapter3WordFormationI

Morpheme(词素):thesmallestfunctioningunitinthecompositionofwords

Allomorph(词素变体):isadifferentvariantformofamorpheme，differinphonological

andspellingform,butatthesameinfunctionandmeaning

TypeofMorpheme(词素的分类)

（1）FreeMorphemes（自由词素）:havecompletemeaninginthemlvesandcanbeud

orphemeisonethatcanstandbyitlf.

(independent).

（2）BoundMorpheme(粘着语素):Aboundmorphemeisonethatcannotstandbyitlf.

BoundMorphemeincludestwotypes:(1)boundroot(粘附词根)(2)Affix(词缀)

Affixescanbeputintotwogroups:

1)Inflectionalaffixes(屈折词缀):affixesattachedtotheendofwordstoindicate

grammaticalrelationshipsareinflectional,thusknownasinflectionalmorphemes.

2)Derivationalaffixes(派生词缀):A)prefix:Aprefixcomesbeforewords.B)suffix:An

adjectivesuffix（形容词后缀）thatisaddedtothestem,whateverclassisbelongsto,the

resultwillbeanadjective.

FreeMorpheme=freeroot（自由词根）

Morpheme(词素)

Boundrootprefix

boundderivational

affixsuffix

inflectional

Rootandstem（词根和词干）

Thedifferencesbetweenrootandstem:

Arootisthebasicformofawordwhichcannotbefurtheranalyzedwithouttotallossof

identity.

Astemisthesurpluspartafterthecuttingofinflectionalmorphemeinawordwith

inflectionalmorphemes,canbefurtheranalyzed,itsometimescouldbearoot.

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Chapter4Word-FormationII(构词法)

tion词缀法（Derivation派生法）：theformationofwordsbyaddingword-formaing

orderivationalaffixestostem.

（1）Prefixation(前缀法)：It'stheformationofnewwordsbyaddingaprefixestostems.

1)Negativeprefixes(否定前缀):un-,non-,in-,dis,a-,il-,ir-,im-,y(notobey)

2)Reversativeprefixes（逆反前缀）:un-,de-，(open)

3)Pejorativeprefixes:mis（贬义前缀）：mis-，mal-,duct(bad

behaviour)

4)Prefixesofdegreeorsize(程度前缀)：

arch-,extra-,hyper-,macro-,micro-,mini-,out-,over-,sub-,super-,sur-,ultra-,under-,ect.

overweight

5)Prefixesoforientationandattitude（倾向态度前缀）:contra-,counter-,anti-,pro-

-nuclear

6)Locativeprefixes（方位前缀）:extra-,fore-,inter-,intra-,tele-,trans-,etc.

extraordinary(morethanordinary)

7)Prefixesoftimeandorder（时间和顺序前缀）:fore-,pre-,post-,ex-,il(one

rail)

8)Numberprefixes（数字前缀）:uni-，mono-,bi-，di-,tri-,multi-，poly-，mi-，

ual(concerningtwolanguages)

9)Miscellaneousprefixes（混杂前缀）：auto-,neo-,pan-,vice-.vice-chairman(deputy

chairman)

(2)Suffixation（后缀法）:It'stheformationofanewwordbyaddingsuffixestostems.

1)nounsuffixes2)adjectivesuffixes3)Adverbsuffixes4)verbsuffixes

nding复合法（alsocalledcomposition）

Compounding:istheformationofnewwordsbyjoiningtwoormorestems

Compoundsarewritteninthreeways:solid连写(airmail)，hyphenated带连字符

(air-conditioning)andopen分开写(airforce,airraid)

Formationofcompounds（复合词的形式）

（1）nouncompounds：e.g.:air+plane=airplane,flower+pot=flowerpot

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（2）adjectivecompounds：+head=acid-head

（3）verbcompounds：+keep=houkeep

sion转类法

Conversion:istheformationofnewwordsbyconvertingwordsofoneclasstoanother

class.（功能转换，又叫零派生.functionalshift/zero-derivation）

ng拼缀法

Blending:istheformationofnewwordsbycombiningpartsoftwowordsorawordplusa

partofanotherword.e.g:motor+hotel=motel,smoke+fog=smog,formula+

translation=FORTRAN

ng截短法

Clipping:istoshortenalongerwordbycuttingapartofftheoriginalandusingwhat

romairplane,phonefromtelephone.四种形式：

1).Frontclippings删节前面(phonefromtelephone)

2).Backclippings删节后面(dormfromdormitory)

3).Frontandbackclippings前后删节(flufrominfluenza)

4).Phraclippings短语删节(popfrompopularmusic)

my首字母缩写法

Acronymy:istheprocessofformingnewwordsbyjoiningtheinitiallettersofnamesof

socialandpoliticalorganizationsorspecialnounphrasandtechnicalterms.

