incontrastto

atbillionsoflight-yearsfromEarththemostdistantobrvableobjectsintheuniver,

第一章：句子结构(一划句子结构)

一、名词性从句：

一）主语从句：itmay(well)bethat+主从;itbe+adj./ed/n.+that+主从;item/happen/appear+that+主从

二）宾语从句：动词型：that不能省略/介词型：介词后只能接疑问词引导的宾语从句(除inthat,exceptthat,butthat)

三）表语从句：主语+be+that从句/疑问词型从句

二、特殊结构：

一）强调：itis…that…;itisnotuntil…that…;manyn…..,ifnotmost,dosth;…as…,ifnotmoreso.

二）倒装：

三）as结构：

Prep.:accept/classify/define/describe/know/name/referto/regard/speakof/state/think/thinkof/viewasn.

Conj.:(just)as…,主句;(just)as…,so主句;(just)as…,sotoo主句(部分倒装);

Pron.:代替单主句(ctsocializationalsooccurs,aswhentelevisionshowsreinforcestereotypedimages)

四）同位结构：同位语，主语…（一定要一致）

解释：n.,n.;an.,n.;n.,an.;then.,n.;

内容具体化：抽象n.(theory/evidence/belief/principle/hypothesis)+that从句(that不能省略);of表示所属关

系，强调部分概念。

概括：an.(program/information/effort/practice)that

修饰：n.,从句

代词：n.,one/ones+that从句

五）独立主格：(with/each)+n./ed/ing//（注意each后接单数its非their）

六）省略结构：V.+that

两个句子并列，第一个含有be作为助动词或become，第二个句子中的be或become必须省略。

七）否定结构：

IsnotA,butB;notA,butratherB;isA,ratherthanB;isA,notB.

八）时态

练习：

sformedintheatmospherewhenhydrocarbonsandnitrogenoxidesreactwithsunlight.

sarebelievedtobethecoresofgalaxiesinanearlystageofdevelopment.

omepropotocombatwidespreadillegalcopyingofcomputerprogramsbyattemptingtochangepeople’s

attitudestowardpirating,otherssuggestreducingsoftwarepricestodecreatheincentiveforpirating,andstillothers

arecallingfortheprocutionofthowhocopysoftwareillegally.

orea’schurchmembershipixpandingby6.6.%ayear,fullytwo-thirdsofthegrowthcomingfrom

conversionsratherthanincreasinthepopulation.

izingthesteelmill,aprogramthatcan,itishoped,becompletedinthelate1980’s,willcost51milliondollars.

itersofmodernEnglishhaveacquiredcarelesshabitsthatdamagetheclarityoftheirpro,buttheycanbreak

thehabitsiftheyarewillingtotakethenecessarytrouble.

ofNewYork’ssmallmuumsaredevotedtoeitherlocalhistoryorvariouthnicgroups,andtherearealso

manyone-of-a-kindmuumsfromManhattantotheBronxthatareopenforexplorationonsummerweekends.

inistration,worriedovertheremovalofsomeforeigntradebarriersandthefailureofourexportstoincreaas

aresultofdeepcutsinthevalueofthedollar,hasformedagrouptostudywaystosharpenourcompetitiveness.

sofphysics,thecharacteristicfeatureoftherollercoasteristhatthepotentialenergyofthecars,gainedasa

Oftenvisibleassmog,orpollutantmittedbyautomobiles

Conj.

Conversions与increas形势对称，increas强调增加本身，increasing强调动作

Hope:,itishoped,作插入语；itishopedthat+从句

They优先代指从句主语

独立主格:(with/each)+n./ed/ing//

Worry+about/over

Cars’potentialenergy错

chaindriveliftsthem(指cars)throughtheEarth’sgravitytothetopofthefirstdrop,hasbeenconvertedtokineticenergy

bythetimetherideends.

toftheordinaryGreekinclassicaltimeswaslargelyvegetarian—vegetables,freshchee,oatmeal,andmeal

cakes,withmeatasararity.

icaltestwillsometimesfailtodetectaconditionwhenitisprentandindicatethatitisprentwhenitis

not.

