americanliterature

an-Literature

D

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AmericanLiterature

Literature

Whatisliterature?

•Literaturehasbeenthehighskillsofwriting

withimaginationsincethe19thcentury.

•Typesofliterature:

Fiction

Poetry

Drama

Essay

MajorLiterarySchools

cismandneoclassicism

•Advocationofrationalism

(Reasonshouldbeaboveeverythingel.)

SamuelJohnson,AlexanderPope

icism

•Oppositiontoneoclassicism

•Emphasisonemotion,imaginationand

intuition.

WilliamWordsworth,Shelley,Byron…

m

•Focusoncommonlivesoftheaverage

people

•Andunromanticobrvationofhuman

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•

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•begantoreceiveinternationalrecognition,

andhashadagreateffectuponworld

literature.

•tureoftheColonialPeriod

(1607—1776)★

•tureofReasonandRevolution

(1776--1820)★

•icism(1820--1860)★

•Realism(1860--1914)★

•Period(1914--)★

tureoftheColonialPeriod殖民统治时期文学

(1607-1776)

Frommyyearsyoungindaysofyouth,

GoddidmakeknowntomeHisTruth,

Andcall’dmefrommynativeplace

FortoenjoytheMeansofGrace.

InwildernessHedidmeguide,

WilliamBradford

•Godteachesmeandguidesmetoaright

way

icalBackground

•Settlement★

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Theresultofreligiousmotivesand

mercantilemotives

•Puritanism★

•Puritanthoughts:★

predestination(Goddecideverything

beforethingsoccur)★

Originalsin(Humanbeingswerebornto

beevil.)★

Puritanvalues:

Hardwork,thrift,andpiety.

•IndividualismandAmericanDream

esofLiterature

•ThefirstAmericanliteraturewasneither

Americannorrealliterature.★

•TypesofWriting

Diary,history,journal,letter,narrative…

•Itwastheworkmainlyofimmigrantsfrom

England.★

•Itwasnotintheformofpoetry,essayor

fiction,butthemixtureoftravelaccounts

andreligiouswritings.★

s

•JohnSmith★

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•AsthefirstAmercanwriter★

HeisaBritishsoldieroffortune,andstrictly

speaklyspeaking,wasnotlitiratureatall.A

TureRelationOfSuchOccurencesand

AccidentsofNoteasHathHappenedin

Virginiawasalongreportrecordingwhathe

sawandheardintheNewWorld,whichhe

ntbacktoEnglandandwasprintedin1608

whitouthisknowledge.

•AnneBradstreetandEdwardTaylor★

(Englishimmigrants)

•Theworkofthetwowritersrotothelevel

ofrealpoetry.★

ofReasonandRevolution理性与革命时期文学

(1776--1820)

icalBackground

•TheAgeofRevolution

•TheAgeofReason

TheAgeofRevolution★

AmericanRevolutionofIndependence

(1776--1783)★

•Britain’ssuppressiononAmericain

economyandpolitics

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•RevoltagainstBritain

TheAgeofReason★

Enlightenment

•IntellectualmovementinEurope

(1660’s—1780’s)★

•Humanism:theequalityandfreedom

amongmen

(tostimulateAmericanstostrive

fortheestablishmentoftheirindependentand

democraticnation)

•Rationalism:reasonandorder

esofLiterature

•Utilitariantendency

(Nothingisgoodorbeautifulbutinthe

measurethatisuful.)

•Clear,conciandpowerfulexpression

•Essayasaprominentpart

sandWorks

Essayists

•ThomasPaine:CommonSen★

(tomakeAmericansethenecessityto

haveanindependentnationoftheirown)

•ThomasJefferson:Declarationof

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Independence★

(toinspirehiscontemporaries)

•BenjaminFranklin本杰明.富兰克林:

Autobiography★

PoorRichard’s

Almanac★

Poet

•PhilipFreneau飞利浦.费瑞诺:Tothe

MemoryoftheBraveAmericans★

TheWild

Honeysuckle★

BenjaminFranklin本杰明.富兰克林(1706–1790)

Identity

•He’sawriter.

•He’sascientist.

•He’sabusinessman.

•He’sapolitician.

•He’saninventor.

•He’sthemostversatileandenligh-tened

manofhisgeneration

•BornonMilkStreetinBoston,

Massachuttsfromaverylargefamily.

•Attheageof12,apprenticedtobea

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newspaperprinterinBoston.

•In1729,alreadyownedhisownprinting

shopandpublishedthenewspaper

PennsylvaniaGazette《宾夕法尼亚报》.