（1）Initialism（首字母缩写词法）:initialismsarewordspronouncedletterbyletter.e.g.:

BBC(forBritishBroadcastingcorporation)

（2）Acronym（首字母拼音法）:Acronymsarewordsformedfrominitiallettersbut

pronouncedasanormalword.E.g.:TEFL(teachingEnglishasaforeignlanguage)

-formation（逆生法，逆构词）

’sthemethodof

creatingwordsbyremovingthesuppodsuffixes.(greedfromgreedy)

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romProperName(专有名词转成法):

Namesofpeople,places,book,andtradenames(e.g.:sirwattsiemens(人名)--watt（瓦

特，电功率单位）

Chapter5WordMeaning

Themeaningsof“Meaning”(“意义”的意义)

Reference(所指):earbitrary

indofabstraction,yetwiththehelpofcontext,itcanreferto

somethingspecific.

Concept（概念）:whichisbeyondlanguage,istheresultofhumancognition(认

识),reflectingtheobjectiveworldinthehumanmind.

Sen（意义）:Itdenotestherelationshipinsidethelanguage.‘Thenofanexpression

isitsplaceinasystemofmanticrelationshipswithotherexpressionsinthelanguage.’

Motivation(理据)：Itaccountsfortheconnectionbetweenthelinguisticsymbolandits

meaning.

1)Onomatopoeicmotivation（拟声理据）:wordswhosoundssuggesttheirmeaning,for

gthesoundsof

thewordsmeansunderstandingthemeaning.E.g.:bang,ping-pong,haha.

2)Morphologicalmotivation（形态理据）:multi-morphemicwordsandthemeaningofmany

arethesumtotalofthemorphemescombines.E.g.:airmail,miniskirt.例外：blackmarket,

ect.

3)Semanticmotivation（词义理据）：referstothementalassociationssuggestedbythe

ainstheconnectionbetweentheliteralnand

figurativenoftheword.E.g:thefootofthemountain(foot)

4)Etymologicalmotivation（词源理据）:thehistoryofthewordexplainsthemeaningofthe

word.E.g:pen-feather

Typesofmeaning(词义的类别)

ticalMeaning（语法意义）:indicatesthegrammaticalconceptorrelationships

(becomesimportantonlyinactualcontext)

lMeaning（词汇意义）

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(Lexicalmeaningandgrammaticalmeaningmakeuptheword-meaning)

Lexicalmeaninghas2components内容:Conceptualmeaning(概念意义)andassociative

meaning(关联意义)

1）Conceptualmeaning(概念意义):alsoknownasdenotativemeaning(外延意义)isthe

meaninggiveninthedictionaryandformsthecoreofword-meaning.

2）Associativemeaning(关联意义):isthecondarymeaningsupplementedtothe

conceptualmeaning.

[4types:

（1）Connotative（内涵意义）：theovertonesorassociationssuggestedbythe

conceptualmeaning,traditionallyknownasconnotations.(例如“母亲”经常与

“爱”“关心”“温柔”联系起来)

（2）Stylistic（文体意义）：manywordshavestylisticfeatures,whichmakethem

appropriatefordifferentcontexts.

（3）Affective（感情意义）：indicatesthespeaker’sattitudetowardsthepersonorthing

inquestion.这种情感价值观分两类：褒义和贬义appreciative&pejorative

（4）Collocative（搭配意义）：isthepartoftheword-meaningsuggestedbythewords

beforeorafterthewordindiscussion.]

Chapter6--Senrelationandmanticfield（语义关系和语义场）

Polymy（多义关系）

Twoapproachedtopolymy（多义关系的两种研究方法）:

onicapproach(历时方法)：fromthediachronicpointofview,polymyisassumed

tobetheresultofgrowthanddevelopmentofthemanticstructureofoneandsame

eaningistheprimarymeaning,thelatermeaningsarecalledderived

meanings.

onicapproach(共时方法):synchronically,polymyisviewedasthecoexistence

ofvariousmeaningsofthesamewordinacertainhistoricalperiodoftime.基本意义是

centralmeaning,次要意义是derivedmeaning.

