bloodshed

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词汇学复习要点总结

finition:Awordisdefinedbytheassociationofa

givennwithagivengroupofsoundscapableofagiven

grammaticalu.[P2]

elopmentofEnglishvocabulary[P3]

(1)TheOldEnglish:449-1100,

(2)MiddleEnglish:1100-1500

(3)ModernEnglish:1500-prent

ficationofEnglishWords[P9]

(1)Byorigin:nativewordsandloanwords

(2)Bylevelofusage:commonwords;literalwords;

colloquialwords;slangwords;technicalwords

(3)Bynotion:functionwordsandcontentwords

onwords&contentwords[P17]

Functionwordsareoftenshortwordssuchasdeterminers,

conjunctions,prepositions,auxiliaries,andsoforth.

Functionswordsbehavelikegrammaticalsignalsor

functionalmarkers,expressingthekindsofconnection

betweencontentwords.

medefinition[P21]

Themorphemeisthesmallestmeaningfullinguisticunitof

language,notdivisibleoranalyzableintosmallerforms.

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rphs[P22]

Anallomorphisanyofthevariantformsofamorphemeas

conditionedbypositionoradjoiningsounds.

ficationofmorphemes[P23]

rphemesandboundmorphemes

ndaffixes

8.区分Inflectionalaffixes与Derivationalaffixes[P25]

tionofrootstemandba[P33]

(1)Root:Arootisaformwhichisnotfurtheranalyzable,

eitherintermsofderivationalorinflectional

morphology.

(2)Astemisofconcernonlywhendealingwithinflectional

morphology….Inflectional(butnotderivational)affixes

areaddedtoit:itisthepartoftheword-formwhich

remainswhenallinflectionalaffixeshavebeenremoved.

(3)Abaisanyformtowhichaffixesifanykindcanbe

added;itmayalsobedefinedas〞aformtowhicharule

ofword-formationisapplied〞.

encesofroot,stemandba[P33]

(1)

differsfromaroot,inthattheformerisaderivationally

analyzableformtowhichderivationalaffixesareadded,

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whilethelatterisaformwhichpermitsnofurther

analysis.

(2)Abaisalsodifferentfromastemsinceboth

derivationalandinflectionalaffixescanbeattachedtoa

ba,whereasonlyinflectionalaffixescanbeaddedtoa

stem.

tionofderivation[P42]

Derivationmaybedefinedasaprocessofformingnew

wordsbytheadditionofawordelement,suchasaprefix,

suffixorcombiningform,toanalreadyexistingword.

ficationsofprefixes[P44](给定前缀须知意思，连线题)

(1)“negative〞prefixes:un-,non-,in-,dis-,a-

(2)“reversativeorprivative〞prefixes:un-,de-,dis-

(3)“pejorative〞prefixes:mis-,mal-,pudo-

(4)“prefixesofdegreeorsize〞:arch-,super-,out-,sub-,

over-,under-,hyper-,ultra-,mini-

(5)Prefixesofattitude:co-,counter-,anti-,pro-

(6)“locative〞prefixes:super-,sub-,inter-,trans-

(7)Prefixesoftimeandorder:fore-,pre-,post-,ex-,re-

(8)“number〞prefixes:uni-/mono-,bi-/di-,tri-,

multi-/poly-

(9)Amiscellaneouscatalogue:auto-,neo-,pan-,proto-,

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mi-,vice-

ficationsofsuffixes[P49]

(1)Accordingtotheword-classothewordtheyform

(2)Accordingtothekindofba

encesbetweeninitialismsandacronyms[P72]

Initialismisatypeofshortening,usingthefirstlettersof

wordstoformapropername,atechnicalterm,oraphra;

aninitialismispronouncedletterbyletter.

Acronymsarewordsformedfromtheinitiallettersofthe

nameofanorganizationorascientificterm,ms

differfrominitialismsinthattheyarepronouncedas

wordsratherthanasquencesofletters.

ng[P75]

Theprocessofclippinginvolvesthedeletionofoneormore

syllablesfromaword,whichisalsoavailableinitsfull

form.

ng[P77]

Blendingistheprocessofword-formationinwhichanew

wordisformedbycombiningthemeaningsandsoundsof

twowords,oneofwhichisnotinitsfullformorbothof

whicharenotintheirfullforms.

tionality[P93]

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MostEnglishwordsareconventional,arbitrarysymbols;

conquently,thereisnointrinsicrelationbetweenthe

sound-symbolanditsn.

