英文讣告

更新时间:2022-12-27 00:13:49 阅读: 评论:0


2022年12月27日发(作者:piaojinghui)

外交常用词汇中英文翻译

第一篇:外交常用词汇中英文翻译

外交常用英文词汇翻译

MinistryofForeignAffairs外交部rProtocolDepartment礼宾

司rInformationDepartment新闻司rdiplomaticmission外交代

表机构

embassy大使馆rlegation公使馆rconsulate-general总领事

consulate领事馆rofficeofthechargéd'affaires,代办处r

militaryattaché'soffice,武官处rcommercialcounllor'soffice

商务处rpressction,informationrvice新闻处rliaisonoffice

联络处

diplomat外交家,外交官rdiplomaticrank外交官衔

diplomaticreprentative外交代表

membersoftheadministrativeandtechnicalstaff行政技术人

员rambassador大使

ambassadorextraordinaryandplenipotentiary特命全权大使

nuncio教廷大使

internuncio教廷公使

counllorwiththerankofminister,minister-counllor公使

衔参赞rchargéd'affaires,代办

chargéd'affasireadinterim,临时代办

counllor参赞

firstcretary一等秘书rcondcretary二等秘书

thirdcretary三等秘书

attaché,随员

commercialcretary商务参赞

culturalcretary文化参赞

commercialattaché,商务专员

culturalattaché,文化专员

militaryattaché,武官

navalattaché,海军武官

airattaché,空军武官

consul-general总领事rconsul领事

doyenofthediplomaticcorps,deanofthediplomaticcorps

外交使团团长

rovingambassador巡回大使

ambassador-at-large无任所大使

specialenvoy特使

accreditedto...向…派遣的foreignaffairs外交

memorandum,aidememoire备忘录rpersonanon-grat不受

欢迎的人

dejurerecognition法律承认

commnique公报

announcement公告,通告

letterofcredence,credentials国书

mutualrecognition互相承认

establishmentofdiplomaticrelations建立外交关系

letterofintroduction介绍书rduringone'sabnce离任期间

identificationcard身份证rstatement声明

defactorecognition事实上承认rpersonagrata受欢迎的人r

diplomaticpractice外交惯例

diplomaticimmunities外交豁免

diplomaticprivileges外交特权

diplomaticchannels外交途径

diplomaticcourier外交信使

diplomaticbag,diplomaticpouch外交邮袋

letterofappointment委任书rcertificateofappointment委

任证书

exequatur许可证书

declaration,manifesto宣扬

letterofrecall召回公文

note照会

verbalnote普通照会rcircularnote通知照会

formalnote正式照会

normalization正常化rbeappointedambassadorto...被任命

为驻…大使rtoexpressregret表示遗憾

toverdiplomaticrelations断绝外交关系

toresumechargeoftheoffice,toreturntoone'spost返任

toproceedtotakeupone'spost赴任

toprentone'scredentials递交国书

toexchangeambassadors互派大使

toresumediplomaticrelations恢复外交关系

toestablishdiplomaticrelationsatambassadoriallevel建立

大使级外交关系rtoestablishconsularrelations建立领事关系

toassumeone'spost就任

totakeexceptionto;toobjectto提出异议

toupgradediplomaticrelations外交关系升格

tomakereprentationsto,totakeupa(the)matterwith向…

交涉rtolodgeaprotestwith向…提出抗议rtorequesttheconnt

of...征求…的同意

tosuspenddiplomaticrelations中断外交关系teaparty茶会

anatmosphereofcordialityandfriendship诚挚友好的气氛r

reciprocalbanquet答谢宴会

delegation代表团rheadofthedelegation,leaderofthe

delegation团长

deputyheadofthedelegation,deputyleaderofthe

delegation副团长rmemberofthedelegation代表团成员r

memorialspeech悼词

todeveloptherelationsoffriendshipandcooperation发展友

好合作关系

prosperityandstrength繁荣富强

visit访问

friendlyvisit,goodwillvisit友好访问informalvisit非正式访问

officialvisit正式访问

privatevisit私人访问

statevisit国事访问

obituary讣告

questionsofcommoninterest;questionofcommonconcern

共同关心的问题rstatebanquet国宴

messageofgreeting,messageofcongratulation贺电

speechofwelcome欢迎词rwelcomingbanquet欢迎宴会

cocktailparty鸡尾酒会

goodhealthandalonglife健康长寿

profoundcondolence深切哀悼rcordialhospitality盛情接待

thetwosides,thetwoparties双方

luncheon午宴

messageofcondolence唁电

reception招待会rtoast祝酒词rmemorialmeeting追悼会r

toconveyone'ssympathy表示慰问

tomeetwith会见

toreviewtheguardofhonour检阅仪仗队

toexchangeviews交换意见

toreceive接见tobeshockedtolearnof惊悉

beoftheopinion,tohold,toconsider,tomaintain认为

topropoatoastto...提议为…干杯ronthehappyoccasion

of欣逢ronlearningwithgreatjoy欣悉

togiveabanquetinhonourof...宴请…roninvitation,upon

invitation应邀

attheinvitationof...应…邀请rinthecompanyof...,

accompaniedby...在…陪同下

toexpressone'ssincerecongratulationsandbestwishes致

以衷心的祝贺和最好的愿望

towishprosperitytoacountryandwell-beingtoitspeople

祝(某国)国家繁荣人民幸福rtotakenoteof...注意到rHis(Her,

Your)Majesty陛下

His(Her,Your)RoyalHighness殿下

His(Her,Your)Excellency阁下

entandMme...…总统先生阁下和夫人

Leastdevelopedcountry(LDC)最不发达国家Hegemonism帝

国主义Multilateralism多边主义Unilateralism单边主义Extradition

引渡Denuclearization无核化Statusquo现状

Normalizationofrelations关系正常化Multipolarity/

multipolarization多极化

InternationalAtomicEnergyAgency(IAEA)国际原子能机构

InternationalLaborOrganization(ILO)国际劳工组织废统(即“国

统会”和“国统纲领”)

AbolishmentoftheNationalUnificationCouncilandthe

NationalUnificationGuidelines两会(全国人民代表大会和人民政

治协商会议)

NationalPeople’sCongressandPeople’sPolitical

ConsultativeConference(NPC&CPPCC)独立自主的和平外交政策

Independentforeignpolicyofpeace达成一致

Toreachaconnsus诉诸武力

Toresorttotheuofarmedforces求同存异

Seekingcommongroundwhilerervingdifferences用和平

手段解决争端

Tosolvedisputesbypeacefulmeans通过外交途径进行谈判

Tonegotiatethroughdiplomaticchannels中国坚持奉行独立

自主的和平外交政策,高举和平、发展、合作的旗帜。

Chinaadherestoitsindependentforeignpolicyofpeace,

holdinghighthebannerofpeace,developmentandcooperation.

中国积极参与全球和区域合作,在一系列重大国际问题及地区安全和

发展问题上发挥了建设性作用。

Chinaactivelyparticipatesinglobalandregional

cooperation,playsaconstructiveroleinsolvingariesofmajor

internationalissuesconcerningregionalcurityand

development.国家不分大小,应该一律平等。

Allcountries,bigorsmall,shouldbeequal.台湾是中国领土不

可分割的一部分。

TaiwanisaninalienablepartofChina’sterritory.祖国统一是

不可阻挡的历史潮流,台湾问题是一定能够解决的。

Thereunificationofthemotherlandisanirreversible

wanquestionwillsurelyberesolved.尽管

国际社会还面临许多问题,和平和发展的时代潮流不可逆转,各国人

民追求美好生活的愿望没有改变。

Despitethenumerousproblemsfacingtheinternational

community,thehistoricaltrendofpeaceanddevelopment

cannotbereverd,norwillthepeopleofallcountrieschange

osalgivequalweight

andattentiontothethreegreatpurposofUN:development,

curityandhumanrights,allofwhichmustbeunderpinnedby

theruleoflaw.我的建议对联合国的三大目标——发展、安全和人权

——予以同样重视和关注,而这三大目标都必须以法治为基础。

Iargueinthereport,andIamprofoundlyconvinced,thatthe

threatswhichfaceusareofequalconcerntoall.我在报告中主张并

深信,人人都同样关切我们面临的种种威胁。

MemberstatesarecalledupontoestablishaPeacebuilding

Commission,withintheUnitedNations,tohelpcountriesmake

thetransitionfromwartolastingpeace.我们还要求各成员国,在

联合国内设立和平委员会,以帮助各国实现从战争到持久和平的过渡。

ThelegitimacyandauthorityoftheSecurityCouncilmustbe

regained.我们必须重新恢复联合国安理会的合法性和权威。

第二篇:佛教中英文翻译词汇

佛教中英文口译必备

佛教(Buddhism)

AAmitabha阿弥陀佛AnteriorTibet前藏一个大**,其庙叫祖

卜寺(Tsurpu)Attisha阿底峡Avalokiteshvara观音

BBhodisattva菩萨Bon(Black)本教(黑)Budda佛Dorje(多杰/藏

文)CChapel佛堂Circumanbulate转经道(v.)Circumanbulation转

经道Circumanbulator转经道的人Consort明妃

DDakini空行母Deity明王Dipamkara燃灯佛;宝光佛

Disciplinarian铁棒喇嘛Dorje多杰(藏文:金刚)Dorje金刚Drakpa和

尚(藏文)Dratsang扎仓(学校)Drepung哲蚌寺DrepungMonastry

哲蚌寺(拉萨三大寺之一)Drolma卓玛(藏文:度母)Drolma度母

(女菩萨)

EEmptiness空Enthronement坐床EsotericBuddhism密宗

ExotoricBuddhism显宗FForm色Formless无色

GGandenMonastry甘丹寺(拉萨三大寺之一)Ge-kor铁棒喇嘛

萨三大GreatPerfection大园满GreenTara绿度母Gulug(Yellow

hat)格鲁派Guru和沿(梵文)HHayagriva马头明主Hinayana小乘

Holymountain魂山Hutukta**(蒙文)IIncarnatedlama转世**

JJampa弥勒慈氏JokhangTemple大昭寺

KKaggu(White)噶举Kalachakra时轮(金刚)Kangyur甘珠尔(佛

语)Karmapa葛玛巴Khangtn康村(宿舍)Khatag哈达Khenpo堪

布(主持)Kumbum塔尔KunbumM.堪布寺(西宁)LLabrang

Monastery.拉卜楞寺(甘南)Lama喇嘛,指大和尚LekTrima妙绘赞

Lineage传承Lobsang洛桑Losang洛桑

MMahakala大黑天(本教中神的名字)Mahayana大乘Main

AsmblyHall大经堂Maitreya弥勒慈氏Mandala檀城Mandala

曼陀螺Manjushri文殊(菩萨)Mantra咒语Master上师(和

尚)Material色MedicineBuddha药师佛Monastry寺院(比

Temple大)Monk和尚(小)Monlam默然大法会Monlam传昭大法

会Mudra手印Nga阿NNgari阿里Nirvan涅盘Nyingma宁玛O

Order教派

PPadma莲花Padmasambhava莲花生Pagoda佛塔Palkor

Chode白居寺

PanchenLama**Partner明妃PeldenLhamo吉祥天女Pelden

Lhamo班丹拉母Potala布达拉宫Prayermeetingfestival传昭大法

会Prayerwheel传经筒RRamocheTemple小昭寺Reincarnation

灵童Rinpoche**(通用)SSakya(Stripehat)花派(萨迦)Sect教派Sera

Monastry色拉寺(拉萨三大寺之一)Shakyamuni施加摩尼

Shantarakshita寂护Shantarakshita静命Sharipu舍利子(骨灰)Sku

-Vbumchen-mo白居寺SontzenGampo松赞干布Soul

mountain魂山Soulyak魂牛Stupa灵塔SutraChantingHall大经

TTara度母(女菩萨)TashilhunpoMonastry扎时伦布寺(日喀

泽)Temple寺庙Tengyur丹珠尔(论部)喀泽TibetanBuddhism藏传

佛教TibetanStudies藏学TibetanTripitaka大藏经Tibetology藏

学Tradition教派Trulku**(藏文)Tsam-pa糌粑Tsamba糌粑Tsang

后藏Tsongkhapa宗喀巴(前藏)UUnionofhappiness乐空双运V

Vajrayana密宗Vajra金刚WWhiteTara白度母

YYamataka阿曼德迦;大威Yamataka怖畏金刚Yidam本尊Z

Zhangzhung象雄2佛教专用语(附解释)