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Twoprocessofdevelopment（词义的两种发展类型）:

ion（辐射型）：isamanticprocessinwhichtheprimarymeaningstandsatthe

centreandthecondarymeaningsproceedoutofitineverydirectionlikerayes.(e.g:

face,neck)

enation（连锁型）:isthemanticprocessinwhichthemeaningofawordmove

graduallyawayfromitsfirstnbysuccessiveshiftsuntilthereisnotasignof

connectionbetweenthenthatisfinallydevelopedandthatwhichthetermhadat

thebeginning.(e.g:treacle)

ation,eachofthederivedmeaningisdirectlyconnectedtotheprimarymeaning.

Inconcatenation,eachofthelatermeaningisrelatedonlytotheprecedingonelike

thelatestncanbetracedbacktotheoriginal,thereisnodirect

connectioninbetween.

eclolyrelated,beingdifferentstagesofthedevelopmentleadingto

lly,cas,thetwo

processworktogether,complementingeachother.

Homonymy（同形同音异义关系）:wordsdifferentinmeaningbuteitheridenticalbothin

soundandspellingoridenticalonlyinsoundorspelling.

Typesofhomonyms(同音同形异义关系的类别)

1）Perfecthomonyms（完全同音同形异义词）：wordsidenticalbothinsoundandspelling,

butdifferentinmeaning.

2)Homographs（同形异义词）:wordsidenticalonlyinspelling,butdifferentinsoundand

meaning.(最多最常见)

3）Homophones（同音异义词）：wordsidenticalonlyinsoundbutdifferentinspellingand

meaning.

Originsofhomonyms(同形同音异义词的来源)

1）changeinsoundandspelling：(eare-ear,lang-long,langian-long)

2）borrowing(feria-fair,beallu-ball,baller-ball)

3）Shortening(缩略):(ad-advertiment,)

ThedifferentiationofHomonymsfromPolymes（同音同形异义词和多义词的区别)：

1)Thefundamentaldifference:Homonymyreferstodifferentwordswhichhappento

sharethesameformandpolymyaretheoneandsamewordwhichhasveral

distinguishablemeanings.

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2)Oneimportantcriterionistoetheiretymology(词源)：Homonymysarefromdifferent

mantisfromthesamesource.

3)Thecondprincipleconsiderationismanticrelatedness(语义关联):Thevarious

mgs

ionaries,a

polymanthasitsmeaningalllistedunderoneheadwordwhereashomonymsarelisted

asparateentries.

Rhetoricfeaturesofhomonyms(同形同音异义词的修辞特色)：Ashomonymsareidentical

insoundorspelling,particularlyhomophones,theyareoftenemployedtocreatepunsfor

desiredeffectof,say,humor,sarcasmorridicule.

Synonymy(同义关系):oneoftwoormorewordsintheEnglishlanguagewhichhavethe

sameorverynearlythesameesntialmeaning.

TypesofSynonymy(同义词的类别):

(1)Absolutesynonyms（完全同义词）：alsoknownascompletesynonymsarewordswhich

areidenticalinmeaninginallaspects,grammaticalmeaningandlexical

meaning,includingconceptualandassociativemeanings.[Absolutesynonymsare

restrictedtohighlyspecializedvocabularyinlexicology.]

(2)relativesynonyms（相对同义词）:alsocallednear-synonymsaresimilarornearlythe

sameindenotation,butembracedifferentshadesofmeaningordifferentdegreesofa

givenquality.(e.g:change/alter/vary,stagger/reel/totter,strange/odd/queer,

idle/lazy/indolent)

Sourcesofsynonyms(同义词的来源):

1)Borrowing（借词）：最重要的来源(room-chamber,foe-enemy,help-aid,leave-depart,

wi-sage,buy-purcha)

2)DialectsandregionalEnglish（方言和地区英语）

3)Figurativeandeuphemisticuofwords（单词的修饰和委婉用

法）:occupation/profession-walkoflife,dreamer--star-gazer,drunk-elevated,lie-distortof

fact.

4)Coincidencewithidiomaticexpressions（与习惯表达一致）:win-gaintheupperhand,

decide-makeupone’smind,finish-getthrough,hesitate-beintwominds,help-lendonea

hand.