1791RC,oneofthewealthiestplantationownersinVirginia,stunnedhisfamily,friends,andneighborsbyfilinga

deedofemancipation,ttingfreethemorethan500slaveswhowerelegallyconsideredhisproperty.

第二章：主谓一致（二看主谓一致or多谓语一致）

1.物质名词（equipment/stone/citrus/iron/milk/dioxin）:单数

2.数词(veral/two/three…)+单位词复数(tons/miles…)+of+不可数名词/物质名词：复数

3.学科名词(statistics/economics/physics…),疾病，国家名称(theUnitedStates)，机构名称:单数

/norB,notAbutB,eitherAorB,notonlyAbutalsoB,neitherAnorB:B

/including/aswellas/,alongwith/,nolessthan/,morethanB/besides/exceptB:A

/partof/mostof/allof/someof/percentof/therestofn.:n.

/collection/array/ries/t/portion/groupofn.s:单数

of:复数

rageof:单数;aaverageof:复数

r:单数

n.+单数；+复数;everyoneofn.+单数；n1,n2,n3,andn4—eachofthen—复数。

练习：

ghitclaimstodelveintopoliticalissues,televisioncanbesuperficial,aswhenthethreemajornetworkach

broadcastexactlythesamestatementfromapoliticalcandidate.

ingvaluesforfarmequipmentandland,thecollateralagainstwhichfarmersborrowtogetthroughtheharvest

ason,aregoingtoforcemanylenderstotightenordenycreditthisspring.

ning,zoningthattypicallyresultsinthereductionofhousingdensity,allowsformoreopenspaceinareas

wheretherearefewrvicesandlittleavailablewater.

第三章动词形式(三看时态是否一致，四看语气)

1.时态的判断：

过去时：originally，过去时间；一般现在：common,一般特征，客观事实，科学事实，地理位置，统计数据，

研究结论，商业惯例，法律规定，合同约定；现在完成：since,within,during,over,in；将来时：possiblility/likelihood

that,besuppodtodo>goingtodo,betobedoing,betobedone；过去将来：wouldbe

2.虚拟语气：

Itisadj.(important/natural/esntial/imperative/necessary/vital/advisable/obligatory/best/incredible/ironic/

preferable/appropriate)+that+虚拟语气

Advocate/advi/move/recommend/(sb.)suggest/(sb.)propo/order/decree/mandate/command/demand/request/

require/insistthat+do

Onconditionthat+V.原形的虚拟语气/一般过去时/一般现在时

3.语气的强弱：

Onlyif≠if;howevermuch≠however;should≠if;benotunlike≠belike;if≠onconditionthat;anyn.≠n.;justlike≠like;

练习：

Americanburialsitesdatingback5000yearsindicatethattheresidentsofMaineatthattimewerepartofa

widespreadcultureofAlgonquian-speakingpeople.

lniorofficialsspoketothepressonconditionthattheynotbenamed

独立主格：作为prep后面只能接n.,不能接adj.

itis不能和thereis对称。

the+morethan,×morethanthe

.不能有as/tobe

When:时间状语从句，不能随便改变原句的从句，如变成if条件状从。注意Each的用法

主语是values,不是.+n.

Prep+which

Little+不可数名词；few+可数名词

Onconditionthat+V.(虚拟语气)

remarkablethanthedevelopmentofthecompactdischasbeentheuofthenewtechnologytorevitalize.

forttoreducetheirinventories,Italianvintnershavecutprices;theirwinesarepricedtoll,andtheydo.

ingtoUnitedStatesAirForceofficials,acannonthatshootsdeadchickensatairplaneshasprovedhelpfulin

demonstratingwhatkindofdamagecanresultwhenjetsflyintoaflockoflargebirds.

eprotestsfromsomewaste-disposalcompanies,statehealthofficialshaveorderedthatthelevelsofbacteriain

awateratpopularbeachesbemeasuredandtheresultspublished.

dententeringthefinaltwoyearsofacondtermislikelytobeataveredisadvantageandisoftenunableto

carryoutalegislativeprogram.

cialintelligenceemergedduringthelate1950’sasanacademicdisciplinebadontheassumptionthatcomputers

couldbeprogrammedtothinklikepeople.