觉悟togetenlightenment三大语系佛教Threelanguagesof

Buddhism:汉语系佛教ChineLanguageBuddhism藏语系佛教

TibetanLanguageBuddhism巴利语系佛教PaliLanguage

Buddhism大乘佛教MahayanaBuddhism上座部佛教Theravada

Buddhism金刚乘/密宗VajrayanaBuddhism(Lamaism)中国佛教

ChineBuddhism佛经Sutra经、律、论Sutras,Vinaya,Sastra大

藏经TripitakaSutra三宝(佛、法、僧)Triratna(Buddha,Dharma,

Sangha)“三宝”加被May“Triratna”bless法师

Master/Venerable长老Thero/Venerable大长老Mahathero/Most

Venerable方丈/主持Abbot

佛教宗派BuddhistSchool佛教仪式:Buddhist

Ceremony/BuddhistServicefor和平祈祷法会BuddhistPraying

CeremonyforWorldPeace礼佛payrespectforBuddha颂经Sutra

Chanting香炉Incenburner上香ToofferincentoBuddha因

果Cauandeffect成道/成佛ToobtaintheBuddha-hood觉悟To

getenlightenment三皈gototheBuddhaforrefuge,gotothe

Dharmaforrefuge,gototheSanghaforrefuge五戒

followthefivecommandmentsofBuddhism(nokilling,no

stealing,noxualmisconduct,nolying,nointoxicant)诸恶

莫做,众善奉行,自净其意,既是佛教

“Todonoevil,todoonlygood,topurifythewill,isthe

doctrineofallBuddhas”做功德tomakecontributionto普渡终

生tosavealllivingbeingsfromsufferings

四谛Fournobletruths八正道Eightnoblepaths

善哉Sadhu(goodorexcellent)佛教寺院Monastery/Buddhist

Temple山门TheFrontGate大雄宝殿TheMainShrineHall圆通殿

TheHallofUniversalUnderstanding祖师殿TheHallofPatriarch

观音殿TheHallofAvalokitesvaraBuddhisatva罗汉堂TheHallof

Arhan藏经阁TheTripitakaSutraPavilion斋堂MonasticDinning

Hall四大天王Fourdeva-kings,theprotectorsofBuddhism客堂

MonasticReception韦驮Vitasoka/Vigatasoka,theprotectorof

Buddhism佛像Buddhastatue四大名山Fourholymountainsof

ChineBuddhism弥勒佛MaitreyaBuddha五台山Wutai

MountainistheHolyPlaceofManjusriBuddhisattva峨嵋山Ermei

MountainistheHolyPlaceofMahasthamaBuddhisattva九华山

JiuhuaMountainistheholyplaceofKsitigarbhaBuddhisattva普

陀山PutuoMountainistheholyplaceofAvalokitesvara

Buddhisattva释迦牟尼佛ShakyamuniBuddha迦叶佛Kasyapa

Buddha药师佛BhaisajyaBuddha/medicineBuddha阿弥陀佛

AmitabaBuddha三世佛BuddhasofThreePeriods:Kasyapa

BuddhaofthepastShakyamuniBuddhaoftheprentMaitrya

Buddhaofthefuture观世音菩萨AvalokitesvaraBuddhisattva毗

庐舍那佛

VairocanaBuddha菩贤菩萨SamandhabatraBuddhisattva菩

Buddhisattva大势智菩萨MahasthamapraptaBuddhisattva文

殊菩萨

ManjusriBuddisattva

地藏菩萨ksitigahbaBuddhisattva善财童子Sudhana罗汉

Arhan西方三圣:阿弥陀佛、观音菩萨、大势至菩萨

AmitabaBuddhaAvalokitesvaraBuddhisattva

MahasthamapraptaBuddhisattva达摩Budhidharma摄摩腾

KasyapaMatanga竺法兰Gobharana/Dharmaraksa佛学院

BuddhistCollege僧伽Sangha僧、尼(比丘、比丘尼)monk、

nun(Bhiksu,Bhiksuni)方丈/主持Abbot首座Chiefmonk监院/当家

MonasticManger侍者Assistant中国佛教协会TheBuddhist

AssociationofChina中国佛学院TheBuddhistAcademyofChina

会长President副会长VicePresident秘书长SecretaryGeneral副

秘书长DeputySecretaryGeneral任持自性、轨生物解retainingits

ownnature,suchthatitcanberecognized正觉enlightenment等

觉/遍觉erfectenlightenment

圆觉或无上觉supremeorparamountenlingtenment我空

Emptiness缘起dependentorigination八正道theNobleEightfold

Path十二因缘thetwelve-linkedcausalformula因果律thecausal

principle究竟菩提心AbsoluteBodhiCitta修持六度(布施、持戒、

忍辱、精进、禅定及智慧波罗蜜)、万行,并救度一切众生脱离轮回苦

海的愿心。

轮回Samsara(藏文korwa):依因缘而存在的存在形式。众生因

为贪、瞋、痴(三毒或烦恼障)而流转于轮回,并承受轮回之苦。

僧、僧伽Sangha(藏文gendun):法道上的伴侣。或泛指法道上

的一切行者,或特指已开悟的圣僧。六波罗蜜(Six):布施、持戒、忍

辱、精进、禅定及智慧

轮回六道SixrealmsofSamsara(藏文rikdruk):由于不同的烦恼

或心识染污特质而受生于轮回的六种形态:天道:天人或天道众生具有

强烈的傲慢心,必须历经变易之苦:阿修罗道:具有强烈的嫉妒、猜疑

心,必须历经斗争之苦;人道:是六道中最幸运的,因为人道众生具有达

到证悟的最佳机会,虽然他们有生、老、病、死之苦:畜生道:由于强

烈的愚痴而受生,有深切的暗哑之苦:饿鬼道:由于强烈的悭吝而受生,

有极端的饥渴之苦:地狱道:由于强烈的填瞋归鬼恚心而受生,具有极

端的冷热之苦。

声闻Sravaka(藏文nyenth):指亲闻佛说法的弟子,或泛指修习

四圣义谛而证悟成道,已经完全了知无我的小乘修行者(阿罗汉)。

十圆满TenAstsorEndowments(梵文dasasampada,藏文

jorwachu):益于修持佛法的十种因素:生于人道、生于佛法盛传之

地、具有健全的心智、无极大恶业、对佛法有信心、值佛出世、值佛

传法、值法传世、有修行者与修行的自由及具善知识之慈悲教导。三

宝ThreeJewels(藏文konchoksum):佛宝、法宝及僧宝。

赤松德赞ThrisongDeutn(790~858A.D.):西藏国王,邀请伟

大的印度圣者及瑜伽士至西藏,并建立了西藏的第一座佛教寺庙「桑

耶林」(SamyeLing)。

三藏Tripitaka:佛教的法教通常分为三藏,经藏、律藏及论藏。

经藏,佛陀所说的经文;律藏,佛陀所制定的戒律;论藏,佛弟子所

造的论述,主体是现象的分析,是法教的阐释或论述传统。龙树

Nagauna化身Nirmanakaya又称为「应化身」,示现于世间,如释

迦牟尼佛于此世间之化现。

涅燊Nirvana(藏文nyangenlaydaypa):完全证悟时所达到

的境界。在文字用法上和轮回形成对比。莲花生大士

Padmasambhva(藏文GuruRinpoche):于第九世纪应邀至西藏,降

服邢秽及魔障,并建立宁玛派传承,为藏传佛教之祖师。

波罗蜜多Paramita(藏文pharoltuphyinpa):能超越轮回的

具德行为。大乘道所修持的种波罗蜜是:布施波罗蜜、持戒波罗蜜、

忍辱波罗蜜、精进波罗蜜、禅定波罗蜜、智慧波罗蜜。颇哇Phowa

(藏文):一种高深的密续法门,是关于在死亡时将意识投射到善道

的法门。

般若Prajna(藏文sherab):在梵文的意思是「圆满的知识」,

也可以表示智慧、理解或辨识能力。通常它是表示从比较高超的角度

(例如,非二元)来看事情的智慧。

世俗谛Relativetruth(藏文kundzop):和胜义谛(或译为圣

谛、真谛)合称为二谛。世俗谛是尚末开悟的世俗人对世界的看法,

亦即他们基于错误的自我信念而做的投射。

仪轨Sadhana(藏文druptap):密续修法的法本,详细地叙述

如何观修本尊的坛城及禅定。三摩地Samadhi(藏文tingngedzin):

又称为专一禅定,是禅修的最高形式。

止Samathaortranquilitymeditation(藏文Shinye):基本

的禅修方法。修「止」的时候,行者通常盘腿而生,专注于呼吸并观

察心的活动。

报身SambHogakaya又称为「法乐身」,示现给菩萨。

轮回Samsara(藏文korwa):依因缘而存在的存在形式,和涅乐

相反。众生因为贪、瞋、痴(三毒或烦恼障)而流转于轮回,并承受轮回

之苦。

僧或僧伽Sangha(藏文gendun):修行道上的伴侣。僧众可

能是法道上的一切修行者,或是已开悟的出家众。

经典Satra(藏文do):记录佛陀亲口所说的法,所集成小乘及

大乘典籍,有别于金刚乘的密续(tantra)法教及阐释佛陀之语的论

注(Sastras)。

经乘Satrayana:经乘的证悟方法包括小乘及大乘。

悉达Siddha(藏文grubthab):有成就的佛教修行者,即成就

者。悉地Siddhis(藏文ngodrub):佛教成就者的修行成就。

轮回六道SixRealmsofSamsara(藏文rikdruk):由于不同的烦

恼或心识染污特质而受生于轮回的六种形态:天道,天人或天道众生

具有强烈的傲慢心,必须历经变易之苦阿修罗道,具有强烈的嫉妒、

猜疑心,必须历经斗争之苦;人道,是六道中最幸运的,因为人道众生

具有达到证悟的最佳机会,虽然他们有生、老、病、死之苦畜生道,

由于强烈的愚痴而受生,有深切的暗哑之苦:饿鬼道,由于强烈的悭

吝而受生,有极端的饥渴之苦:地狱道,由于强烈的填瞋归鬼恚心而

受生,具有极端的冷热之苦。蕴Skandha(藏文pangpa):蕴的字

义为「积集」。色蕴、受蕴、想蕴、行蕴及识蕴等五蕴,是将物体的

存在转化为知觉的五种基本功能。

声闻Sravaka(藏文nyenth):指亲闻佛说法的弟子,或泛指修习

四圣义谛而证悟成道,已经完全了知无我的小乘修行者(阿罗汉)。

气脉SubtleChannels(藏文tsa):气脉指的是有气的能量或

「风」,《梵文「波若那」(Prana),藏文即「隆(Lung)」》,

循环于其中的微细管道,而不是解剖学上的脉。

空性Sunyata(藏文tongpanyi):佛陀在二转法轮时开示外在

现象、「我」或「自我」的观念没有真实的存在性,因此万法都是空

性的。

密续Tantra(藏文gyu):金刚乘法教及其典籍。

十圆满TenAstsorEndowments(梵文dasasampada,藏文

jorwachu):益于修持佛法的十种因素:生于人道、生于佛法盛传之

地、具有健全的心智、无极大恶业、对佛法有信心、值佛出世、值佛

传法、值法传世、有修行者与修行的自由及具善知识之慈悲教导。三

宝ThreeJewels(藏文konchoksum):佛宝、法宝及僧宝。

赤松德赞ThrisongDeutn(790~858A.D.):西藏国王,邀

请伟大的印度圣者及瑜伽士至西藏,并建立了西藏的第一座佛教寺庙

「桑耶林」(SamyeLing)。

佛陀所制定的戒律;论藏,佛弟子所造的论述,主体是现象的分

析,是法教的阐释或论述传统。不变的“我”恒常的我thelf-

samemanner此有故彼有,此无故彼无WheneverAisprent,B

isprent;WheneverAisabnt,ore,fromthe

arisingofA,Baris;fromthecessationofA,Bceas.明缘起,即

明佛法Onewhodiscernsdependentoriginationdiscernsthe

Dhamma一切众生,皆有佛性,有佛性者,皆得成佛

AlllivingbeingshaveBuddha-nature,everyonewiththe

Buddha-nuturemayattainBuddhahood.3佛教(Buddhism)

3.1中国的佛教BuddhisminChina佛教是中国最重要的宗教。

通常认为佛教是公元67年汉朝时期从新疆传到中原的。在其发展过程

中,对传统的中国文化和思想有着深远影响并成为当时中国最重要的

宗教之一。佛教在中国的发展大体上可以分为以下几个时期。

第一时期是汉朝,佛教刚传到中国。在这个时期,传译了很多佛

教经文,白马寺也是在这个时期建立的,标志着佛教教义在中国的第

一次传播。第二时期是在晋朝(265—420),南北朝(386—589)

时期,翻译、撰写了更多的佛教经文.从南北朝开始,中国佛教进入繁

盛时期。第三时期是隋朝(581—618)和唐朝(618—907)佛教在

中国迎来了鼎盛时期并取得前所未有的发展。隋朝帝王信奉佛教,唐

朝帝王虽然信奉道教,但对佛教采取了保护包容的政策。因此,在这

个时期,道教在中国取得了空前的发展。然而,在封建社会末期,由

于社会动荡,中国佛教发展得佷缓慢。中华人民共和国成立以后,实施

宗教信仰自由的政策,中国佛教进入新的发展时期。现在,佛教在中

国取得了巨大的发展,国际上的学术交流也扩大了。

generallybelievedthatitwasspreadtoChinain67ADduring

theHanDynasty(206BC-220)fromHotaninXinjiangtoCentral

itsdevelopmentinChina,ithasaprofound

influenceontraditionalChinecultureandthoughts,andhas

becomeoneofthemostimportantreligionsinChinaatthat

ral,thedevelopmentofBuddhisminChinacanbe

stperiodisBuddhismin

this

periodoftime,manyBuddhistscripturesweretranslatedand

teHorTemplewasbuiltduringthisperiod

oftimeanditsignifiesthefirsttimeofBuddhismdoctrines

ondperiodisinJin(265-420),Northern

andSouthernDynasties(386-589)whenmoreBuddhistscriptures

e

beginningofNorthernandSouthernDynasties,Chine

rdperiodisthe

Sui(581-618)andTang(618-907)DynastieswhenBuddhism

emperorsoftheSuiDynastybelievedinBuddhism,andthough

Tang'mperorsbelievedinTaoism,theyshowedaprotective

andtolerantattitudetowardthedevelopmentofotherreligions

isperiod,Buddhismgotarapidand

r,inthelateoffeudalsociety,

becauofthesocialunrest,ChineBuddhismwasslowin

hefoundingofPeople'sRepublicofChina

andtheimplementingofthepolicyoffreedominreligionbelief,

s

developinggreatlyandtheinternationalacademicexchangesare

expanded.3.2佛教的宗派SectsofBuddhism

由于传入的时间、途径、地区和民族文化、社会历史背影的不同,

中国佛教形成三大系,即汉传佛教(汉语系)、藏传佛教(藏语系)