DiscriminationofSynonyms

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(1)differenceindenotation外延不同.Synonymsmaydifferintherangeandintensityof

meaning.(rich-wealthy,work-toil,want-wish-desire)

(2)differenceinconnotation内涵不同.Byconnotationwemeanthestylisticandemotive

rdssharethesamedenotationbutdifferintheirstylistic

appropriateness.(借词：answer-respond,storm-tempest,wood-forest,handy-manual,

unlike-dissimilar,homely-domestic,fleshy-carnal.中性词：

policeman-constable-bobby-cop,ask-beg-request.古语词、诗歌：ire/anger,

bliss-happiness,forlorn-distress,dire-dreadful,list-listen,enow-enough,

save-expect,mere-lake)

(3)rdsaresynonymousinmeaningbutdifferencein

rmdifferentcollocationsandfitintodifferencentence

patterns.(h.-./answertheletter-replytotheletter)

Antonymy(反义关系):mscanbe

definedaswordswhichareoppositeinmeaning.

TypesofAntonyms:

1)contradictoryterms(矛盾反义词):theantonymstrulyreprentoppositenessof

meaning.特点：①Theasrtionofoneisthedenialoftheother.②Suchantonymsare

nnotbeudincomparativedegreesanddonotallowadverbsof

intensitylike“very”toqualifythem.(e.g:single/married)

2)contraryterms（对立反义词）:antonymsofthistypearebestviewedintermsofascale

runningbetweentwopolesorextremes.(e.g:old/young,rich/young,big/small)Thetwo

oppositesaregradableandoneexistsincomparisonwiththeother.

3)relativeterms（关系反义词）：thistypeconsistsofrelationalopposites.（parent/child,

husband/wife,employee/employer,ll/buy,receive-give）

Someofthecharacteristicsofantonyms(反义关系的特点):

1)antonymsareclassifiedonthebasisofmanticopposition(语义对立)

2)awordwhichhasmorethanonemeaningcanhavemorethanoneantonym

3)antonymsdifferinmanticinclusion（语义内涵）

4)contrarytermsaregradableantonyms，differingindegreeofintensity,soeachhasits

owncorrespondingopposite.(hot/warm:hot-cold/warm-cool)

Theuofantonyms（反义词的使用）

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1）Antonymsarehelpfulandvaluableindefiningthemeaningofwords.

2)Toexpresconomicallytheoppositeofaparticularthoughtforthesakeof

contrast.(e.g:nowornever,rainorshine,friendorfoe敌友，wealandwoe哀乐)

3）Toformantithesis(对比法)toachieveemphasisbyputtingcontrastingideatogether.

(proverbsandsayings:easycome,easygo./morehaste,lessspeed.)

Hyponymy(上下义关系):Hyponymydealswiththerelationshipofmanticinclusion.

Themea

example,acatishyponymofanimal

SuperordinateandSubordinate(上义词和下义词)：usubordinateswhichare

concreteandpreci,rdinates

whichconveyonlyageneralandvagueidea.

SemanticField(语义场)

Viewingthetotalmeaninginthiswayisthebasisoffieldtheory.

e.g.(apple,pear,peach,date,mango,orange,lemon,themanticfieldof

‘fruits’)

Themanticfieldofthesameconceptmaynothavethesamemembersindifferent

language.

e.g.(auntinEnglish,maymeans“父亲的姐姐，妈妈的姐姐，父亲哥哥的妻子”in

Chine.(122)

Chapter7ChangesinWordMeaning词义的演变

Vocabularyisthemostunstableelementofalanguageasitisundergoingconstant

ativelythecontentivenmoreunstablethan

theform.

TypesofChanges(词义变化的种类)

ion/generalization(词义的扩大):isthenamegiventothewideningof

rocessbywhichoriginallyhadaspecialized

meaninghasnowbecomegeneralized.(e.g:manuscript,fabulous,picture,mill,journal,

bonfire,butcher,companion)

ing/specialization(词义的缩小)：

aproc

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otherwords,awordwhichudtohaveamoregeneralnbecomesrestrictedinits

applicationandconveysaspecialmeaninginprent-dayEnglish.(e.g:deer,corn,garage,

liquor,meat,dia,poison,wife,accident,girl).[whenacommonwordisturnedintoa

propernoun,themeaningisnarrowedaccordingly.]

ion/amelioration(词义的升华):referstotheprocessbywhichwordsrifrom

humble（粗陋的）beginningstopositionsofimportance.[nice,marshal,constable,angel,

knight,earl,governor,fond,minister,chamberlain]

ation/pejoration(词义的降格):Aprocesswherebywordsofgoodoriginfall

intoillreputationornon-affectivewordscometoudinderogatory（贬损的）n.[boor,

churl,wench,hussy,villain,silly,knave,lewd,criticize,lust]

er(词义的转移):Wordswhichwereudtodesignate指明onethingbutlater

changedtomeansomethingelhaveexperiencedtheprocessofmantictransfer.