第四章分词和不定式（五看句首分词逻辑与语法主语是否一致，六看动词后接的形式）

1.分词（-ing&-ed）

Acknowledge/avoid/admit/enjoy/escape/suggest/assure/advocate/forbid/permit/favor/recommend/resist/risk/

involve/deny/include/giveup/creditto/aimat/contributeto/incontrastto/besuppoto/objectto/beoppodto/

amountto/beexpodto/becommittedto/belimitedto/bedevotedto/leadto/beeducatedto/beorbecomeaccustmed

to/beudto///////beexpertat/be

goodat/criticeizefor/praifor/becapableof/bebusy/havedifficulty(in)/havetrouble(in)+doing

,-ing在句首逻辑主语等于句子的主语；在句尾表伴随同时发生的动作、装态、功能，或伴随结果，无逻辑主

语。不能作名词的定语，引起歧义。但表示伴随时要用ing。

-ed比定语从句简洁，除了带情态动词的，定语从句应尽量改成-ed分词。

2.不定式

See/watch/notice/spot/hear/obrve/perice/overhear/feel/smell/let/make+n./pron.+do

Makedowith/without;Makebelieve+do;Help+do;ratherthando;mightaswelldo.

Find/deem/makeit+adj.+todo

表示目的：todo

练习：

evidencethatthecarbondioxidecontentoftheatmospherehasincreadmorethanvenpercentinthelast30

years,manyscientistshaveexpresdafearthatdestructionofforestsandcontinueduoffossilfuelswillcauan

irreversibleshiftinEarth’sclimaticpattern.

ssmentoftheproblemsfacedbyruralmigrantworkers,thequestionofwhethertheyarebetteroffmaterially

thantheurbanworkingpoorisirrelevant.

3Arecentstudyofancientclaydepositshasprovidednewevidencesupportingthetheorythatglobalforestfiresignited

byameteoriteimpactcontributedtotheextinctionofthedinosaursandmanyothercreaturessome65millionyearsago.

vestorsbatheirchoicebetweenbondsandstocksoncomparisonsofbondyieldswiththedividendsavailable

oncommonstocks.

hatspecializesintheanalysisofhandwritingclaimstobeable,fromaone-pagewritingsample,toasssmore

thanthreehundredpersonalitytraits,includingenthusiasm,imagination,andambition.

lincentivesnowencouragecapitalinvestmentincommercialofficebuildings,eventhoughvacancyratesin

existingstructuresareexceptionallyhighandthereisnodemandfornewconstruction.

为了保持时态一致，主从中不能使用一般现在，如whatis

Price:V.给…定价.Bepricedtoll:定价销售

ing分词强调动作的多次性重复性客观性；定语从句强调一次性Prove:主动表被动,proveonelf:自己证明自己

Helpful只能+IN

Orderthat+虚拟语气（V.）

两句子并列，一含be或become，二中的be或become省略

Beatadisadvantage:处于不利地位Be(un)ableto中的be不是助动词不可省略

Beableto/capableof表示能力，电脑没有能力被编程，能被编程

Like:conj.;不能用aspeoplecan:主句谓语动词短语使用助动词或情态动词+V时省略V

×destroyingforestsandcontinueduof:1.形式要对陈引歧义做谓语

回避逻辑主语问题，不用asssing

ing强调多次性重复性客观性;定从强调一次性:evidence对theory的support非一次性

Ing强调动作,n.强调结果:这里是以结果作选择

Claim:claimtodo;claimthat

;encouragesth.×encouragedoing;encouragetobedone.

不能随意改变原文关系，若改为with，并列关系变为从属关系，改变了原句的重心

第五章平行结构（七看平行连接词两边是否对称）

1.形式对称：

And,or,but,yet,ratherthan,notonly…butalso,from…to,either…or,neither…nor,between..and,both..and,not…but

rather,not…but,aswellas.