和云南地区佛教(巴利语系)。

Threedifferentformsofthisreligionevolvedasitreached

thecentersofpopulationatvaryingtimesandbydifferent

ialandethnicbackgroundineachlocationalso

affectedthewayinwhicheachoftheformsdevelopedand

eventuallytheybecameknownasHan,TibetanandSouthern

Buddhism.3.2.1汉传佛教HanBuddhism传入中国汉族地区的佛教,

经过长期的经典传译、讲习、融化,与中国传统文化结合,从而形成

具有民族特点的各种学派和宗派;并外传朝鲜、日本和越南。

BuddhismwasintroducedintoChinatheHanareas,aftera

longclassicinterpretation,workshops,melting,andthe

combinationofChinetraditionalcultureD,whichformavariety

ofnationalcharacteristicsandctarianschools,andrumors

Korea,JapanandVietnam.佛教传入中国汉地年代,学术界尚无定论。

古代汉文史籍中,有秦始皇时沙门室利防等18人到中国的记载。据

《善见律毗婆沙》记述,在阿育王时代,曾派大德摩诃勒弃多至臾那

世界(原注:汉地);派末世摩至雪山边国。西藏多罗那他《印度佛

教史》称达摩阿育王时,高僧善见至大支那弘法。南璺佛教史书则称

派末世摩至支那。以上这些布教活动因无译述遗迹传世,无法证实。

BuddhismcametoChina'sHan,theacademiccommunity

tChinehistoricalrecords,there

areanti-QinLiwhenSalmonellaRoom18peopletoChinaand

ingtothe“lawofgood,eadjacentPosha”

account,intheeraofAsoka,Buddhismafterthethirdasmbled,

hadntuptoDadeMahaYuLeabandonthatworld(theoriginal

note:Han);nttothemountainsideofMountendoftheworld

betthathewas“HistoryofBuddhisminIndia,”

saidDharmaAshoka,theBuddhistmonk,eTaiShanShina

stschoolcalledtheSouthendoftheworld

issionaryactivitieshanded

downbecautherewasnotranslationoftheabovesitesthat

cannotbeconfirmed.汉建元二年至元朔三年(公元前139~前~

126),张骞出使西域期间,曾在大夏见到从鳊贩运去的蜀布、邛竹杖,

说明当时中印之间已有民间往来,可能佛教也随之传入汉地。汉武帝

还开辟了海上航道与印度东

海岸的黄支等地建立联系。近年考古发现,东汉时的四川彭山墓

葬中已有佛像,江苏连云港孔望山佛教摩崖刻像初步证实也属于东汉

时期。东汉明帝于永平八年(65)赐楚王英诏言其“尚浮屠之仁祠,

洁斋三月,与神为誓”,可见当时已有佛教传入。经典的传入,据传

始于汉元寿元年(公元前2年)大月氏王使伊存口授博士弟子景卢以

浮屠经(佛典),但究为何经,已失传无闻。历来均以永平年间(公

元58~75)遣使西域取回《四十二章经》为佛法传入中国之始。此说

是否为历史事实,近代颇有争议。因当时西域发生战乱,交通断绝,

至永平十六年才开放。因此,只能推定大概在公历纪元前后,佛教开

始传入汉族地区。传播的地区以长安、洛阳为中心,波及彭城(徐州)

等地。当时人们认为佛教同道教一样是一种神仙方术,故桓帝将黄帝、

老子和佛陀同祀,“诵黄老之微言,尚浮屠之仁祠”,把沙门视同方

士。佛教在皇室成员和贵族中受到尊崇。

HanJianyuanTwotoYuanshuoThreeyears(BC139~before

~126),ZhangQiantheHanDynastyduringthesummertoe

inalargetraffictogofrombreamShucloth,QiongZhuZhang,

indicatingthatChinaandIndiapeopleexchangeshasbeenmay

alsoopenedup

alanesandtheeastcoastofIndiaandotherplacestoestablish

ologicaldiscoveriesinrecentyears,theEastern

HanDynastytombinSichuanhavebeenstatuesPengshan,

Lianyungang,JiangsuLookoutMountainBuddhistcliffcarved

holesinitiallyconfirmedasbelongtotheEasternHan

ngHanEmperorMingineight(65)giveChuwang

YingChaomadethe“BuddhaofthekernelisstillTemple,Jie

ZhaiMarch,sweartoGod,”Buddhismhasbeenenatthe

roductionoftheclassic,reportedlybeganinthefirst

yearoflifeofChineyuan(2BC)TaiyueShi,dictate

IraqdiscipleskepttheBuddhabyKingLu(Buddhist),butwhy

studyclassics,areYongpingperiod(AD

58~75)Westernemissaryback“四十二章经”asthebeginning

ritisahistoricalfactstill

timeWesternwarcut

ore,

theonlypresumptionabouttheerabeforeandafterthe

Gregoriancalendar,BuddhismbegantospreadintotheHan

issionareasfromChang'anandLuoyangasthe

center,spreadtoPengcheng(Xuzhou)sm,

Taoismwasthoughtthatthesametechniqueasafairyparty,it

willbetheYellowEmperorHuan,IworshiptheBuddhawith

“chantingfairedissatisfied,stillthekernelBuddhaTemple”,the

sminroyaltyandnobility

smduringtheHanDynastywasregardedas

havingitsbasisinmagicinmuchthesamewayasTaoismandit

first

tookrootamongmembersoftheroyalfamilyandaristocracy.

晋朝时期,佛教在平民中广受欢迎。在公元401年,鸠摩罗什从月门

关附近的西域地区来到长安,和3000名学士一起翻译了74佛经。很

显然,这是佛教在中国的传播史上的重大事件。在这个时期,另一个

新的类,学者型官僚。他们汇集了既定的,流行的形而上学和佛教教

义。在中国北方有不少,而在南方许多文人官僚们被誉为佛教精通者。

王室家庭授予佛教僧侣和尼姑相当大的权限。到1768年寺庙如雨后春

笋般出现,并增加许多僧尼。

TheJinDynastywitnesdthepopularizationamong

401KumarajivawasinvitedtoChang'anfrom

theWesternRegionthatlaytothewesttoYumenguanPassand

togetherwith3,sly,this

theJinDynastyanewclasmerged;thatofthescholar-

oughttogethertheestablished,popular

orthofChinathere

werequiteafewreputedmonkswhileinthesouthmanyscholar-

alfamilieswere

passionatetowardBuddhismandgrantedmonksandnuns

beroftemplesmushroomedto

1768andwiththemasmanyas24,

weretobecomeanewclassinChinaandBuddhismtookafirm

holdonthecountry.在南北朝,佛教继续蓬勃发展。现在著名的龙门

石窟,云冈石窟建造于此期间。最重要的事件是时达摩来到中国。他

到广州,然后又到南京在那里他与梁武帝进行讨论。他们没有达成一

致,所以带着问题的达摩来到少林寺。

BuddhismcontinuedtoflourishduringtheNorthernand

famousLongmenGrottoesand

t

arrivedinGuangzhouandthenwentontoNanjingwherehe

enteredintodiscussionwithEmperorWuofLianginthe

iledtoagreeovermattersofdoctrine

harma

wasthefirstPatriarchofZenBuddhism,theformationofwhich

localizedctofBuddhismhadaprofoundrepercussionon

Chinephilosophyandculture.隋唐期间,佛教在中国的发展达到

了顶峰。唐代皇帝自称他们是老子—道教创始人的后代和参拜者,但

在实践中他们认识到佛教的重要性。成立了一个翻译机构,在长安

(今西安)首都城市,大雁塔佛经。玄奘是此时最知名的和尚,他的

旅程是印度,为明代小说西游记(也被称为孙悟空)模型。

BuddhismreacheditszenithduringtheSuiandTang

rWenofSuiorderedtherestorationoftemples

andstatuesofBuddhathathadbeendestroyedduringNorthern

perorsclaimedtheyweredescendentsofLaoZi,

thecreatorofTaoismandpaidhomagetoTaoismbutinpractice

itutewast

uptotranslateBuddhistsutrasintheBigWildGooPagodain

thecapitalcityofChang'an(today'sXian).XuanZangwasthe

mostreputedmonkatthistime,anditwashisjourneytoIndia

thatwasthemodelfortheMingnovelTheJourneytothe

West(alsoknownastheMonkeyKing).慧能(638-713),是佛教

禅宗六祖,不应被忽略。他著名的诗句,“菩提本无树,明镜亦非台,

本来无一物,何处惹尘埃。”这句话被翻译为:“完美的智慧之树本

来没有树,也没有光明的一面镜子,任何信佛者永远是清净的,哪里

沾染灰尘?”这些已成为流行的诗句,帮人们进入心灵的禅想。在公

元730年,慧能的弟子赢了与其他教派的辩论。此后,禅宗被介绍给

韩国。HuiNeng(638-713),thesixthPatriarchofZenBuddhism,

ousvers,“Originallytherewas

noBodhi-tree,rorwas

originallycleanandpure;wherecanitbestainedbydust?”

Thewordshaveotherwibeentranslatedas:“TheTreeof

thebrightmirror

sthere

anydust?”Thelineshavebecomethefirstthingtopopinto

730HuiNeng'sdisciples

wondebateswithotherctsandZenwasstrengthenedin

introducedtoKoreainthe8thCenturyandto

Japanattheendofthe12thCentury.佛教深入日常生活,并在建筑,

雕塑,绘画,音乐和文学产生重大影响。不过,在845由于社会和经

济原因,佛教是禁止的。4600座庙宇被拆除,500僧侣和尼姑被迫放

弃他们的宗教。佛教与儒学的结合导致了宋代唯心主义哲学和明时期

儒家学派的形成。这种传统继承了清代与汉传佛教禅宗成为代名词。

Buddhismpenetrateddailylifeandhadasubstantialimpact

inarchitecture,sculpture,painting,r,

Buddhismwasforbiddenin845duetosocialandeconomical

4600templesweredemolishedand260,500monks

bination

ofBuddhismandConfucianismledtotheformationofLiXue,

theConfucianschoolofidealistphilosophyoftheSongandMing

aditionwas

inheritedbytheQingDynastyandZenbecamesynonymous

withHanBuddhism.3.2.2南传佛教SouthernBuddhism西双版纳

傣族自治州,云南省信奉南传佛教。据记载,7世纪中叶,巴利语系佛

教通过缅甸传入云南,但只持续了四个世纪。没有庙宇的建造和口头

上的佛经被流传下来。南传佛教僧人在11世纪的战争逃去。

DaipeopleinXishuangbannaPrefecture,YunnanProvince

ingtorecords,Pali

BuddhismwasintroducedtoYunnaninthemiddleof7thcentury

leswerebuilt

,SouthernBuddhism

fadedandmonksfledduringthewararoundthe11th

stingSouthernBuddhismenteredYunnanfrom

BurmaandThailandafterthewars.1277年书面傣语的创建和贝叶

经出现了。在明代,缅甸公主被送往云南,嫁给了一个傣族地区统治

者。大量的佛教寺庙建于景洪。这些都有助于普及老百姓南传佛教。

凭借其宗教和政治相结合,南传佛教,吸收本地的文化,具有灵活的

教义。和尚可以吃肉,可以还俗。妇女不出家。

In1277awrittenDailanguagewascreatedandthePattra

ingDynastyaBurmeprincesswas

marriedtoalocalrulerinDaiareaandBurmemonkswerent

quantityofBuddhisttempleswerebuiltin

helpedtopopularizeSouthernBuddhism

scombinationofreligionand

politics,SouthernBuddhism,absorbingTaiculture,hasflexible

onot

becomenunsfortodosowouldbreaktheirancestralline.一般来

说,佛教是傣族人民之间的单一的宗教,并比他们的日常生活,像雕

塑,绘画,民间传说文化的综合影响还大。年轻的男孩必须去寺庙和

学习知识,直到他们长大成人。有些则是在寺庙做人,而从未还俗。

从某种意义上说,僧侣承担传授民族文化的作用。

Generally,BuddhismisthesinglereligionamongDaipeople

andhasacomprehensiveinfluenceovertheirdailylifeand

culturelikesculpture,oysmustgo

tothetemplesandlearnknowledgeuntiltheybecome

maininthetemplesandbecomemonkswhile

,monksassumetheroleof

impartingethnicculture3.2.3藏传佛教TibetanBuddhism

藏传佛教,也叫'喇嘛教',开始于7世纪中叶。当时,国王松赞干

布与尼泊尔公主Chizun和文成公主结婚了。受这两个佛教的公主,他

皈依佛教,建大昭寺和小昭寺寺(小赵硅)。在8世纪中叶,佛教经

印度传入西藏。藏传佛教完全形成于10世纪末。进化后在西藏,藏传

佛教与政治独特结合。

TibetanBuddhism,alsocalled'Lamaism',startedinthe

time,KingSongtnGampo

marriedNepalePrincessChizunandPrincessWenchengfrom

Chang'an(currentlyXian).InfluencedbythetwoBuddhist

princess,hecovertedtoBuddhismandbuiltJokhangTemple

andRamocheMonastery(XiaoZhaoSi).Inthemiddleof8th

century,n

centuriesofdevelopmentinTibet,auniquecombinationof

UnfoldingFestival,DrepungMonastery目前,藏传佛教可分为四

个教派:宁玛派,噶举派,格鲁派,萨迦。MajorSectsofTibetan

BuddhismPrentTibetanBuddhismcanbedividedintofour

cts:Nyingmapa,Kagyupa,Gelugpa,andSakyapa.宁玛在藏语中

思是'老'。宁玛派是藏传佛教中最古老的教派。它也被称为'红教',因

为在这个教派僧人和尚总是穿红色的帽子。噶举派创造于11世纪中叶,

它是藏传佛教中有名的分支机构。它被称为“白教”是由于这个教派

僧侣穿白色长袍,他们的寺庙都被漆成白色。在14世纪,宗喀巴创建

的格鲁派鼓励僧侣过着简朴的生活和无私的精神。这个教派僧人戴黄

色帽子,所以被称为“黄教”。在西藏,萨迦意思是“丰富多彩”。

萨迦教派的寺院都被漆成红色,白色和黑色的条纹,象征着文殊菩萨,

观音和金刚,因此它被称为“丰富多彩的节”。

Nyingmapameans'old'apaistheoldest

socalled'Redct'becau

yupact

wascreatedinthemiddleof11thcentury,anditisfamousfor

lled'white

ct'becaumonksbelongingtothisctwearwhiterobesand

14thcentury,TsongKhapa

ctencouragesmonkstolivean

fthisctwearyellowhats,so

itiscalled'yellowct'.InTibetan,sakyapameans

'colorful'.TemplesoftheSakyapactarepaintedinred,white

andblackstripes,symbolizingManjusriBodhisattva,

AvalokitesvaraandVajradhara,soitiscalledthe“colorfulct”.