CausofSemanticChange(词义变化的原因)

-linguisticfactors(词义演变的语言外部因素):

1)Historicalreason(历史原因)：Increadscientificknowledgeanddiscovery,objects,

institutions,ideaschangeinthecouroftime.E.g:pen,car,computer.

2)Classreason(阶级原因)：Theattitudeofclasshavealsomadeinroadsintolexical

meaninginthecaofelevationordegradation.

3)Psychologicalreason(心理原因)：theassociatedtransferofmeaningandeuphemistic

ow,humbleanddespid

occupationstakemoreappealingnamesisallduetopsychologicalreasons.

sticfactors（语言内部原因）：thechangeofmeaningmaybecaudbyinternal

factorswithinthelanguagesystem.

1)shorting缩略:gold-goldmedal,gas-coalgas,bulb-lightbulb,private-privatesoldier

2)borrowing借用:deer-animal-beast

3)analogy类推:

Chapter8MeaningandContext词义和语境

Contextinitstraditionalnreferstothelexicalitemsthatprecedeorfollowagiven

linguistshavebroadeneditsscopetoincludebothlinguisticand

extra-linguisticcontexts.

Twotypesofcontext（语境的种类）

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-linguisticcontext/Non-linguisticsituation（非语言语境）：Inabroadn,

contextincludesthephysicalsituationaswell,whichembracesthepeople,time,place,

andeventhewholeculturalbackground.(lookout,weekend,landlord)

sticcontext/grammaticalcontext(语言语境)：Inanarrown,itrefersto

thewords,claus,overaparagraph,awhole

chapterandeventheentirebook.分为两类：

1)Lexicalcontext（词汇语境）：Itreferstothewordthatoccurstogetherwiththewordin

question.(e.g:paper,do)

2)Grammaticalcontext（语法语境）：Itrefersthesituationwhenthemeaningofaword

maybeinfluencedbythestructureinwhichitoccurs.(e.g:become)

Theroleofcontext(语境的作用)

ationofambiguity(消除歧义)

1）Ambiguityduetopolymyorhomonymy.

2）Grammaticalstructurecanalsoleadtoambiguity

如何消除歧义？——①extendtheoriginalntence②alterthecontextalittle

tionofreferents(限定所指)

如何限定所指？——①withclearcontext②withadequateverbalcontext

ionofcluesforinferringword-meaning(提供线索以猜测词义)

1)definition

2)explanation

3)example

4)synonymy

5)antonymy

6)hyponymy（上下义关系）

7)relevantdetails

8)wordstructure

Chapter9EnglishIdioms英语习语

.

..

Idioms（习语的定义）:areexpressionsthatarenotreadilyunderstandablefromtheir

adn,idiommayincludecolloquialisms

（俗语）,Catchphras（标语）,slangexpressions（俚语）,proverbs（谚语）,

formanimportantpartoftheEnglishvocabulary.

CharacteristicsofIdioms（英语习语的特点）

icunity（语意的整体性）：wordsintheidiomtheyhavelosttheirindividual

eaningsarenotoftenrecognizableinthemeaningofthewholeidiom.

Themanticunityofidiomsisalsoreflectedintheillogicalrelationshipbetweentheliteral

meaningofeachoftheidiom.

uralstability(结构的稳定性):thestructureofanidiomistoalargeextent

unchangeable.

1)theconstituentsofidiomscannotbereplaced

2)thewordordercannotbeinvertedorchanged

3)theconstituentsofidiomscannotbedeletedoraddedto,notevenanarticle.

4)manyidiomsaregrammaticallyunchangeable

Thefixityofidiomdependsontheidiomaticity.习语性表达习惯

ClassificationofIdioms（英语习语的分类）

nominalinnature名词性习语(whiteelephant累赘物)

adjectivalinnature形容词性习语（aspoorasachurchmou）

verbalinnature动词性习语（lookinto）

adverbialinnature副词性习语（toothandnail拼命）

ceidioms句式习语（neverdothingsbyhalves）

Uofidioms（习语的使用）

ticfeatures（文体色彩）：

1）colloquialisms（俗语）

.