BelikelytodoA,andbeunabletodoB;v.+that…,that…,andthat…;n.+…,…,…

2.概念对等

具体抽象n.;名称动作n.；整体概念Vs部分概念；泛指Vs特指。

3.功能相同

不同类型的从句不对称；ing分词与ed分词对称。

4.意思单一

练习：

inetypicallyafflictsonesideofthehead,lastsforhoursordays,andmayrecurasinfrequentlyasonceevery

othermonthorasoftenasdaily.

nomicforceswhichmayaffectthenewpublicofferingofstockincludesuddendownturnsinthemarket,

hedgingandotherinvestorstrategiesforpreventingloss,alooningoftheinterestratesinWashington,andafear

thatthecompanymaystillbeundercapitalized.

imeoftheMexicanagrarianrevolution,themostradicalfaction,thatofZapataandhisfollowers,propoda

returntocommunalownershipofland,towhathadbeenapre-Columbianformofownershiprespectedbythe

Spaniards.

sionedbyrearchers,commercialfarmingoflobsterswillenablefisheriestolltheshellfishyear-round,

takingadvantageofoff-asondemand,tostandardizeitssizesandcolors,andtopredictsalesvolumeinadvance.

lauthoritieshavefoundthatlocalwitnessaredifficulttolocate,.

onhamdeniedamotiontoallowmembersofthejurytogohomeattheendofeachdayratherthanbe

confinedtoahotel.

msinthemanagementofwaterandotherresourceswillbeattheheadofthelegislature’slistofconcernsfor

thecomingssion.

discoveredfungusisaninterwovenfiligreeofmushroomsandrootliketentaclesspawnedbyasingle

fertilizedsporesome10000yearsagoandextendingformorethan30acresinthesoiloraMichiganforest.

第六章比较结构（八看比较的形式对称，注意看省略中的动词的跟属，九看连接比较对象的连词是否正确）

1.比较结构中的原则：

1)有可比性：unlike/likeA,B…;incontrasttoA,B…（unlike/like要放在句首，不要放在句尾）

2)替代原则：u.n/singlen.:that;.:the/tho

3)对称原则：形式对称

4)种属原则：anyother

5)省略原则(as/than)：比较从句谓语与主句谓语相同，用do,did,does代替；连系动词be相同，可省略也可不

省略；主句谓语动词短语使用助动词或情态动词+V，比较从句省略V，保留助动词或情态动词；主语相同可省略。

6)倍数的表达原则：twiceasmany/much…as;twicethen.;twicewhat…;Double;triple;quadruple;

quintuple;…timesasadj./…;%dosth.

7)习惯搭配：asadj.a/…;morebecau…thanbecau…;not…somuchAasB;themore…themore…;no

less/more…than;/lessof(在更大/较少程度上，adv.)n.;atleastasgreatas;asmuchas;asgreatas,or

greaterthan,…;asgoodas,orbetterthan,…;thesameas…;liken.;dolike;belike/unlike.

8)注意：当一个事物与它所从属的种类相比时，需用other把它自身排除在从属范围之外，an

doesanyotherAs.；n.与what(名词性从句)对称；Similarto:既不简练又不能表达动作相似,放在句首时永远

错，应换成like/as；like+n./名词性结构:强调特点的相似性；likethe永远错；(just)as+n.:作为；(just)as+

句子：强调动作的相似性，若为(just)as+so…也对，(just)as+sotoo+倒装。

练习：

enaturalgasiscompodmostlyofmethane,asimplehydrocarbon,vehiclespoweredbynaturalgamitless

同位语：areturntowhat…；若用定语从句则只能修饰land

Ratherthan>insteadof

Water∈resources

Lessof:adv.较少地；不是adj.

ofcertainpollutantsthanthoburninggasolineordielfuel.

ingtohisownaccount,Frederic-AugusteBartholdi,thesculptoroftheStatueofLiberty,modeledthefaceof

thestatueafterthatofhismotherandthebodyafterthatofhiswife.

ultofmedicaladvances,manypeoplewhomightoncehavediedinchildhoodofsuchinfectionsasdiphtheria,

pneumonia,orrheumaticfevernowlivewellintooldage.