有许多藏传佛教寺院在中国,这是值得一游,体验地道的藏传佛教文

化。著名的藏传佛教寺院包括:哲蚌寺,甘丹寺,拉卜楞寺寺,萨迦

寺,色拉寺,扎什伦布寺和塔尔寺。

TherearemanyTibetanBuddhistmonasteriesinChina,

whichareworthvisitingtoexperienceauthenticTibetan

TibetanBuddhistmonasteriesinclude:

DrepungMonastery,GandenMonastery,LabrangMonastery,

SakyaMonastery,SeraMonastery,Ta'erMonasteryand

TashilhunpoMonastery.3.3佛教对中国人生活的影响力

InfluenceofBuddhismovertheLifeofChine

在其悠久的历史,佛教对中华文明留下了不可磨灭的影响。许多

单词和短语,起源于佛教。就以一口语短语,”临时抱佛脚”的意思是”

最后一分钟作出的努力”。这在一定意义上揭示了中国对信仰的功利

性态度。许多人磕头、在寺庙烧香是因为他们遇到了困难。佛教和禅

宗文学的痕迹是显而易见的。不少像唐时期著名诗人白居易的居士,

但这并不妨碍他们一定程度上的自我放纵。正如今天的白领阶层去酒

吧,唐朝学者去餐厅喝酒,调情。在今天的中国,佛教寺庙,佛教石

窟及石窟和佛教圣山,特别是在国家或省级历史文化名城列出的,已

成为旅游热点。

Overitslonghistory,Buddhismhasleftanindelibleimpact

rdsandphrashaverootina

olloquialphraasanexample,'tohold

thefootofBuddhaatthemoment“means”tomakealast

minuteeffort“.Thisrevealsinanthetrueattitudeofthe

ople

kowtowtowhatevergodstheyencounterandwillburnincen

raturetracesofBuddhismandZenare

fewfamouspoetsinTangDynastylikeBaiJuyi

werelayBuddhistsbutthisdidnotpreventthemfromindulging

today'swhitecollarclassgo

tobars,theTangscholarswenttorestaurantstodrinkandflirt

y'sChina,Buddhisttemples,Buddhist

cavesandgrottoesandBuddhistHolyMountains,especiallythe

oneslistedinthenationalorprovincialhistoricalandcultural

relics,tuncommon

fortheincomeofatempleto

covertheexpensofawholecountyordistrict.4佛教核心观

CoreBeliefsInBuddhism

1.佛教创立于约公元前6—5世纪的印度。

BuddhismwasfoundedinIndiaaroundthe6thto5th

centuryB.C.2.据说佛教创始人为释迦牟尼。

ItissaidthatthefounderofBuddhismwas

Sakyamuni.3.大约在2世纪,大乘佛教传人汉人居住的中原地区。

Aboutthe2thcentury,MahayanaBuddhismentered

CentralChina,inhabitedbytheHannationality.

4.“三宝”即“佛”、“法”、“僧”。

TheThreePreciousTreasuresincludetheBuddha,the

Dharma(Law0rWay)andtheSangha(theMonasticOrder).

5.佛教在中国一直与儒学、道教共存。

Buddhismhasalwaysco-existedwithConfucianismand

Daoism.6.佛像和菩萨雕塑供奉在寺院里,让人们拜祭。

BuddhismhasandBodhisattvastatueshavebeenplacedfor

worshipinmonasteries.7.直到现在,小乘佛教仍然流行于傣族地

区。

Uptotheprenttime.HinayanaBuddhism(Lesr

Vehicle)isstillprevalentasintheregionsinhabitedbyDai

nationality.

8.传统之间相互共存促进了有中国特色的宗教的形成。

Theirmutualco-existenceofthetraditionhasproduceda

religionwithdistinctChinecharacteristics.

9.同一个寺院里除释迦牟尼以外,还供奉了许多其他佛像和菩萨

雕塑。

InadditiontoSakyamuni,manyotherBuddhismhasand

Boddhisattvasstatueshavebeenplacedinthesamemonasteries

10.佛教在中国传播时,僧人把“道场”中国化,为不同的菩萨安排

了不同的“道场”。

AsBuddhismspreadthroughoutChina,Buddhistmonks

addedChinecharacteristicstotheDaochangandaccordingly

placeddifferentBuddhasinthedifferentDaochangin

China.11.四个主要宗派为天台宗、华严宗、净土宗和禅宗,这四

个宗派都形成于公元581年到755年之间。这些宗派在中国和日本有

相当大的影响。

Thefourmajorcts(Tiantai,Huayan,Jingtuand

Chan)appearedbetween581and755A.D.,andtheyhad

considerableinfluenceinbothChinaandJapan.

12.“八正道”为“正见”、“正思维”、“正语”、“正业”、

“正命”、“正勤”、“正念”、“正定”。

Thiight-foldpathconsistsofrightknowledge,right

thought,rightspeech,rightbehavior,fightlivelihood,fight

effort,rightmindfulnessandrightconcentration.13.修“八

正道”的佛法修行人渴望实现“涅磐”。“涅椠”超越了死亡和诸种

烦恼,脱离了生死的轮回,进人到安静、自在、无为的快乐境界中。

Byfollowingtheeight-foldpath,Buddhistfollowersaimto

attainNirvana,aconditionofeternalandtranquilblissthatis

beyondthelimitsofdeath,rebirth,thoughtsand

feelings.14.释迦牟尼是一位王子。他年轻时,痛感人世间遭受的

贫穷、苦难、疾病、死亡。29岁时他毅然舍弃物欲世界,出家修行。.

Sakyamuniwasaprince.Whenhewasyoung,hesadlysaw

thatpeoplesufferedinpoverty,pain,sicknessand

death.Aroundtheageof29,theprincemadehisbreakfrom

thematerialworldandplungedoffinarchof

enlightenment.15.传说,释迦牟尼来到一棵菩提树下,静坐苦思,

后来觉悟成佛。

Asthestorygoes,Sakyamunicametoafigtree.Hesat

beneathitandthenheslippedintodeepmeditation.Afterwards

heachievedenlightenmentandbecameBuddha.

16.“四谛”即苦、集、灭、道。

Thefournobletruths:lifeissuffering,thecauof

sufferingisdesire,theansweristoquenchdesire,andthewayto

thindistofollowtheeight-foldpath.

17.大乘佛教认为,每个人与一切众生都有着同体的联系,佛祖

不会入涅檗而抛弃众生,相反,他会继续普度众生。

MahayanaBuddhism(GreaterVehicle)holdsthatthefateof

anindividualislinkedtothefateofallothers.TheBuddha

doesn'tfloatoffintohisownNirvana,leavingotherpeople

inuestoexudespiritual、helptothoe—king

Nirvana.18.小乘佛教认为,涅桀之路是个人的追求。凡要证得涅

椠者,必须自己走自己的路。

Hinayana(LesrVehicle)holdsthatthepathtoNirvanaisan

individualpursuit.PeoplewhoekNirvanamusttreaditspath

ontheirown.

19.天台宗为中国佛教最早的宗派,创始人为中国隋代的智颤。

他以《妙法莲华经》为基本依据,将其他佛教经典分为“五时八教”,

提倡禅定和佛教义理双修。

TiantaiwastheearliestctofChineBuddhism.Itwas

foundedbyZhiyiduringtheSuiDynasty.ZhiyitooktheLotus

Sutraashisbasis;heclassifiedtheotherBuddhistsutrasinto

fiveperiodsandeighttypesofteachingsandhealsoemphasized

bothmeditationpracticeandscripturalstudy.

20.华严宗出现于公元7世纪,创始人为唐朝的法藏。此宗在公

元7世纪后期传入朝鲜,公元725年到740年之间传人日本。

HuayanSectwastablishedinthe7thcenturybyaChine

monk,FaZang,oftheTangDynasty.ThisctreachedKorea

inthelate7thcentury,andJapanbetween725and740.21.禅

宗是佛教的一个宗派。梵文“dhyana”的汉语音译为“禅那”,意思

是“静虑”。相传印度的菩提达摩创建了此宗禅法,中国人称他为

“达摩”。此宗重视禅定,认为人人心里都有佛性。

ChanBuddhismisactofMahayana

Buddhism.The“Channa”isatransliterationoftheSanskrit

term“dhyana”.whichmeans“meditation”.Itissaidthatthe

founderoftheChanBuddhismwasBodhidharmawhowas

knowntotheChineasDaMo.Thisctemphasizes

meditation,itholds

thattheuniversal“Buddha,nature”isimmanentwithin

ourlves.

22.净土宗以描述西方净土的印度佛教经典为基础,凡是一心专

念阿弥陀佛的修行者和认为传统佛教的清规戒律太繁琐的居士,都可

以专修此法。

JingtuBuddhismisbaduponanumberofIndianBuddhist

textsdescribingapurelandtothewest.Especiallyitisdesigned

fortho,whodevoutlychantthenameofAmitabhaandfor

laypersonswhofindtraditionalBuddhistmoralrulesand

meditationdisciplinetoostrict.23.藏族人信仰佛教。藏传佛教

俗称“喇嘛教”。在公元7世纪吐蕃国王松赞干布统治时期,佛教传

人西藏。公元14世纪末,藏传佛教有了不同的宗派,其中包括红教、

白教和黄教。

TheTibetanpeoplebelieveinBuddhism.Itiscalled

Lamaism.ItspreadintoTibetduringthereignofTuboKing

SongtsanGambointhe7thcentury.Bytheendofthe14th

century,theTibetanBuddhismhadavarietyofcts,including

theRedSect,theWhiteSectandtheYellowSect.

24.公元前65年,佛教传播到中国。传播者为两个印度僧人,他

们受汉明帝邀请,来中国建立寺庙。刚开始,由于主流传统文化的原

因,佛教在中国并没有什么影响。

BuddhismwasfirstintroducedtoChinaabout65B.C.by

twoIndianmonkswhohadbeeninvitedbyEmperorMingofthe

HanDynastytoestablishamonasteryinChina.Inthebeginning,

BuddhismdidnothavemuchinfluenceinChinaduetothe

prevailingtraditionalChineculture.25.在早期,佛教术语、思

想,以及佛教的艺术形式必须中国本土化。初期的一种办法是用道家

术语,其优点是让人听起来熟悉。

Attheearlystage,Buddhistwordandideas,aswellasits

artisticforms,hadtobetranslatedintoChineterms.Oneearly

solutionwastoemployDaoistterminology,andthishadthe

advantageofsoundingfamiliar.

26.普贤的坐骑是白象,“普贤”之意即为德行无边无量。普贤

是释迦牟尼的肋侍之一,有些寺庙把释迦牟尼、文殊、普贤同祀于大

雄宝殿。

Puxian(Samantabhadra)symboHzesinfinitevirtueandis

reprentedridingawhiteelephant.“Puxian”isconsideredto

beoneofSakvamuni’scloassistants.Insomemonasteries,

thestatuesofSakyamuni.WenshuandPuxianstatuesare

placedintheGrandBuddhaHall.27.阿弥陀佛又名接引佛,他随

释迦牟尼得道成佛。接引佛为西方极乐世界的教主,能接引众生,往

生西方净土。

AmitabhaisalsocalledJieyinBuddha.Alongwith

Sakvamuni.heattainedthestateofBuddha-hoodthroughhis

perfectenlightenment.AmitabhatakeschargeoftheBuddhist

WesternParadi.andhisworkistousherntientbeingsinto

theparadiwhentheypassaway.28.弥勒佛通常供在寺庙的第

一重殿。佛教传人中国后,弥勒佛迅速“中国化”,在民间广受崇拜。

ThestatueofMaitreyaisusuallyplacedinthefirstmainhall

ofamonastery.WhenBuddhismenteredChina.Maitreya

quicklytookonChinecharacteristicsandbecamepopular

amongthepeople.

29.观音有三十三种化身,如千手相、十一面相、四十八臂相。

观音有大慈大悲、救苦救难菩萨之号,他的法力广大,因中国古典文

学名著《西游记》而家喻户晓。

Guanyinhas33variousimages.includinganimagewith

1000hands,animagewith11faces.andanimagewith48

arms.GuanyinrvesastheBodhisattvaofperfectcompassion

andkindness,helpingtheneedyandrelievingthe

distresd.HisinfiniteBuddhistpowerisknowninevery

houholdduetothepopularityofthefamousChineliterary

classic,ThePilgrimagetotheWest.

30.根据佛教经典,文殊菩萨是转轮圣王的第三太子。相传佛教

传人中国后,他在五台山显相。文殊手持宝剑,表示法力广大、智慧

超凡.AccordingtotheBuddhistclassics.Wenshuwasthethird

sonoftheHolyKinginchargeofreincarnations.Legendhasit

thatasBuddhistnteredChina,Wenshuappearedon

Mt.Wutai.Wenshuholdsaswordthatsymbolizeshisinfinite

Buddhistpowerandperfectwisdom.31.根据佛教经典,地藏受

释迦牟尼的委托,立下宏愿,在佛祖寂灭后、弥勒佛未降生前,尽度

六道众生,拯救诸苦。皆如愿,遂成佛,称其为地藏。

AccordingtotheBuddhistclassics,duringtheperiodfrom

theNirvanaofSakyamunitotheadventofMaitreya,Dizang

BodhisattvavowedtosaveallbeingsfromsufferingintheSix

Paths.HevowsnottoachieveBuddhahooduntilallthe

Hellsareempty,andisthusthereforereferredastheKingofHell.

32.四大天王被称为“四大金刚”,源于印度佛教传说。这四大

金刚能够驱逐邪魔,护持众佛祖,保天下风凋雨顺,故多塑于寺院的

第一重殿。

TheFourHeavenlyKingsaredepictedastheFourWarrior

Attendants(Vajras).TheiroriginstemsfromanIndianBuddhism

legend,andthekingsareabletodriveouteviland

monsters.protectBuddhas,andassurefavorableconditions

forthegrowthofcropachyear.Therefore,theirimagesare

usuallyplacedinthefirstmainhallofaBuddhist

monastery.33.根据佛教经典,十六罗汉是释迦牟尼的弟子。受佛

祖嘱托,他们不入涅槃,长住人间,受世人供养而为众生造福。

AccordingtoBuddhistclassics,Sakyamuni'sdisciplesare

sixteenArhats.TheyareinstructedbytheBuddhanottoascend

intotheBuddhistWesternParadi,andinsteadtheyareasked

toresideintheworld,thehumanbeingstakecareofthem,and

inreturntheArhatsbringbenefittohumanbeings.

34.十六罗汉的传说受到了汉族佛教徒对于罗汉的崇敬,他们将

罗汉的人数和法力“扩大化”,于是有了“五百罗汉”之说。

ThelegendpftheSixteenArhatsgaveritotheesteemfor

theArhatsfronBuddhistfollowersintheregionsinhabitedbythe

Hannationality.Inaddition,thefollowersincreadtheArhat

numbersandmagnifiedtheirBuddhistpower,thusbringforth

thesayingaboutthe500Arhats.