•In1732,offeredhisPoorRichard’sAlmanac

《格言历书》.★

•From1771to1790,wrotehis

Autobiography《自传》.★

•Beingoneofthowhodraftedarticles

leadingtotheDeclarationofIndependence.

•Servedtodrafttheconstitution,

whichwasfinallyadoptedin1789.

Literaryterm

•Autobiography:

-Awrittenaccountofone’sownlife.

-Autobiographicalwritingasaliterary

genre.

•Itissignificant:(1)itisaclassicofitskind

inAmericanliterature;(2)itindicates

thefactthatFranklinwasthespokesmanof

Americanenlightenment.

•Franklinembodiedthetransitionfrom

Puritanpiety,andidealismtothe

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morecularandutilitarianvaluesofthe

Americanenlighten-ment.

SignificanceofFranklin’sAutobiography

•Franklin’sautobiographyremainsoneof

sFranklinas

amanofversatileenergyandnewideas,a

manwhoreprentedAmerican.

enlightenmentandthefulfillmentof

Americandream.

Itisahumorousandfascinatingrecordofan

oldman’sreflectionsonhisrifromapoor

boytoarichandfamouspersonagethrough

lf-examination,lf-reliance,andlf

improvement

PhilipFreneau飞利浦.费瑞诺(1752—1832)

PoetoftheAmericanRevolution★

•InvolvementintheWar,andbrutal

treatmentbyBritishin1780

•Politicalsatires

•Patrioticrevolutionaryvers

FatherofAmericanPoetry★

•Returntonatureafterpoliticalposition

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•Loveofrurallife

•Beautyandperfectionofnature

RomanticAttitudes★(浪漫主义先驱)

esofpoems

Classificationoftwocategories

•PoemsonAmericanRevolution

HatredtowardtheBritishcolonists

Rentmenttowardslavery

•Poemsofnaturalbeauty

Subjectmatter:Americanlandscapeand

images

ToavoidimitationofEnglishpoets

•TotheMemoryoftheBraveAmericans《纪念

英勇的美国人》★

•TheWildHoneySuckle《野金银花》★

anRomanticism美国浪漫主义时期文学

(1820-1860)

(Fromtheendofthe18thcenturythroughtheoutbreakofthecivil

war)★

FeatureofAmericanRomanticismwasbothimitativeand

indepandent.★

Imitative:EnglishandEuropeanRomanticists★

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Independent:EmersnandWhitman★

Romanticism→romantic→romance

•Romantic

remotefromthereallife

•Romance

storyabouttheadventureandloveof

knights

•Romanticism

therevivalofromance

PreconditionofRomanticism

•Intellectually

Reactionagainstenlightenment

•Politically

InspiredbyFrenchrevolution

•Socially

Guidedbyprogressivecaus

•Emotionally

Emphasisonthevalueofindividual

•focusontheindividual’xpressionof

emotionandimagination

“Allgoodpoetryisthespontaneousoverflowof

powerfulfeelings”

•aheightenedinterestinnature

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AmericanRomanticism

TheFirstRenaissanceofAmericanLiterature

ound

Developmentofpolitics,economyand

culture

•ExpansionoftheWest

•Riofindustrialism

•Transmissionofliterature

•Progressiveanddevelopingsociety

RomanticmovementinEuropeancountries

ain

esofAmericanRomanticism

•Americanpuritanismasaculturalheritage

•Americanromanticismwasbothimitative

andindependent

•Itprentedanewexperience;theexotic

landscape,thefrontierlifeandthe

westwardexpansion

SectionIEarlyRomanticism

华盛顿.欧文★

PopularizeromanticisminAmerican

•TheSketchBook《见闻札记》（thefirstwork

towinfinancialsuccessonbothsidesofthe

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Atlantic）★

•LegendofSleepyHollow《睡谷传说》★

•RipVanWinkle《瑞凡.凡.温克尔》★

库伯

•LeatherstockingTales《皮袜子故事集》(the

Americannationalexperienceofadventure

intotheWest)★

•Thespy《间谍》★

布莱恩特

•ToAWaterfowl《致水鸟》★

ofRomanticism—AmericanTranscendentalism

ance:NaturebyEmersonin1836★

nintuitionandoversoul:

nature—thesymbolofspirit

n爱默生★

•Nature《论自然》★

u梭罗★

•Walden《瓦尔登湖》★

•CivilDisobedience《论公民之不服从》★

manticism

rne霍桑★

•TheScarletLetter《红字》★

le赫尔曼.梅尔维尔★

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•MobyDick《白鲸》★

•Typee《泰比》★

库泊★

•AnnabelLee《安娜贝尔.李》★

llow★

•APsalmofLife,SongofHiawatha★

n★

•TheLeavesofGrass《草叶集》

son★

EdgarAllanPoe爱伦.坡

•FamousAmericanpoet,short-storywriter

andcritic★

•Fatherofmodernshortstory★

•Fatherofdetectivestoryandstoryofhorror

★

(1809—1849)