..

2）slang（俚语）

3）literaryexpressions（书面表达）

Thesameidiommayshowstylisticdifferenceswhenitisassigned（指派）different

meanings.

icalfeatures(修辞色彩)

1)phoneticmanipulation（语音处理）：

（1）alliteration头韵法

（2）rhyme尾韵法

2）lexicalmanipulation（词法处理）

（1）reiteration（duplicationofsynonyms）同义词并举[screamandshout]

（2）repetition重复[outandout]

（3）juxtaposition(ofantonyms)反义词并置[hereandthere]

sofspeech（修辞格）

（1）simile明喻

（2）metaphor暗喻

（3）metonymy换喻/以名词代动作：livebyone’spen

（4）synecdoche提喻/以部分代整体：earnone’sbread

（5）Personification拟人法

（6）Euphemism委婉语：kickthebucket(die)

（7）hyperbole夸张：aworldoftrouble

Variationsofidioms(习语的变异形式)：

on增加

on删除

.

..

ement替换

on-shifting位置转移

bering分解

Chapter10EnglishDictionaries英语字典

Dictionary:prentsinalphabeticalorderthewordsofEnglish,withinformationasto

theirspelling,pronunciation,meaning,usage,rulesandgrammar,andinsome,their

etymology（语源）.

Typesofdictionaries(词典的种类):

ngual&bilingualdictionaries（单语词典和双语词典）：最早的词典都是双语

的

(1).Monolingualdictionary:iswritteninonelanguage(LDCE,CCELD).Theheadwordor

entriesaredefinedandillustratedinthesamelanguage.

(2).Bilingualdictionary:involvetwolanguages(ANewEnglish-ChineD,A

Chine-EnglishD)

sticandEncyclopedicdictionaries（语文词典与百科词典）

（1）Linguisticdictionary:aimatdefiningwordsandexplainingtheirusagesinthe

language(spelling,pronunciation,meaning,grammatical,function,usageandetymology

etc.)可以是单语或是双语的

（2）Encyclopedicdictionary:

1）encyclopedia(百科全书):isnotconcernedwiththelanguageper（本身）butprovides

ningeachheadword(notpronunciation,meanings,or

usages)butonlyinformation.

2）EncyclopedicDictionaries:havethecharacteristicsofbothlinguisticDandencyclopedia

()

dged,deskandpocketdictionaries(大型词典、案头词典、袖珍词典)

（1）UnabridgedD:basicinformationaboutaword——itsorigin,meaning,pronunciation,

cognates(同词源的),usage,grammatical,function,spelling,hyphenation,capitalization,

.

..

derivedforms,synonymsandhomonyms(同音异意)

Dictionary>

（2）DeskD:medium-sized[50,000-150,000]

（3）PocketD:只有拼写、发音和最重要的意义，很少或者几乎不举例。about50,000entries

orfewer

lizeddictionaries（专用词典）

concentrateonaparticularareaoflanguageorknowledge,treatingsuchdivertopicsas

etymology,synonyms,idioms,pronunciation,usageinlanguage,andcomputer,

engineering,literatureandavarietyofothersubjects.

Uofthedictionaries(词典的使用)

1readthecontentspagetofindoutquicklywhatinformationisincludedinthedictionary

2readtheguidetotheuofthedictionary

Contentofthedictionary（词典的内容）

ng

ciation

tion

r

otesandlanguagenotes使用注释和语言注释

ogicalinformation词源信息

mentarymatter补充事项

9.

Threegoodgeneraldictionaries（3本常用字典）

ndictionaryofcontemporaryEnglish(LDCE)newedition(1987)《朗文

当代英语词典》新版：特征①cleargrammarcodes②usagenotes③languagenotes

sCOBUILDEnglishlanguagedictionary(CCELD)(1987)《科林斯合作英

语词典》：特征：①definition-infullntences②extracolumn-dealwithgrammar

information③usageexamples-toshowitsmeaningsandusages

.

..

-Englishdictionary(revidedition)(CED)(1995)《汉英字典修订版》：

首版1978年。

（1）hasanadditionof800singlecharacterentriesandof18000

multi-characterentriesincludingcatchphras,sayingsandproverbs.

（2）revidsomeoldentries

（3）keepsthepreviousalphabeticalorderofentries,whichmakesthe

dictionaryeasytou

（4）boastsofthequalityoftheEnglishequivalentsitprovidesforitsChine

items.