35.四圣谛,八正道和五戒。

TheprinciplesofBuddhistphilosophy(TheCoreBeliefsin

Buddhism)inpracticeare:TheFourNobleTruths,theNoble

EightfoldPathandTheFivePrecepts....四个基本观点(四圣谛)

THEFOURNOBLETRUTHS第一:任何人都会有不满意和苦难,能

正确应对就是圣贤。

TheFirstNobleTruthUnsatisfactorinessandsufferingexist

andareuniversallyexperienced.第二:无理的欲望和依赖是不满意和

受苦的原因。TheSecondNobleTruthDesireandattachmentare

thecausofunsatisfactorinessandsuffering.第三:有办法消除不

满意和受苦。TheThirdNobleTruthThereisanendto

unsatisfactorinessandsuffering.第四:坚持如下八个规则就能消除

不满意和受苦。TheFourthNobleTruthTheendcanbeattained

byjourneyingontheNobleEightfoldPath.46.八正道(八个规

则)NOBLEEIGHTFOLDPATH1).坚持正确的观点理念。

不要歪曲妄想事理和规律。如衣服为御寒,整洁即可,非有它能;

性交为生育,非有它获。富贵来自勤劳无害敬人,非争抢、非害人、

非搞迷信所得。

1).RightView/Understanding(UnderstandingtheFourNoble

Truths)Practicelf-lessconductthatreflectsthehighest

sconductthatis

peaceful,honestandpureshowingcompassionforallbeings.5).

坚持正当的职业。

不以非法伤害它人或生命而谋生,要从事养护和服务于他人的工

作。如,不加入黑社会等犯罪组织,不聚众赌博,不参加卖淫、卖毒

品行业,不非法渔猎等等。

5).RightLivelihoodEarnalivingthatdoesnotharmliving

nceofworkthatcaussufferingtoothersorthat

makesadecent,ngageinany

d

rveourworldthroughyourwork.6).坚持正确的努力。

在努力达到为善断恶的目标过程中,适度正常而为。相信不可能

在短时间内就会取得很大成绩。如:在断恶时,会有反复;在行善时,

会有怀疑,都属正常。不必气馁,不断努力,总会成功。

6).RightEffortSeektomakethebalancebetweenthe

exertionoffollowingthespiritualpathandamoderatelifethat

developmorewholesomemind

states,whilegentlystrivingtogodeeperandlivemorefully.7).坚

持内省检讨。

每日内省,要保持自己的感受、情绪、想法、话语、做事等宜善

他人而不损害他人。这样才能获得好生活。因为宜善生福、损害得祸、

自己的思想观点言行表情制造了自己生活中的一切。

7).RightMindfulnessBecomeintenlyawareofallthestates

inbody,feeling,hconstantvigilanceinthought,

speechandactionektoridthemindoflf-centeredthoughts

thatparateandreplacethemwiththothatbindallbeings

eofyourthoughts,emotions,bodyandworld

oughtscreateyour

reality.8).坚持不断学习思考圣贤文、劝善书、心理学、哲学等,不断

提高敬顺无害勤劳有益的能力,努力做到纯善无恶。

8).RightConcentrationDeepmeditationtoleadtoahigher

stateofconsciousness(enlightenment).Throughtheapplication

ofmeditationandmentaldisciplineektoextinguishthelast

flameofgraspingconsciousnessanddevelopanemptinessthat

hasroomtoembraceandloveallthings.47.五戒THEFIVE

PRECEPTS(五种对自己的大害)

五戒是佛教信徒的基本道德准则。五戒是自愿执行的,而不是来

自神的诫命。

从本质上讲,这些戒律能促进与人和谐,减少自己与他人之间的

痛苦灾难冲突等。最基础性的道德原则就是:不害和有益。

TheFivePreceptsarebasicethicalguidelinesforthe

eundertakenvoluntarily,rather

ially,theprecepts

promoteharmonyandreducesufferingbetweenourlvesand

erpinningmoralcodehastwoqualities:

compassionandlovingkindness,whichareudastheguiding

principlesinlife.五戒:

1).我保证不生气、不伤害人。Iundertaketheprecepttorefrain

fromdestroyinglivingcreatures.2).我保证不沾他人便宜,更不会偷

盗。Iundertaketheprecepttorefrainfromtakingthatwhichis

notgiven.3).我保证不乱淫、不过淫。Iundertakethepreceptto

refrainfromxualmisconduct.4).我保证不自赞,不毁他、不胡说、

不告状。Iundertaketheprecepttorefrainfromincorrect

speech.5).我保证不沾毒品,不沾醉酒、不沾迷信歪理邪说。I

undertaketheprecepttorefrainfromintoxicatants.48.因果报应

Karma因果报应是说有因必有果,也就是说,我们的一切行为都有结

果。

Karmaisthelawthateverycauhasaneffect,i.e.,our

actionshaveresults.49.智慧Wisdom真正的智慧不只是相信教义而

是实践和了悟真相。

Truewisdomdoesnotsimplybelievewhatwearetoldbut

insteadexperiencingandunderstandingtruth.50.慈悲

Compassion

慈悲心的特质包括的愿与别人分享、随时愿意给人安乐、有同情

心、关心别人以及照顾别人。Compassionincludesqualitiesof

sharing,readinesstogivecomfort,sympathy,concern,and

caring.5佛教经文典籍汉英对照5.1《心经》

《般若波罗蜜多心经》

TheHeartofPrajnaParamitaSutra观自在菩萨行甚深般若波罗

蜜多时,照见五蕴皆空,度一切苦厄。舍利子,色不异空,空不异色,

色即是空,空即是色。受想行识,亦复如是。舍利子,是诸法空相,

不生不灭、不垢不净、不增不减。是故空中无色,无受想行识;无眼

耳鼻舌身意,无色声香味触法,无眼界乃至无意识界;无无明、亦无

无明尽,乃至无老死,亦无老死尽;无苦集灭道,无智亦无得,以无

所得故,菩提萨埵,依般若波罗蜜多故,心无挂碍。无挂碍故无有恐

怖。远离颠倒梦想,究竟涅槃。三世诸佛,依般若波罗蜜多故,得阿

耨多罗三藐三菩提,故知般若波罗蜜多,是大神咒,是大明咒,是无

上咒,是无等等咒,能除一切苦,真实不虚,故说咒曰:揭谛揭谛,

波罗揭谛,波罗僧揭谛,菩提萨婆诃。

WhenBodhisattvaAvalokiteshvarawaspracticingthe

profoundPrajnaParamita,heilluminatedtheFiveSkandhasand

sawthattheyareallempty,andhecrosdbeyondallsuffering

utra,formdoesnotdifferfrom

emptiness;lfis

emptiness;refeeling,cognition,

formation,utra,allDharmasareempty

enotproduced,notdestroyed,not

defiled,notpure;andtheyneitherincreanor

ore,inemptinessthereisnoform,feeling,

cognition,formation,orconsciousness;noeyes,ears,no,

tongue,body,ormind;nosights,sounds,smells,tastes,objects

oftouch,orDharmas;nofieldoftheeyesuptoandincludingno

fieldofmindconsciousness;andnoignoranceorendingof

ignorance,uptoandincludingnooldageanddeathorending

snosuffering,noaccumulating,no

extinction,andnoWay,andnounderstandingandno

attaining.31

Becaunothingisattained,theBodhisattvathrough

e

thereisnoimpediment,heisnotafraid,andheleavesdistorted

telyNirvana!AllBuddhasofthe

threeperiodsoftimeattainAnuttara-samyak-sambodhithrough

oreknowthatPrajnaParamita

isaGreatSpiritualMantra,aGreatBrightMantra,aSupreme

Mantra,emoveallsuffering;itis

whytheMantraofPrajnaParamita

itlikethis:GatéGatéParagaté

Parasamgaté.BodhiSvaha!EndofTheHeartofPrajnaParamita

Sutra.5.2《盂兰盆经》

佛说《盂兰盆经》

TheBuddhaSpeaks:TheUllambanaSutra

闻如是。一时佛在舍卫国祇树给孤独园。

ThusIhaveheard,atonetime,theBuddhadweltat

ShravarstiintheGardenoftheBenefactorofOrphansandthe

Solitary.大目犍连,始得六通。欲度父母,报乳哺之恩。

Mahamaudgalyayanahadjustobtainedthesixpenetrations

andwishedtocrossoverhisfatherandmothertorepaytheir

kindnessforraisinghim.即以道眼,观视世间,见其亡母生饿鬼中,

不见饮食,皮骨连立。目连悲哀,即以钵盛饭,往饷其母。母得钵饭,

便以左手障钵,右手抟食。食未入口,化成火炭,遂不得食。

Thus,usinghiswayeye,heregardedtheworldandsawthat

hisdeceadmotherhadbeenbornamongthehungryghosts,

havingneitherfoodnordrink,shewasbutskinand

galayanafeltdeeppityandsadness,filledabowl

thebowl,

screeneditwithherlefthand,andwithherrighthandmadea

,beforeitenteredhermouth,itturnedinto

burningcoalswhichcouldnotbeeaten.目连大叫,悲号涕泣,驰

还白佛,具陈如此。

Mahamaudgalyayanacalledoutandweptsorrowfully,and

hastenedtoreturntotheBuddhato

tforthallofthis.佛言:汝母罪根深结,非汝一人力所奈何。汝

虽孝顺,声动天地。天神、地祇、邪魔、外道道士、四天王神,亦不

能奈何。当须十方众僧威神之力,乃得解脱。

TheBuddhasaid,“yourmother'soffensaredeepand

gh

yourfilialsoundsmoveheavenandearth,theheavenspirits,the

earthspirits,twisteddemons,andthooutsidetheway,

Brahmans,andthefourheavenlykinggods,arealsowithout

somespiritualpowerofthe

asmbledSanghaofthetendirectionsisneceessaryforthe

liberationtobeattained.吾今当说救济之法,令一切难,皆离忧苦。

Ishallnowspeakadharmaofrescue,whichcausalltho

indifficultytoleaveworryandsuffering,andtoeradicate

obstaclesfromoffens.佛告目连:十方众僧,七月十五日,僧自恣

时。当为七世父母,及现在父母,厄难中者,具饭百味五果、汲灌盆

器、香油锭烛、床敷卧具,尽世甘美以着盆中,供养十方大德众僧。

当此之日,一切圣众,或在山间禅定;或得四道果;或在树下经行;

或六通自在,教化声闻、缘觉;或十地菩萨大人,权现比丘。在大众

中,皆同一心,受钵和罗饭。具清净戒,圣众之道,其德汪洋。

TheBuddhatoldMaudgalyayana:”Thefifteenthdayofthe

venthmonthisthePravaranadayfortheasmbledSanghaof

sakeoffathersandmothersofven

generationspast,aswellasforfathersandmothersofthe

prentwhoareindistress,youshouldprepareanofferingof

cleanbasinsfullofhundredsofflavorsandthefivefruits,and

otherofferingsofincen,oil,lamps,candles,beds,andbedding,

allthebestoftheworld,tothegreatlyvirtuousasmbled

day,alltheholyasmbly,

whetherinthemountainspracticingdhyanasamadhi,or

obtainingthefourfruitsoftheway,orwalkingbeneathtrees,or

usingtheindependenceofthesixpenetrations,toteachand

provisionallymanifestingasbhikshuswheninfacttheyaregreat

Bodhisattvasonthetenthground--allcompleteinpureprecepts

andoceanlikevirtueoftheholyway--shouldgatherinagreat

asmblyandalloflikemindreceivethepravaranafood.33

其有供养此等自恣僧者,现世父母、六亲眷属,得出三途之苦,

应时解脱,衣食自然。若父母现在者,福乐百年。若七世父母生天,

自在化生,入天华光。

IfonethusmakesofferingstotheProvaranaSangha,one's

prentfatherandmother,parentsofvengenerations,aswell

asthesixkindsofclorelatives,willescapefromthethreepaths

lothingand

arentsarestillalive,they

sof

ormationally

born,theywillindependentlyenterthecelestialflowerlight,and

timetheBuddhacommanded

theasmbledSanghaofthetendirectionstorecitemantrasand

vowsforthesakeofthedonor'sfamily,forparentsofven

racticingdhyanaconcentration,theythen

rstreceivingthebasin,placeit

easmbledsanghahas

finishedthemantrasandvows,thentheymayacceptit.时目连比

丘,及大菩萨众,皆大欢喜。目连悲啼泣声,释然除灭。时目连母,

即于是日,得脱一劫饿鬼之苦。

AtthattimethebhikshuMaudgalyayanaandtheasmbly

ofgreatBodhisattvaswereallextremelydelightedandthe

sorrowfulsoundofMaudgalyayana'time

Maudgalyayana'smotherobtainedliberationfromonekalpaof

sufferingasahungryghost.目连复白佛言:弟子所生母,得蒙三宝

功德之力、众僧威神之力故。

MaudgalyayanaaddresdtheBuddhaandsaid,“this

disciple'sparentshavereceivedthepowerofthemeritandvirtue

ofthetriplejewel,becauoftheawesomespiritualpowerofthe

asmbledSangha.若未来世,一切佛弟子,亦应奉盂兰盆,救度现

在父母,乃至七世父母,可为尔否?