•Deathofhisparents

•Breakwithhisfosterfather

(gamblinganddrinking)

•Workasaneditor

•Marriagetohiscousin

•Poverty,littlereputationinhislifetime

LifeStory

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•BorninBostonin1809,Poewas

orphanedattheageoftwo.

•PoewasadoptedbyJohnAllan.

•Poeranawayfromhome,duetohis

gamblinganddrinkingdebts.

•Poehadtomakealivingbywritingor

editingsomemagazines

•Poemarriedhis13-yearoldcousin.

Herearlydeathmayhaveinspired

hiswriting.

•Poediedinpovertyandwithlittle

reputation.

•Anartistwithliterarygenius,

indulginghimlfinabohemianlifestyle.

oninLiteraryHistory

•Themostcontroversialfigureinthehistory

ofAmericanliterature

•TheuniqueimportanceofPoeasagreat

writeroffiction,apoetoffirstrank,anda

criticofinsight

•Thepositionamongthegreatestwritersof

theworld.

WritingFeatures

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•Poe’swritingstyleistraditional.

•Poeisnoteasytoread,justbecauofhis

abilitytomakegooduof

implications.

•Theobjectofpoetryispleasure,nottruth.

Poetry

•TheRaven《乌鸦》★

•ToHelen《致海伦》★

•AnnabelLee《安拉贝尔.丽》★Thepoemisa

mourningsongforthedeathofhiswife.

Poedidnotuherrealname,nordidhe

utherealbackground.★

ShortStory

•TheFalloftheHouofUsher《厄舍房屋倒

塌记》★

NathanielHhawthorne霍桑(1804-1864)

Threeimportantthingsinhislife:

•Puritanfamilybackground

•StudyinBowdoinCollege

•PublicationofTheScarletLetter

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LifeStory

•HawthornewasborninSalem

Massachutts.(Hisancestorsweremenof

prominenceinthePuritantheocracyof

venteenth-centuryNewEngland.)

•Hisrelativesfinancedhiducationat

BowdoinCollege.

•Amonghisclassmatesweremanyofthe

importantliteraryandpoliticalfiguresof

theday.

•TheScarletLetterreprentstheheightof

Hawthorne'sliterarygenius

Foursnovels:

TheScarletLetter(hismasterpiece)《红字》★

TheHouoftheSevenGables《七个尖角阁的房

子》★

TheBlithedaleRomance:experienceof

transcendentalistxperiment.《福谷传奇》★

TheMarbleFaun:evileducates.《大理石雕像》

★

Twocollectionsofshortstories:

❖Twice-ToldTales《故事重述》★

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❖MossformanOldMan《古宅青苔》★

Featuresofhisworks

SettingPuritanNewEngland

ThemesEvil&sin

IdeaDarkviewtowardhuman

beings

Techniquesymbolism

HawthorneasaLiteraryArtist

•Firstprofessionalwriter

•Hawthornedisplayedaloveforallegoryand

symbol.

•Hiswritingisreprentativeof19th

century.

TheScarletLetter

•Hester

sin★

•Chillingworth(Hester’shusband)

evil★

•Dimmesdale(Hester’slover)

sin★

•Pearl(HesterandDimmesdale’schild)★

•WhatdoesAinTheScarletLetter

symbolize?★

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Adultlery--------Ability-----------Angel★

WaltWhitman华特.惠特曼

entativework:

LeavesofGrass—firstgenuineepicpoem★

r—thepoeticstylehedevid★

nce

ContemporaryAmericanpoetry,whatever

schoolorform,bearswitnesstohisgreat

influence.

FreeVer

apoemwithoutregularrhymesandmeters

OCaptain!MyCaptain!

EmilyDickinson艾米丽.迪金森

reclu—toparateherlffromtheworldat

theageof23

singleinherlife

unhappyloveaffair

deathofherteacher,lover,fatherbeforeher

:badonherownexperiences,joysand

sorrows

(1)nature–kindandcruel(300poems)★

(2)love–sufferingandfrustrationcaudby

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love（120poems)★

Alter?Whenthehillsdo

Falter?Whenthesun

Questionifhisglory

Betheperfectone.

……

Iwillofyou!