Amoreconvincingevidenceoftheconventionaland

arbitrarynatureoftheconnectionbetweensound-symbol

andmeaningcanbeillustratedbyatofhomophones.

lmeaning[P97]填空

Lexicalmeaningmaybesubdividedintodenotative

meaning,connotativemeaning,socialmeaningand

affectivemeaning.

cessleadingtopolymy[P111]

Therearetwoimportantprocessinthedevelopmentof

wordmeaning:radiationandconcatenation.

fhomonyms对其进展区分[P115]

(1)Perfecthomonyms:Wordsidenticalinsoundand

spellingbutdifferentinmeaningarecalledperfect

,page,ba.

(2)Homophones:Wordsidenticalinsoundbutdifferentin

spellingandmeaningarecalledhomophones.E.g.

bear/bare,dear/deer,air/heir,pair/pear.

(3)Homographs:Wordsidenticalinspellingbutdifferentin

,

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sow,tear.

21.文体效果

Polymicandhomonymouswordsarestylistically

ufultoachievehumororirony,ortoheightendramatic

effect.[P121]

Synonyms,therefore,areextremelyvaluable

stylisticallyinhelpingtoavoidmonotonousrepetitionand

inachievingprecision.[P133]

tionandtypesofantonym需举例[P136]

Definition:thetermantonymisudfor“oppositenessof

meaning〞;wordsthatareoppositeareantonyms.

Types:

(1)Onthebasisofmanticcontrast

○

1

Contraries:Contrariesorcontrarytermsdisplaya

typeofmanticcontrast,illustratedbysuchpairsasrich

andpoor,heavyandlight.

○

2

Complementaries:Complementariesor

contradictoriesreprentatypeofbinarymantic

ertionofoneoftheitemsimpliesthe

denialoftheother;anentitycannotbebothatonce.E.g.

aliveanddead,singleandmarriedprentandabnt.

○

3

Conversives:Anotherimportanttypeofbinary

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dborrow,husbandandwife,

employerandemployee,aboveandbelow.

(2)Onthebasisofmorphologicalstructure

○

1

Rootantonyms:dshallow,loveandhate,

upanddown.

○

2

Derivationalantonyms:Wordswiththesameroots

ndunhappy,

possibleandimpossible,loyalanddisloyal,prewarand

postwar,harmfulandharmless.

23.简答Twotypesofcontexts[P152]

Themeaningsofwords,especiallythoofpolymous

wordsmaybeviewedasdeterminedeitherbylinguistic(or

verbal)contextsorextra-linguistic(ornonverbal)contexts.

(1)Linguisticcontext:Thethreemaintypesoflinguistic

contextarethelexical,grammatical,andverbalcontext

initsbroadn.

(2)Extra-linguisticcontext/Contextofsituation

〔不会答，求高人解答)

sticcau简答[P172]

Changeofmeaningisfrequentlybroughtaboutbytwo

tendenciesinalinguisticsystem:towardllipsisand

towardsanalogy.

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ndenciesinSemanticChange连线题[P176]

ctionofmeaning(specialization);

ionofmeaning(generalization);

rationofmeaning(pejoration);

ionofmeaning(amelioration).

moncategoriesofmetonymy连线题[P187]

rthepersonorthingsignified:e

cradletothegrave;theCross;bloodshed;crown,

scepter,throne.

nerforitscontents;theplaceforthepeople

occupyingit:tle;wardrobe;thetown;the

chair.

tractfortheconcrete:y;thepride;

authorityorauthorities;themanagement;thepress.

cretefortheabstract:;name;at;

thefloor;brain;ear.

orthewholeandviceversa:foraparttoindicate

thewhole,wehavefollowingexamples:asail;hand;

lemaybenamedforapart,

smilingyear;thearmy;acountry.

erialforthethingmade:silver;nickel;plastic;

nylons;marble;rubbers.

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27.填空题[P191]

Tosumup,anidiommaybedefinedasacombinationof

twoormorewordswhichareusuallystructurallyfixedand

manticallyopaque,andfunctionasasingleunitof

establishedform,onethathasbeen

,thecomponent

words,wordorderandmeaningofeachidiomshouldbe

learnedasawhole.