IfinthefuturetheBuddha'sdisciplespracticefilialityby

offeringuptheUllambanabasins,willtheybeabletocrossover

theirprentfathersandmothersaswellasthoofven

generationspast?”佛言:大善快问!我正欲说,汝今复问。

TheBuddhareplied“goodindeed,Iamhappyyouasked

antedtospeakaboutthatandnowyouhave

alsoaskedaboutit.善男子,若比丘比丘尼、国王太子、大臣宰相、

三公百官、万民庶人,行慈孝者,皆应先为所生现在父母、过去七世

父母,于七月十五日佛欢喜日、僧自恣日,以百味饭食,安盂兰盆中,

施十方自恣僧。

Goodman,ifbhikshus,bhikshunis,kings,crownprinces,

greatministers,greatofficials,cabinetmembers,thehundredsof

officers,andthetensofthousandsofcitizenswishtopractice

compassionatefilialconduct,forthesakeoftheparentswho

borethem,aswellasforthesakeoffathersandmothersofven

livespast,onthefifteenthdayoftheventhmonth,thedayof

thebuddhas'delight,thedayoftheSangha'sPravarana,theyall

shouldplacehundredsofflavorsoffoodsintheUllambana

basins,andofferthemtothePravaranaSanghaoftheten

directions.愿使现在父母,寿命百年无病,无一切苦恼之患。乃至七

世父母,离饿鬼苦,生人天中,福乐无极。Theyshouldvowto

cauthelengthoflifeoftheprentfatherandmothertoreach

ahundredyearswithoutillness,withoutsufferings,afflictions,or

worries,andalsovowtocauvengenerationsoffathersand

motherstoleavethesufferingsofthehungryghosts,tobeborn

amongmenandgods,andtohaveblessingsandblisswithout

limit.是佛弟子修孝顺者,应念念中,常忆父母,乃至七世父母。年年

七月十五日,常以孝慈,忆所生父母,为作盂兰盆,施佛及僧,以报

父母长养慈爱之恩。若一切佛弟子,应当奉持是法。

TheBuddhatoldallthegoodmenandgoodwomen,”tho

disciplesoftheBuddhawhocultivatefilialconductshouldin

thoughtafterthought,constantlyrecalltheirprentfathersand

motherswhenmakingofferings,aswellasthefathersand

ear,onthefifteenthdayofthe

venthmonth,theyshouldalways,outoffilialcompassion,

recalltheirparentswhoborethemandthoofvenlivespast,

andfortheirsakesperformtheofferingoftheUllambanabasin

totheBuddhaandtheSanghaandthusrepaytheloving

Buddhas'disciplesshouldrespectfullyreceivethisdharma.“

时目连比丘,四辈弟子,欢喜奉行。

AtthattimethebhikshuMaudgalyayanaandthefour-fold

asmblyofdisciples,hearingwhattheBuddhasaid,practicedit

withdelight.5.3《八大人觉经》

佛说八大人觉经

EightGreatAwakeningsSutraTranslatedbyShramanaAn

ShrGaooftheLatterHanDynastyBuddhistDisciples!Atalltimes,

dayandnight,sincerelyreciteandbearinmindtheeighttruths

thatcaugreatpeopletoawaken.为佛弟子,常于昼夜,至心诵念

八大人觉:

第一觉悟:世间无常;国土危脆,四大苦空,五阴无我,生灭变

异,虚伪无主,心是恶源,形为罪薮,如是观察,渐离生死。

TheFirstAwakening:ies

yisasourceofpain,ultimately

dDeathis

nothingbutariesoftransformations—hallucinatory,unreal,

ellectisawellspringofturpitude,thebody

igateandcontemplatethe

llybreakfreeofdeathandrebirth.第二觉知:多欲为

苦;生死疲劳,从贪欲起,少欲无为,身心自在。

TheSecondAwakening:

andrebirtharewearisomeordeals,originatingfromourthoughts

eningdesireswecanrealizeabsolute

truthandenjoypeace,freedom,andhealthinbodyandmind.第

三觉知:心无厌足,惟得多求,增长罪恶;菩萨不尔,常念知足,安

贫守道,惟慧是业。

TheThirdAwakening:Ourmindsareneversatisfiedor

eweobtain,themorewe

createoffensandperformevil

attvasdon’d,

rturetheWay,livingaquiet

lifeinhumblesurroundings—theirsoleoccupation,cultivating

wisdom.36

第四觉知:懈怠坠落;常行精进,破烦恼恶,摧伏四魔,出阴界

狱。

TheFourthAwakening:Idlenessandlf-indulgencearethe

flaggingvigor,greatpeoplebreak

nquishanddefeat

thefourkindsofdemons,andescapefromtheprisonofthefive

skandhas.第五觉悟:愚痴生死;菩萨常念,广学多闻,增长智慧,成

就辩才,教化一切,悉以大乐。

TheFifthAwakening:Stupidityandignorancearethecau

attvasapplythemlvesanddeeply

appreciatestudyanderudition,constantlystrivingtoexpand

gbringsthem

greaterjoythanteachingandtransforminglivingbeings.第六觉

知:贫苦多怨,横结恶缘;菩萨布施,等念怨亲,不念旧恶,不憎恶

人。

TheSixthAwakening:Sufferinginpovertybreedsdeep

unfairlydistributedcreatesill-willandconflict

,eat

notharborgrudgesordespi

amoralpeople.第七觉悟:五欲过患;虽为俗人,不染世乐,常念三

衣,瓦钵法器,志愿出家,守道清白,梵行高远,慈悲一切。

TheSeventhAwakening:Thefivedesiresareasourceof

reatpeople,laityincluded,arenot

d,theyaspiretodonthe

three-piecepreceptrobeandtheblessingbowlofmonastic

ltimateambitionistoleavethehomelifeandto

irtuousqualities

areloftyandsublime;theirattitudetowardsallcreatures,kind

andcompassionate.第八觉知:生死炽然,苦恼无量;发大乘心,普

济一切,愿代众生,受无量苦,令诸众生,毕竟大乐。TheEighth

Awakening:Likeablazinginferno,birthanddeathareplagued

ore,greatpeopleresolveto

cultivatetheGreatVehicle,torescueallbeings,toendure

thers,andtoleadeveryonetoultimate

happiness.如此八事,乃是诸佛,菩萨大人,之所觉悟,精进行道,

慈悲修慧,乘法身船,至涅盘岸。复还生死,度脱众生。以前八事,

开导一切,令诸众生,觉生死苦,舍离五欲,修心圣道。

ThearetheEightTruthsthatallBuddhas,Bodhisattvasand

akened,theyevenmore

ngthemlves

inkindnessandcompassion,ilthe

DharmashipacrosstoNirvana’sshore,andthenreturnonthe

ethe

EightTruthstoshowthepropercourforlivingbeings,causing

spireall

toforsakethefivedesires,andtocultivatetheirmindsinthe

mannerofSages.若佛弟子,诵此八事,于念念中,灭无量罪,进趣

菩提,速登正觉,永断生死,常住快乐。

IfBuddhistdisciplesrecitethisSutraontheEight

Awakenings,andconstantlyponderitsmeaning,theywill

certainlyeradicateboundlessoffens,advancetowardsBodhi,

llalwaysbe

freeofbirthanddeath,andwillabideineternalbliss.5.3《四十

二章经》

《佛说四十二章经》后汉摩腾、竺法兰共译第一章出家证果

佛言:辞亲出家,识心达本,解无为法,名曰沙门。常行二百五

十戒,进止清净,为四真道行,成阿罗汉。阿罗汉者,能飞行变化,

旷劫寿命,住动天地。次为阿那含。阿那含者,寿终灵神上十九天。

证阿罗汉。次为斯陀含。斯陀含者,一上一还,即得阿罗汉。次为须

陀洹。须陀洹者,七死七生,便证阿罗汉。爱欲断者,如四肢断,不

复用之。

TheBuddhasaid,“Thowho,takingleaveoftheirfamilies

andadoptingthelifeofrenunciation,understandthemind,reach

thesource,andcomprehendtheimmaterial,arecalled

hoobrvethetwohundredandfiftyprecepts

ofmorality,whoarepureandspotlessintheirbehaviours,and

whoexertthemlvesfortheattainmentofthestagesof

progress,atisabletoflythroughspace

andassumedifferentforms;hislifeiternal,andtherearetimes

hemisthe

Anagaminwho,attheendofalonglife,ascendinspirittothe

nineteenthheavenandobtainsArhatship.38

NextcometheSkridagaminwhoascendstothe

heavens(afterhisdeath),comesbacktotheearthoncemore,and

metheSrotaapannawhocannot

becomeArhatuntilhehaspasdvenmoreroundsofbirth

everanceofthepassionsismeantthatlikethe

limbsveredtheyareneveragainmadeuof.”

第二章断欲绝求

佛言:出家沙门者,断欲去爱,识自心源,达佛深理,悟无为法。

内无所得,外无所求。心不系道,亦不结业。无念无作,非修非证。

不历诸位,而自崇最。名之为道。

TheBuddhasaid,“TherenunciateSramanacutsoffthe

passions,freeshimlfofattachments,understandsthesourceof

hisownmind,penetratesthedeepestdoctrineofBuddha,and

o

prejudiceinhisheart,t

hamperedbythethoughtoftheWay,norisheentangledin

udice,nocompulsion,sodiscipline,no

enlightenment,andnogoingupthroughthegrades,andyetin

posssionofallhonoursinitlf-thisiswhatismeantbythe

Way.”

第三章割爱去贪

佛言:剃除须发而为沙门,受道法者,去世资财,乞求取足。日

中一食,树下一宿,慎勿再矣!使人愚蔽者,爱与欲也。

TheBuddhasaid,“Thowhoshavingtheirheadsandfaces

andbecomesSramanasandhaveacceptedtheDoctrineofthe

Way,shouldsurrenderallworldlyposssionsandbecontented

emealadayand

lodingunderatree,tmakesone

stupidandirrationalisattachmentsandpassions.”

第四章善恶并明

佛言:众生以十事为善,亦以十事为恶。何等为十?身

三、口

四、意三。身三者,杀盗淫。口四者,两舌、恶口、妄言、绮语。

意三者,嫉恚痴。如是十事,不顺圣道,名十恶行。是恶若止,名十

善行耳。

TheBuddhasaid,“Therearetenthingsconsideredgoodby

allbeings,ethey?Threeofthem

dependuponthebody,fouruponthemouth,andthreeupon

eeevildeedsdependinguponthebodyare:

killing,rdependingupon

themouthare:slendering,cursing,ee

dependingupon

themindare:jealousy,things

arenotinkeepingwiththeHolyWay,

theevilsarenotdone,theyaretengooddeeds.”

第五章转重令轻

佛言:人有众过,而不自悔、顿息其心,罪来赴身;如水归海,

渐成深广。若人有过,自解知非,改恶行善,罪自消灭;如病得汗,

渐有痊损耳。

TheBuddhasaid,“Ifamanwhohascommittedmanysins,

doesnotrepentandpurifyhisheartofevil,retributionwillcome

uponhispersonassureasthestreamsrunsintotheoceanwhich

whohascommittedsins,

cometotheknowledgeofit,reformshimlf,andpractis

goodness,theforceofretributionwillgraduallyexhaustitlfas

adiagraduallylositsbanefulinfluencewhenthepatient

perspires.”

第六章忍恶无嗔

佛言:恶人闻善,故来扰乱者,汝自禁息,当无嗔责,彼来恶者

而自恶之。

TheBuddhasaid,“Whenanevil-man,eingyoupracti

goodness,comesandmaticiouslyinsultsyou,youshould

patientlyendureitandnotfeelangrywithhim,fortheevil-man

isinsultinghimlfbytryingtoinsultyou.”

第七章恶还本身

佛言:有人闻吾守道,行大仁慈,故致骂佛。佛默不对。骂止,

问曰:子以礼从人,其人不纳,礼归子乎?对曰:归矣!佛言:今子

骂我,我今不纳,子自持祸归子身矣!犹响应声,影之随形,终无免

离,慎勿为恶。

TheBuddhasaid,“Onceamancameuntomeand

denouncedmeonaccountofmyobrvingtheWayand

ptsilentanddidnot

skedhim.'Ifyou

bringaprenttoyourneighbourandheacceptsitnot;doesthe

prentcomebacktoyou?'Hereplied,'Itwill.'Isaid,'You

denouncemenow,butasIacceptitnot,youmusttakethewrong

keechosucceedingsound,

itislikeshadowfollowingobject;youneverescapetheeffectof

eforemindful,andceafromdoing

evil.”

第八章尘唾自污

佛言:恶人害贤者,犹仰天而唾,唾不至天,还从已堕;逆风扬

尘,尘不至彼,还坌己身。贤不可毁,祸必灭己。

TheBuddhasaid,“Evil-doerswhodenouncethewi

rembleapersonwhospitsagainstthesky;thespittlewillnever

reachthesky;-doersagain

rembleamanwhostirsthedustagainstthewind,thedustis

,thewiwillneverbe

hurtbutthecurissuretodestroytheevil-doersthemlves.”

第九章返本会道

佛言:博闻爱道,道必难会;守志奉道,其道甚大。

TheBuddhasaid,“IfyouendeavourtoembracetheWay

throughmuchlearning,

obrvetheWaywithsimplicityofheart,greatindeedisthisWay.”

第十章喜施获福

佛言:睹人施道,助之欢喜,得福甚大。沙门问曰:此福尽乎?

佛言:譬如一炬之火,数千百人各以炬来分取,熟食除冥,此炬如故;

福亦如之。

TheBuddhasaid,“Thowhorejoiceineingothers

obrvetheWaywillobtaingreatblessing.”ASramanaasked

theBuddha,“Wouldthisblessingbedestroyed?”TheBuddha

replied,“Itislikealightedtorchwhoflamecanbedistributed

toeversomanyotherstorcheswhichflamecanbedistributedto

eversomanyothertorcheswhichpeoplemaybringalong;and

therewiththeywillcookfoodanddispeldarkness,whilethe

enso

withtheblissoftheWay.”

第十一章施饭转胜

佛言:饭恶人百,不如饭一善人;饭善人千,不如饭一持五戒者;

饭五戒者万,不如饭一须陀洹;饭百万须陀洹,不如饭一斯陀含;饭

千万斯陀含,不如饭一阿那含;饭一亿阿那含,不如饭一阿罗汉;饭

十亿阿罗汉,不如饭一辟支佛;饭百亿辟支佛,不如饭一三世诸佛;

饭千亿三世诸佛,不如饭一无念无住无修无证之者。

TheBuddhasaid,“Itisbettertofeedagoodmanthanone

ttertofeedonewhoobrvestheFive

isbettertofeedoneSrotaapanna(Stream-enteree)thantofeed

tenthousandsofthowhoobrvetheFivePreceptsof

ttertofeedoneSkriddagaminthantofeedone

ttertofeedoneAnagaminthanto

feedoneArhatthantofeedonehundredmillionsof

ttertofeedonePratyekabuddhathantofeed

ttertofeedoneoftheBuddha,either

oftheprent,orofthepast,orofthefuture,thantofeedten

ttertofeedonewhoisabove

knowledge,one-sidedness,discipline,andenlightenmentthanto

feedonehundredbillionsofBuddhasofthepast,prent,or

future.”

第十二章举难劝修

佛言:人有二十难。贫穷布施难,豪贵学道难,弃命必死难,得

睹佛经难,生值佛世难,忍色忍欲难,见好不求难,被辱不嗔难,有

势不临难,触事无心难,广学博究难,除灭我慢难,不轻未学难,心

行平等难,不说是非难,会善知识难,见性学道难,随化度人难,睹

境不动难,善解方便难。

TheBuddhasaid,“Therearetwentydifficultthingstoattain

inthisworld:

rdforthe

rdtodisregardlife

lyafavouredfewthatget

rdtobebornintheage

rdtoconquerthepassions,tosuppress

rdnottohankerafterthatwhichis

ishardnottoabuone'rdtobeeven-

mindedandsimpleheartedinallone'sdealingswithothers.42

rdtobethoroughinlearningandexhaustivein

rdnot

rdtobeonein

rdnottoexpressanopinion

rareopportunitythatoneisintroduced

rdtogainaninsightintothe

rdtofollowthe

rdtobealwaysthemasterof

rdtounderstandthoroughlytheWaysof

Buddha.”