(729)

(3)death(Aboutonethirdofthetotal

collectionofherpoemsdealwithdeath.)★

—desirefordeath★

—momentofdeath★

—deathandimmortality★

MYlifeclodtwicebeforeitsclo;

Ityetremainstoe

IfImmortalityunveil

Athirdeventtome,

Sohuge,sohopelesstoconceive,

Asthethattwicebefell.

Partingisallweknowofheaven,

Andallweneedofhell.(1732)

(1)poemswithouttitles.★

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(2)vereeconomyofexpression.★

(3)capitalletters,dash–emphasis.★

(4)shortpoems,mainlytwostanzas.★

Sheisoneofthemostinnovativepoetsof

19th-centuryAmericanliterature.

BecauICouldNotStopforDeath

m现实主义时期(1860--1914)

Theriofrealismandthedeclineof

romanticism

icalBackground

•CivilWar(1861--1865)★

•Capitalism—freedomanddemocracy

Developmentofsocietybefore1880

Financialcrisis—unrestsocietyafter1880

esofLiterature

Twoliterarystreams★

•Realism(1860--1880)★

Truthfuldescriptionoflife

Objectiveratherthanidealized

Tone:hopefulandoptimistic★

•Naturalism(1880--1914)★

TheoryofDarwinism:survivalofthefittest

Focusonenvironmentandhuman

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Tone:hopelessandgloomy★

sandWorks

•Threegiants:,ndW.D.

Howells★

Writersofrealism

•s:TheRiofSilasLapham★

•:UncleTom’sCabin★

•MarkTwain:thetruefatherofAmerican

literature★

reprentationoflocal

colour★

TheAdventuresofTom

Sawyer(1883)★

TheAdventuresof

HuckleFinn(1884)★

•:founderofAmericanshort

story★

TheCopandthe

Anthem★

•HenryJames:psychologicalnovels★

TheArtoffiction★

WritersofNaturalism

•JackLondon:TheSeaWolf★

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TheCalloftheWild★

•StephenCrane:TheRedBadgeCourage(his

mostsuccessfulwork)★

•TheodoreDreir:SisterCarrie★

AnAmerican

Tragedy(themostsuccessfulone)★

ernPeriod现代主义时期(1914--)

LiteratureduringWWIandWWII(1914--1945)★

•SectionI:Literatureinthe1920’s

uction

AfloweringperiodofAmericanliterature

TheSecondRenaissanceofAmerican

literature★

ound★

stworldwar:★

•Economically:greatwealth,economicboom,

highly-consumingsociety

•Spiritually:fragmentation

’stheory(psychology)★

tion(toAsia)★

•theinfluenceofJapaneandChineculture

andliterature

rySchools★

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m(poets)★

•Reprentatives:,,

neration(novelists)★

•way,rald

rnLiterature★

•er

SectionII:Literatureinthe1930’s

ound

•GreatDepression(1929)

nStream

•Left-oriented

•eck

Imagism

•Image意象

意―意识，abstractideas

象―世间物象，concreteobjects

eg:圆月―思家之情longingforhome

•Imagism

touconcreteobjectstoexpressabstract

ideas

•Symbolism

•Symbol―image

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tocompressaverycomplexideaintoan

image

eg:ro,spring

love,life

•(Bothwritersandreadersknowwhatthe

symbolreprents.)

eg:AinScarletLetter

adultery,ability,angel

•(Symbolscreatedbywriterstoconvey

particularmeanings.)

ThreePrinciplesofImagism

treatmentofobjects

r

yofexpressions

ImagesinChineandwesternliterature

•Strongwill:pine,plum,oak

•Love:peachblossomro

Purity:lotuslily

•InChinethesoundofbell,梅、兰、竹、

菊

•InEnglishparadi,snake,westwind,

nightingale,daffodil

庞德

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•Hespearheadedthenewschoolofpoetry:

ImagistMovement★

•Imagism’sfounder★

•toemigratetoAsianandstudyJapane

literature

•Cantos(acollectionofpoems)

InaStationoftheMetro★

(1888-1965)艾略特

“Aroyalistinpolitics,aclassicist

inliterature,andanAnglo-Catholicinreligion”

•aroyalist:thechangeofhisnationality

AmericantoEnglish

•aclassicist:poetictheory,theuof

allusion

•anAnglo-Catholic:religiousconversionto

Christianity

•TheWasteLand《荒原》including5parts,

hasbeencalledthefirstmasterpieceof

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modernisminEnglish★

•FourQuartets《四个四重奏》(hefoundthe

wayoutandbelievedonlyGodcouldsave

people)★

alEssays

•TheSacredWood《圣林》(NewCriticism)★

•Imagesinhisworks

thewasteland,water,fire

storyofkingFish,rainandriver,burning

andpurifying―deathandrebirth

RobertFrost弗洛斯特

LostGeneration

❖TheLostGeneration:

TheLostGenerationisatermudto

describeagroupofAmericanintellectuals,poets,

artistsandwritersfledtoFranceinthepost

WWIyearstorejectthevaluesofAmerican

materialismandtoekthebohemianlifestyle

inParis.