gismuchmorecommonamongWhitemalesthanamongmalesofotherraces.

adsmayevokethebucolicsimplicityofanothercentury,butfinanciallystrainedtownshipspoitoutthatdirt

roadscosttwiceasmuchtomaintainaspavedroadsdo.

difficulttopreventcrimesagainstpropertyasitistopreventthoagainstaperson.

andlivinginafreestandinghouonitsownlandisstillagoalofamajorityofyoungadults,asitwasof

earliergenerations.

dingprinciplesofthetaxplanreleadbytheTreasurydepartmentcouldhaveevengreatersignificancefor

theeconomythandotheparticularsoftheplan.

antitiesofmorethanthirtyraregas,mostofthemindustrialby-products,threatentowarmtheEarth’s

atmosphereevenmorerapidlyoverthenextfiftyyearsthancarbondioxidewill.

1980’stherateofincreaoftheminoritypopulationoftheUnitedStateswasnearlytwicewhatitwasinthe

1970’s.

einPraktaistheinfluenceofmodernEuropeanarchitecturemoreapparentthaninitsgovernmentbuidings.

ghfruitcannolongergrowonceitispiched,itcontinuesforsometimetorespire,takinginoxygenandgiving

offcarbondioxide,justashumanbeingsdowhentheybreathe.

第七章修饰语，定语从句和状语从句（十看定语从句前面的名词是否为要修饰的对象）

1.就近修饰原则

.:多个前置修饰语的语义类别不同则之间不能加and/,；只能放在后面：thepeoplequestioned,theonlyplace

left,tholected,thematerialneeded,themethodadopted,thejournalistssurveyed;只能放在前面：incread/

increasing,only;前后都可以：available.

3.定语从句：theperiodwhen,atimewhen,since1989when,theyearthat,thewayinwhich/theway(不能是the

waythat),anageinwhich(不能用when),thenexttime+句子;so/such…that/asto…:such后不能加动作性名词(由

V.转化来的)或形容词性(由Adj.转化来的)名词，位于句首时主句要部分倒装,ast后不应加被动，若被动使用that。

4.状语从句：despite+n.不能接句子

练习：

ookillustrations,BPcapitalizedonherkeenobrvationandloveofthenaturalworld.

dyvarietiesofriceshowpromiofproducinghighyieldswithoutthecostlyirrigationandapplication

fertilizerthatwererequiredbyearlierhigh-yieldingvarieties.

ebarkofthepaperbirchtreetheMenominicraftedacanoeabouttwentyfeetlongandtwofeetwide,with

smallribsandrailsofcedar,whichcouldcarryfourpersonsoreighthundredpoundsofbaggageyetwassolightthat

apersoncouldeasilyportageitaroundimpedingrapids.

lyingreptilethatdiedoutwiththedinosaurssome65millionyearsago,theQuetzalcoatlushadawingspan

of36feet,anditisbelievedtohavebeenthelargestflyingcreaturetheworldhaveren.

diesofice-polishedrocksinhisAlpinehome-land,faroutsidetherangeofprent-dayglaciers,ledLouis

Agassizin1837topropotheconceptofanageinwhichgreaticesheetxistedinwhatarenowtemperateareas.

tsinthemetropolitanschooldistrictaresolackinginmathskillsthatitwillbediffuculttoabsorbthemintoa

cityeconomybecomingevermoredependentoninformation-badindustries.

第八章词的使用和惯用法（见到代词就怀疑）

练习：

mentdidnotaccordfullrefugeebenefitstotwelveoftherecentimmigrantsbecauitbelievedthatdoingso

对称原则：.

Prep.+ep.+n.

lagoalofsb.,asitwasofsb.

n.与what从句对称

Similarto:既不简练又不能表达动作相似；like+n.:特点相似；(just)as+n.:作为；(just)as+句子：动作相似。

whichshecarefullycoordinatedwithhernarratives.