第十三章问道宿命

沙门问佛:以何因缘,得知宿命,会其至道?佛言:净心守志,

可会至道。譬如磨镜,垢去明存;断欲无求,当得宿命。

AmonkaskedtheBuddha,“Underwhatconditionsisit

possibletocometotheknowledgeofthepastandtounderstand

themostsupremeWay?TheBuddhaanswered,”Thowhoare

pureinheartandsingleinpurpoareabletounderstandthe

kepolishingamirror,whichbecomes

yourpassions,andhave

nohankering,andthepastwillberevealedtoyou.”

第十四章请问善大

沙门问佛:何者为善?何者最大?佛言:行道守真者善,志与道

合者大。

AmonkaskedtheBuddha,“Whatisgood,andwhatis

great?“TheBuddhareplied,”GoodistopracticetheWayand

stheheartthatisinaccordwiththe

Way.”

第十五章请问力明

沙门问佛:何者多力?何者最明?佛言:忍辱多力,不怀恶故,

兼加安健。忍者无恶,必为人尊。心垢灭尽,净无瑕秽,是为最明。

未有天地,逮于今日;十方所有,无有不见,无有不知,无有不闻,

得一切智,可谓明矣!

AmonkaskedtheBuddha,“Whatismostpowerfuland

whatismostilluminating?”TheBuddhareplied,“Meeknessis

mostpowerful,foritharboursnoevilthoughts,and,moreover,it

freefromevils,itissuretobe

tilluminatingisamindthatis

thoroughlycleandofdirt,andwhich,remainingpure,retains

etimewhentherewasyetnoheavenand

earthtilltheprentday,thereisnothinginthetenquarters

whichisnoten,orknown,orheardbysuchamind,forithas

gainedall-knowledge,andforthatreasonitiscalled

'illuminating'.”

第十六章舍爱得道

佛言:人怀爱欲,不见道者,譬如澄水,致手搅之,众人共临,

无有睹其影者。人以爱欲交错,心中浊兴,故不见道。汝等沙门,当

舍爱欲。爱欲垢尽,道可见矣!

TheBuddhasaid,“Thowhohavepassionsareneverable

topreceivetheWay;foritislikestirringupclearwaterwith

hands;peoplemaycometherewishingtofindareflectionoftheir

faces,which,however,roubledand

vexedwiththepassionsisimpure,andonthataccountitnever

,edirtof

passionisremovedtheWaywillmanifestitlf.”

第十七章明来暗榭

佛言:夫见道者,譬如持炬,入冥室中,其冥即灭,而明独存;

学道见谛,无明即灭,而明常存矣!TheBuddhasaid,“Seeingthe

Wayislikegoingintoadarkroomwithatorch;thedarkness

instantlydeparts,eWayis

attainedandthetruthisen,ignorancevanishesand

enlightenmentabidesforever.”

第十八章念等本空

佛言:吾法念无念念、行无行行、言无言言、修无修修,会者近

尔,迷者远乎!言语道断,非物所拘,差之毫厘,失之须臾。

TheBuddhasaid,“Mydoctrineistothinkthethoughtthat

isunthinkable,topractithedeedthatisnon-doing,tospeak

thespeechthatisinexpressible,andtobetrainedinthe

hounderstandthis

arenear,isbeyondwords

andexpressions,ghtofitto

aninch,ormissitforamoment,andweareawayfromitforever

more.”

第十九章假真并观

佛言:观天地,念非常。观世界,念非常。观灵觉,即菩提。如

是知识,得道疾矣!

TheBuddhasaid,“Lookuptoheavenanddownonearth,

outthe

world,nyou

gainspiritualenlightenment,

knowledgethusattainedleadsyouquicklytotheWay.”

第二十章推我本空

佛言:当念身中四大,各有自名,都无我者。我既都无,其如幻

耳!

TheBuddhasaid,“Youshouldthinkofthefourelementsof

themhasitsownname,and

eisreallyno

ego,itislikeuntoamirage.”

第二十一章名声丧本

佛言:人随情欲,求于声名;声名显著,身已故矣!贪世常名而

不学道,枉功劳形。譬如烧香,虽人闻香,香之烬矣!危身之火,而

在其后。

TheBuddhasaid,“Movedbytheirlfishdesires,people

ntheyhaveacquiredit,they

ankerafterwordlyfameand

practinottheWay,yourlaboursarewrongfullyappliedand

keuntoburninganincenstick.”

第二十二章财色招苦

佛言:财色于人,人之不舍。譬如刀刃有蜜,不足一餐之美;小

儿舐之,则有割舌之患。

TheBuddhasaid,“Peoplecleavetotheirworldly

posssionsandlfishpassionssoblindly

elikeachild

amountisbynomeanssufficienttoappeahisappetite,buthe

runstheriskofwoundingthetongue.”

第二十三章妻子甚狱

佛言:人系于妻子舍宅,甚于牢狱。牢狱有散释之期,妻子无远

离之念。情爱于色,岂惮驱驰!虽有虎口之患,心存甘伏,投泥自溺,

故曰凡夫。透得此门,出尘罗汉。

TheBuddhasaid,“Menaretieduptotheirfamililesand

san

occassionfortheprisonertoberelead,butthehousholders

to

thepawsofatiger,hoarethusdrownedin

hoareableto

overcomeitaresaintlyArhats.”

第二十四章色欲障道

佛言:爱欲莫甚于色。色之为欲,其大无外,赖有一矣。若使二

同,普天之人,无能为道者矣。TheBuddhasaid,“Thereis

ybesaidtobethemostpowerful

ately,wehavebutonethingwhichismore

hirstfortruthwereweakerthanpassion,how

manyofusintheworldwillbeabletofollowthewayof

righteousness?”

第二十五章欲火烧身

佛言:爱欲于人,犹如执炬逆风而行,必有烧手之患。

TheBuddhasaid,“Menwhoareaddictedtothepassions

arelikethetorch-carrierrunningagainstthewind;hishandsare

suretobeburned.”

第二十六章天魔娆佛

天神献玉女于佛,欲坏佛意。佛言:革囊众秽,尔来何为?去!

吾不用。天神愈敬,因问道意。佛为解说,即得须陀洹果。

TheLordofHeavenofferedabeautifulfairytotheBuddha,

Buddhasaid,“Be

ehaveIfortheleatherbagfilledwithfilthwhich

youbroughttome?”Then,thegodreverentlybowedandasked

theBuddhaabouttheesnceofthe

Way,inwhichhavingbeeninstructedbythebuddha,itissaid

heattainedthefruitofSrotaapanna.”

第二十七章无著得道

佛言:夫为道者,犹木在水,寻流而行。不触两岸,不为人取,

不为鬼神所遮,不为洄流所住,亦不腐败,吾保此木决定入海。学道

之人,不为情欲所惑,不为众邪所娆,精进无为,吾保此人必得道矣。

TheBuddhasaid,“ThowhoarefollowingtheWayshould

thelogisneitherheldbythebanks,norizedbymen,nor

obstructedbythegods,norkeptinthewhirlpool,noritlfgoes

todecay,

monkswalingontheWayareneithertemptedbythepassions,

norledastraybysomeevilinfluences;butsteadilypursuetheir

courofNirvana,Iassureyouthatthemonkswillfinallyattain

enlightenment.”

第二十八章意马莫纵

佛言:甚勿信汝意,汝意不可信。慎勿与色会,色会即祸生。得

阿罗汉已,乃可信汝意。

TheBuddhasaid,“t

ourlfagainstnsualism,foritsurelyleads

nwillbecomestrustworthyonlywhen

youhaveattainedArhatship.”

第二十九章正观敌色

佛言:慎勿视女色,亦莫共言语。若与语者,正心思念:我为沙

门,处于浊世,当如莲华,不为泥污。想其老者为母,长者如姊,少

者如妹,稚者如子。生度脱心,息灭恶念。

TheBuddhasaid,“Omonks,youshouldnotewomen.(If

youhavetoethem),refrainfromtalkingtothem.(Ifyouhave

totalktothem),youshouldreflectinarightspirit:'Iamnowa

orldofsin,Imustbehavemylflike

onesIwilltreatasmymother;elderlyonesalder

sisters;youngeronesasyoungersisters;andlittleonesas

daughters.'Andinallthisyoushouldhabournoevilthoughts,

butthinkofsalvation.”

第三十章欲火远离

佛言:夫为道者,如被干草,火来须避。道人见欲,必当远之。

TheBuddhasaid,“ThowhowalktheWayshouldavoid

nsualismasthowhocarryhaywouldavoidcomingnearthe

fire.”

第三十一章心寂欲除

佛言:有人患淫不止,欲自断阴。佛谓之曰:若断其阴,不如断

心。心如功曹,功曹若止,从者都息。邪心不止,断阴何益?佛为说

偈:欲生于汝意,意以思想生,二心各寂静,非色亦非行。佛言:此

偈是迦叶佛说。

TheBuddhasaid,“Therewasonceamanwho,beingin

despairoverhisinabilitytocontrolhispassions,wishedto

multilatehimlf.“TheBuddhasaidtoHim,”Betterdestroy

elordhimlfisclaimedthervantwill

mindispurifiedofevilpassions,

whatavailsittomultilateyourlf?”Thereupon,theBuddha

recitedthegatha:

“Passionsgrowfromthewill,Thewillgrowsfromthought

tharecalmed,Thereisneither

nsualismnortransmigration.”

TheBuddhasaidthatthisgathawastaughtbyKashyapa

Buddha.第三十二章我空怖灭

佛言:人从爱欲生忧,从忧生怖。若离于爱,何忧何怖?

TheBuddhasaid,“Fromthepassionsariworry,andfrom

thpassions,nofear,noworry.”

第三十三章智明破魔

佛言:夫为道者,譬如一人与万人战。挂铠出门,意或怯弱,或

半路而退,或格斗而死,或得胜而还。沙门学道,应当坚持其心,精

进勇锐,不畏前境,破灭众魔,而得道果。

TheBuddhasaid,“ThowhofollowtheWayarelikeunto

warriorswhofightsingle-handed

yalgooutofthefortinfull

armour;butamongthemaresomewhoarefaint-hearted,and

somewhogohalfwayandbeataretreat,andsomewhoarekilled

intheaffray,!If

youdesiretoattainenlightenment,youshouldsteadilywalkin

yourWay,witharesoluteheart,withcourage,andshouldbe

fearlessinwhateverenvironmentyoumayhappentobe,and

destroyeveryevilinfluencethatyoumayacrossforthusyoushall

reachthegoal.”

第三十四章处中得道

沙门夜诵迦叶佛遗教经,其声悲紧,思悔欲退。佛问之曰:汝昔

在家,曾为何业?对曰:爱弹琴。佛言:弦缓如何?对曰:不鸣矣!

弦急如何?对曰:声绝矣!急缓得中如何?对曰:诸音普矣!佛言:

沙门学道亦然,心若调适,道可得矣。于道若暴,暴即身疲。其身若

疲,意即生恼。意若生恼,行即退矣。其行既退,罪必加矣。但清净

安乐,道不失矣。

Onenightamonkwasrecitingasutra,bequeathedby

ewassomournfulandhisvoicewasso

fainting,dhaasked

him,“Whatwasyouroccupationbeforeyoubecomeahomeless

monk?”Themonkreplied,“Iwasveryfondofplayinga

stringedinstrument.”TheBuddhasaid,“Howdidyoufindit

whenthestringsweretooloo?”“Nosoundispossible.”was

thereply.“Howdidyoufinditwhenthestringsweretootight?”

“Theywillbreak.”“Howdidyoufindwhentheywereneither

tootightnortooloo?”“Everynotesoundsinitspropertone.”

第三十五章垢净明存

佛言:如人锻铁,去滓成器,器即精好。学道之人,去心垢染,

行即清净矣。

TheBuddhathensaidtothemonk,“Religiousdisciplineis

emind

isproperlyadjustedandquietlyapplied,

whenyouaretoofeverntlybentonit,yourbodygrowstired,and

whenyourbodyistired,yourspiritbecomesweary,your

disciplinewillrelax,andwiththerelaxationofdisciplinethere

ore,becalmandpure,andtheWay

willbegained.”

第三十六章辗转获胜

佛言:人离恶道,得为人难。既得为人,去女即男难。既得为男,

六根完具难。六根既具,生中国难。

既生中国,值佛世难。既值佛世,遇道者难。既得遇道,兴信心

难。既兴信心,发菩提心难。既发菩提心,无修无证难。

TheBuddhasaid,“Evenifoneescapesfromtheevil

creations,itisone'srarefortunetobebornasahuman

oneisbornasahuman,itisone'srarefortuneto

oneisbornasaman,

itisone'

heisperfectedinallthesixns,itishisrarefortunetobe

heisborninthemiddle

kingdom,itisrarefortunetobeborninthetimeofa

heisborninthetimeofaBuddha,itisrare

heisabletoethe

EnlightenedOne,itishisrarefortunetohavehisheartawakened

hehasfaith,itishisrarefortunetoawakenthe

heawakenstheheartofwisdom,itishis

rarefortunetorealiaspiritualstatewhichisabovediscipline

andattainment.”

第三十七章念戒近道

佛言:佛子离吾数千里,忆念吾戒,必得道果。在吾左右,虽常

见吾,不顺吾戒,终不得道。

TheBuddhasaid,“OSonsoftheBuddha!Youareawayfrom

meeversomanymiles,butifyourememberandthinkofmy

precepts,

standingbymyside,emealways,butifyouobrvenotmy

precepts,youshallnevergainenlightenment.”

第三十八章生即有灭

佛问沙门:人命在几间?对曰:数日间。佛言:子未知道。复问

一沙门:人命在几间?对曰:饭食间。佛言:子未知道。复问一沙门:

人命在几间?对曰:呼吸间。佛言:善哉,子知道矣!