HisPoems

1)AfterApple-Picking《摘罢苹果》★

2)StoppingbyWoodsonaSnowyEvening《雪

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夜林边驻足》★

3)TheRoadNotTaken《没有选择的路》★

itzgerald菲茨杰拉德(1890-1940)

Hismasterpiece：

TheGreatGatsby《伟大的盖茨比》★

ErnestHemingway(1899-1961)

phy:

BorninIllinois,thesonofacountrydoctor,

Hemingwayworkedasareporterin1917.

DuringWorldWarI,hervedasadriverfor

theAmericanRedCrossinItaly.

DuringtheSpanishCivilWar,Hemingway

rvedasacorrespondent.

HefoughtinWorldWarIIandthenttledin

Cubain1945.

In1954,HemingwaywasawardedtheNobel

PrizeinLiterature(TheOldManandtheSea).

In1961,depresd,andillwithcancer,heshot

himlf.

Literaryachievements

Novels:

TheSunAlsoRis(1926)Withthepublication

ofit,hewasrecognizedasthespokesmanof

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the“lostgeneration”.★

AFarewelltoArms(1929)tellsofatragic

wartimeloveaffairbetweenanambulance

driverandanEnglishnur.★

ForWhomtheBellTolls(1940)indetailingan

incidentinthewar,arguesforhuman

brotherhood.★

TheOldManandtheSea(1952)celebratesthe

courageofanagedCubanfisherman,Santiago.

★

Storycollections:

InOurTime(1925)《在我们的时代》

MenwithoutWomen(1927)《没有女人的男人》

WinnerTakeNothing(1933)《胜者无所得》

TheLostGeneration

❖TheLostGeneration:

TheLostGenerationisatermudto

describeagroupofAmericanintellectuals,poets,

artistsandwritersfledtoFranceinthepost

WWIyearstorejectthevaluesofAmerican

materialismandtoekthebohemianlifestyle

tameaningfulfuturetofallon,

theywerelostindisillusionment.

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MainCharacter:

Santiago:old

Cubanfishermanwhoisaperfectionistwhenit

ehisprecimethods,he

gowantstobeunique:

agreaterandstrangerpersonthanhispeersout

one,exceptforthecompanyof

terminedtocatchonebigfish.

WritingStyle:

Hemingway’sfictionusuallyfocuson

peoplelivingesntial,dangerouslives—soldiers,

fishermen,athletes,bullfighters—whomeetthe

painanddifficultyoftheirexistencewith

courage.

Hiscelebratedliterarystyleisdirect,

ter,andoftenmonotonous,yetparticularly

suitedtohilementalsubjectmatter.

Hislanguageischaracterizedbyfeatures

including:economyofexpression,short

ntencesandparagraphs,vigorousandpositive

language,anddeliberateavoidanceofgorgeous

adjectives,andetc.

Hemingway’sIcebergTheory

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EugeneO’Neill尤金.奥尼尔(1888–1953)

“AmericanShakespeare”

BorninaBroadwayhotelinNewYorkCity,a

sonofafamousandpopularactor.

Hecameinclocontactwiththeoutcastsof

societyandtastedthebitternessoflife.

In1920hisfirstfull-lengthplay,Beyondthe

Horizon,wasprofessionallyproducedon

BroadwayandwonthePulitzerPrize.

HismajorworkLongDay’sJourneyinto

Night《长夜慢慢路迢迢》(1956).

FourPulitzerPrizes(1920,1922,1928,1957)

andtheNobelPrizein1936showhis

achievementandinfluenceathomeandabroad.

JophHeller(1923–1999)

NewYorkauthorwhorvedintheairforcein

WorldWarII.

wYorkUniversity,

lumbia,studiedatOxford,and

taughtbrieflybeforewritingCatch-22(1961)

《第二十二条军规》.

WhatisCatch-22?

Ifthemenarereallycrazy,thentheywillwant

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toflythemissions,regardlessofwhetherornot

donotwanttofly

themissions,thentheyaresaneandmustfly

them.