主句：BPcapitalized…

就近修饰：若requirementsofIandAby…,by…就只修饰A了

Yet:conj.连接carry&was

若用定语从句，由于就近原则，只能修饰wingspan，用并列句使主语与主句一样

Do+so;不能do+it/this/that/….pron

wouldrewardthemforenteringthecountryillegally.

contractforbidsastrikebythetransportationunion.

omersatthePalomarObrvatoryhavediscoveredadistantsupernovaexplosion,onetheybelievetobeofa

typepreviouslyunknowntoscience.

edeconomisthascomparedtheFederalRervetoanautomobileracingthroughatunnel,bouncingfirstoff

onewall,thentheother;thecarmaygetwhereitisgoing,butpeoplemaybehurtintheprocess.

enewsmallbusinessaregrowingandareldominequilibrium,formulasforcashflowandtheratioofdebt

toequitydonotapplytotheminthesamewayastoestablishbigbusiness.

snoconnsusonwhatrole,ifany,isplayedbyacidrainindamagingorslowingthegrowthofforests.

raditionalJapanehouhold,clothingcouldbepackedflat,andsoelaborateclotfacilitieswere

unnecessary

第九章逻辑表达

1.简洁有效

-ed分词短语〉定语从句（that/whobedone，有情态动词的定语从句不能转换乘分词短语）；ratherthan>insteadof;

multipliedby*times→twiced/doubled/quadrupled…,theonlythingthat→all,aredoing/do(动词)>arean.（名词）;

no>notany;V.+a+动作性名词→be+-ed;todo/sothat>inorderto/that;短的不一定是最好的，一般既不选最长的

也不选最短的.

2.重心保持

定状从句不可相互改；整体部分不能相互改；原句意思不能改。

3.意思单一

修饰对象单一；平行结构中的连接词连接对象单一明确；使用单义词

4.逻辑合理

And,or的使用

练习：

hnicalterm“pagination”referstoaprocessthatallowditors,ratherthanprinters,toasmblethepageimages

thatbecomethemetalorplasticplatesudinprinting.

ingtoastudybytheCarnegieFoundationfortheAdvancementofTeaching,companiesintheUnitedStatesare

providingjobtrainingandgeneraleducationfornearlyeightmillionpeople,aboutasmanyasareenrolledinthenation’s

four-yearcollegesanduniversities.

rthalshadavocaltractremblinganape’sandsowereprobablywithoutlanguage,ashortcomingthatmay

explainwhytheyweresupplantedbyourownspecies.

leage,theirconcernschangeaswell.

prerveancientEgyptianmonumentsthreatenedbyhighwatertables,aSwedishengineeringfirmhas

propodinstallingpumps,perhapssolarpowered,tolowertheundergroundwaterlevelanddiggingtrenchesaroundthe

basofthestonewall.

exactionssuggestthattheancientpeoplesoftheItalianpeninsulamergedthecultofDamia—agoddessof

fertilityandtheharvest—withthatofVenus.

transplantsinvolvesidenticaltwins,whohavethesamegeneticendowment,allpatientsreceivingheartsor

otherorgansmusttakeantirejectiondrugsfortherestoftheirlives.

ologistsbelievethatarecentlydiscoveredchalice,whichdatesfromtheeighthcentury,wasprobablyburiedto

keepitfrombeingstolenbyinvaders.

eriodofahundredyearsbeginningin1788,Englandexiledsome160,000criminalstoAustralia.

forbidsth.;h.;forbiddoingsth.;

×ing;forbidthat.

…;anexplosionisofatype.

无论是acomparisonbetween…and…还是comparewith，都是强调两者差异性。原文中后半句明显在叙述两者的共同点用compareto:比作

-ing伴随状态

代词指代要一致;besubjecttotheapplicabilityof

-ing(damaging)强调动作，n.(damage)强调结果

Term只能refertosth.,不能han>insteadof(口语)

用Aspeopleage,不用:强调某一时间点；when：强调过程

看清原文意思，不要只注重结构

mergewith/into/together×mergeand看清理解大意

besides/asidefrom/otherthan:两者有从属关系

1.不能用period(时期)来作ahundredyears(数量)的同位语.2.不能以beginning开头因为主语是England.

Orderthat+

虚拟语气（V.）