TheBuddhaaskedanothermonk,“Howdoyoumeasure

thelengthofaman'slife?“Heanswered,”Bydays.“The

Buddhasaid,”YoudonotunderstandtheWay.“TheBuddha

askedanothermonk,”Howdoyoumeasurethelengthofa

man'slife?“Themonkanswered,”Bythetimethatpass

duringameal.“TheBuddhasaid,”Youdonotunderstandthe

Way.“TheBuddhaaskedthethirdmonk,”Howdoyoumeasure

thelengthofaman'slife?“Themonkanswered,”Bythe

breadth."TheBuddhasaid,50

第三篇:标书中英文翻译样本及常用词汇

标书中英文翻译样本及常用词汇

1.投标书Tender

1.1投标人应完整地填写招标文件中提供的商务投标书、技术投标

书、投标一览表和投标报价表(包括投标报价汇总表和分项报价表)。价

格表(表中项目除价格数字外都要填写)及报价说明三份(一正二副)

和投标人银行保函应分别单独密封,随投标文件一同递交。

Amongthetenderdocuments,tenderersshallfillout

completelytheBusinessTender,TechnicalTender,TenderListand

tation(allitemsintheQuotationshall

befilledoutexceptfortheprices)andthreecopies(oneOriginal

andtwoDuplicates)oftheInstructionstoQuotationsaswellas

theletterofguaranteefromthebankoftenderersmustbealed

parately,andbesubmittedtogetherwiththetender

documents.1.2在投标文件澄清后提交的附件6价格表部分正、副本

应用信封单独密封,封面上注明项目名称、招标编号、投标人名址、

“正本”“副本”字样及“分项价格”和“保密”字样。同时提供单

独密封的价格表电子版本一份(WORD格式)。TheAttachment6

tobesubmittedafterthetenderdocumentshavebeenclarified

theOriginalandDuplicatecopiesoftheQuotationmustbe

aledparatelyindifferentenvelops,onwhichtheitemnames,

tendercodes,tendereraddress,wordsof„Original‟,„Duplicate

‟and„ItemPrice‟and„Confidential‟-

versionoftheQuotation(inWORDformat)thatisparately

aledmustbefurnishedatthesametime.2.投标报价Tender

Offers

2.1投标人应在投标报价汇总表和投标分项报价表上标明本合同拟

提供货物的单价(如适用)和总价。

Onthetenderoffersummarysheetandtheitemtenderoffer

sheets,tenderersshallindicateclearlytheunitprice(if

applicable)andthetotalpriceofthegoodsplannedtobe

providedaccordingtotheContract.2.2投标分项报价表上的价格应

按下列方式分开填写:

Pricesontheitemtenderoffersheetshallbefilledoutinthe

followingmanner:

2.2.1从中华人民共和国提供的货物:Goodsprovidedfromthe

People‟sRepublicofChina:

1)货物交到现场价,包括出厂价(含增值税),工厂至现场的运

输费、保险费和伴随货物交运的有关费用,其他杂费。Priceof

deliveringgoodstothesite,inclusiveoftheEXW(inclusiveofVAT),

transportationcostfromfactorytosite,insurancepremium,

costsgeneratedbecauofthedeliveryofgoods,aswellasother

incidentalexpens.2)技术服务及培训的费用Costfortechnical

rvicesandtrainings

本项包括:Thisitemincludes:

A)卖方人员技术服务费用:Costfortechnicalrviceprovided

bytheSeller‟spersonnel:

项目现场安装指导、调试、检验等费用

Expensforon-siteinstallationinstruction,debugging,and

inspection

B)对买方人员的培训费用

ExpensfortrainingthepersonneloftheBuyer

3)投标人应在投标价格表中报出技术规范中所列的随机备品配件、

专用工具及仪器的单价。这些货物的价格应包括在投标总价中,评标

时计入该费用。

Inthetenderpricesheet,tenderersshallincludetheunit

pricesoftheattachedpartsandcomponents,specialtoolsand

instrumentationsthatarelistedintheTechnical

ceofthegoodsshallbeincludedintothe

tendersum,andshallbedeliberatedatthetenderevaluation.4)

投标人应将满足设备正常运行的推荐性三年备品配件单独列出并报出

单价。这部分货物由业主选择购买,其费用评标时供招标机构参考。

5)Tenderersshalllistparatelypartsandcomponentsthat

satisfytherecommendedthreeyears‟normaloperation,and

erhastheoptiontopurchathe

goods,andtheirexpenswillbereferredtoatthetender

evaluation.2.2.2从中华人民共和国境外提供的货物:Goods

providedoutsidethePeople‟sRepublicofChina:

1)中国上海港CIF班轮条件(该价格包含设备和文件的包装费用以

及在目的港的卸货费用),报价时投标人可以从中华人民共和国或买

方同意的其他合格来源国取得保险服务。

ShanghaiCIFberthterms(thepriceisinclusiveofthe

packagingcostofequipmentsanddocuments,aswellas

unloadingexpensinthedestination).Whenoffering,tenders

mayobtaininsurancervicesfromaneligiblecountryoforigin

thatistothesatisfactionofthePeople‟sRepublicofChinaorthe

Buyer.2)技术服务和培训的费用

Expensfortechnicalrvicesandtrainings

本项包括:Thisitemincludes:

A)卖方人员技术服务费用:项目现场安装指导、调试、检验等费

ExpensfortechnicalrvicesprovidedbytheSeller:costs

foron-siteprojectinstallationinstruction,debugging,and

testing

B)对买方人员的培训费用

TrainingexpensfortheBuyer

上述A)、B)二条仅指卖方自身的费用,不包括买方人员的出国所

需费用。

TheaboveA)andB)clausrefertotheexpensoftheSeller

itlfanddonotincludethecostforBuyer‟spersonnelfor

travelingabroad.投标人须在投标分项报价表后单列、报出买方人员

出国参加设计联络会、工厂检验和买方人员在国外接受卖方培训的人

日费用。以上三项单列的费用,供买方在签订合同时参考,不包括在

投标总报价中,目的是为方便买方对最终合同价的组成进行选择和比

较,这并不限制买方采用任何一种报价或几种报价组合而签订合同的

权力。

Tenderersshalllistandofferparatelyaftertheitemtender

offersheetthecostperpersonperdayforBuyer‟spersonnelto

attenddesigningcommunicationmeetingsandfactory

inspectionoutsideChinaandtoreceive

esoftheabove

threeitemswillrveasreferencesforBuyerwhentheContract

issigned,

makeitconvenientforBuyertocompareandchoofromthe

notrestrictthe

rightsofBuyertochooonequotationorthecombinationof

veralquotationstosigntheContract.3)投标人应在投标价格表中

报出技术规范中所列的必备的备品配件、专用工具及仪器的单价。这

些货物的价格应包括在投标总价中,评标时计入该费用。

Inthetenderpricesheet,tenderersshalllisttheunitpriceof

therequiredparts,components,specialtoolsand

instrumentationsthatarelistedintheTechnical

cesofthegoodsshallbeincludedinthe

tendersumfortenderevaluation.4)投标人应将满足设备正常运行的

推荐性三年备品配件单独列出并报出单价。这部分货物由业主选择购

买,其费用评标时供招标机构参考。

Tenderersshalllistandquoteparatelypartsand

componentsthatsatisfythethreeyears‟recommendednormal

erhastheoptiontopurchathegoods,the

priceofwhichwillrveasreferenceforTendereeattender

evaluation.2.3出厂价(EXW)、到岸价(CIF)和“运费、保险付至……”

价(CIP)等术语。应根据巴黎国际商会二OOO版本的《国际贸易术语

解释通则》(Incoterms2000)的规定来解释。

Exworks(EXW),CIF,„carriageandinsurancepaidto‟(CIP)and

othertechnicaltermsshallbeconstruedaccordingtothe2000

ParisversionofInternationalChamberofCommerce

Terms(Incoterms2000).2.4投标人根据本须知第11.2条的规定将投

标价分成几部分,只是为了方便招标机构和买方对投标文件进行比较,

并不限制买方以上述任何条件订立合同的权力。

AccordingtoClau11.2oftheNotice,tenderersshalldivide

thetenderpriceintoveralparts,thesoleobjectiveofwhichis

tomakeitconvenientforTendereeandBuyertocomparethe

tenderdocuments,butwillnotrestrictBuyer‟srightstoconclude

theContractaccordingtoanyoftheaboveterms.2.5投标人所报

的投标价在合同执行期过程中是固定不变的,不得以任何理由予以变

更。根据本须知第24条的规定,以可调整的价格提交的投标文件将作

为非响应性投标而予以拒绝。

Atenderpriceofferedbyatenderershallremainunchanged

duringtheperformanceoftheContract,butshallnotbe

ingtoClau24ofthe

Notice,tenderdocumentscontaininganyadjustablepriceswill

berejectedasnon-responsivetenders.3.投标货币Tender

Currency

投标人提供的货物和服务用美元货币报价。

Goodsandrvicestobeprovidedbytenderersshallbe

quotedinthecurrencyofUSdollar.4.投标保证金Tenderbond

4.1投标人应提交金额为不少于投标报价总价2%的投标保证金,

并作为其投标的一部分。

Tenderersshallsubmitatenderbondthatisnolessthan2%

lbepartofthe

tender.4.2投标保证金是为了保护招标机构和买方免遭因投标人的行

为而蒙受损失。招标机构和买方在因投标人的行为受到损害时可根据

本须知第15.7条的规定没收投标人的投标保证金。

TenderbondisdesignedtoprotectTendereeandBuyerfrom

Tendereeand

Buyersuffersanylossbecauofanyactionsoftenderers,the

tenderbondwillbeconfiscatedaccordingtoClau15.7ofthe

Notice.4.3投标保证金应用投标货币并采用以下形式:

Thetenderbondshallbeinthetendercurrencyandshallbe

inthefollowingform:

由一家在中华人民共和国国内或国外信誉好的银行用招标文件提

供的格式或招标机构接受的其他格式出具的银行保函、不可撤销的备

用信用证,其有效期应超过投标有效期三十(30)天;

AbankthatenjoysgoodreputationinoroutsidethePeople

‟sRepublicofChinaissuesaletterofguaranteeandan

irrevocablestand-byletterofcreditintheformprovidedbythe

tenderinvitationdocumentsorinaformthatisacceptableto

Tenderee,thevalidperiodbeingthirty(30)daysmorethanthe

validperiodofthetender;

4.4凡没有根据本须知第15.1和15.3条的规定随附投标保证金的

投标,应按本须知第24条的规定视为非响应性投标予以拒绝。

Tenderstowhichatenderbondisnotattachedaccordingto

Clau15.1and15.3oftheNoticeshallberejectedasnon-

responsivetendersaccordingtoClau24oftheNotice.4.5未中

标的投标人的投标保证金,将尽速并不晚于按照本须知第16条规定的

投标有效期满后三十(30)天原额退还投标人。

Tenderbondsoftendererswhofailinthetenderwillbe

returnedtotendersinfullamountassoonaspossibleandno

laterthanthirty(30)daysaftertheexpirationofthevalidperiod

ofthetenderasprovidedinClau16oftheNotice.4.6中标人的

投标保证金,在中标人按本须知第34条规定签订合同并按本须知第35

条规定交纳了履约保证金后予以退还。

Thetenderbondofthesuccessfultendererwillbereturned

afterthetenderersignstheContractaccordingtoClau34of

theNoticeandsubmitstheperformancebondaccordingto

Clau35oftheNotice.4.7下列任何情况发生时,投标保证金将被

没收:

Tenderbondwillbeconfiscatedinca:

1)投标人在招标文件中规定的投标有效期内撤回其投标;或

Tendererswithdrawtheirtenderswithinthevalidperiodof

thetenderasprovidedinthetenderinvitationdocuments;or

2)中标人在规定期限内未能根据本须知第34条规定签订合同;或

ThesuccessfultendererfailstosigntheContractwithinthe

prescribedperiodaccordingtoClau34oftheNotice;or

3)中标人在规定期限内未能根据按投标人须知第35条规定提交履

约保证金。Thesuccessfultendererfailstosubmitthe

performancebondwithintheprescribedperiodaccordingto

Clau35oftheNotice.5.投标有效期Validperiodoftender

5.1根据本须知第19条规定,投标应在规定的开标日后的180天

内保持有效。投标有效期不满足要求的投标将被视为非响应性投标而

予以拒绝。AccordingtoClau19oftheNotice,atenderremains

validwithinthe180daysaftertheprescribedtenderopening

swithanineligiblevalidperiodshallberejectedas

non-responsivetenders.6.因买方的便利而终止合同

TerminationofContractforBuyer‟sConvenience

6.1买方可在任何时候出于自身的便利向卖方发出书面通知全部或

部分终止合同,终止通知应明确该终止合同是出于买方的便利,并明

确合同终止的程度,以及终止的生效日期。

BuyermayndawrittennoticetoSelleratanytimeforits

terminationnoticeshallindicateclearlythatitisforBuyer‟s

conveniencethattheContractisterminated,thescaletowhich

theContractisterminated,aswellastheeffectivedateofthe

termination.6.2对卖方在收到终止通知后三十(30)天内已完成并准备

装运的货物,买方应按原合同价格和条款予以接收,对于剩下的货物,

买方可:

Buyershallreceiveaccordingtotheoriginalcontractprice

andtermsgoodsthatSellerhascompletedandpreparedfor

shippingwithinthirty(30)daysafteritreceivesthetermination

restofgoods,Buyermay:

1)仅对部分货物按照原来的合同价格和条款予以接受;或

Acceptonlypartofgoodsaccordingtotheoriginalcontract

priceandterms;or

2)取消对所剩货物的采购,并按双方商定的金额向卖方支付部分

完成的货物和服务以及卖方以前已采购的材料和部件的费用。

Cancelthepurchatotheremainedgoods,andpaySeller

theamountagreedbybothpartiesforpartofthegoodsand

rvicescompletedaswellasmaterialsandpartsSellerhas

purchad.7.争端的解决DisputeSettlement

7.1合同实施或与合同有关的一切争端应通过双方协商解决。如果

协商开始后60天还不能解决,争端应提交仲裁。Bothpartiesshall

aimtottleanydisputesconcerningtheContractorthe

executionoftheContractthrough

anydisputecannotbettledwithin60

daysaftertheconsultationbegins,itshallbebroughtto

arbitration.7.2仲裁应由中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会(CIETAC)按其

仲裁规则和程序在北京或中国的其他地点进行。除非双方另行同意,

仲裁的官方语言应为英语。

ArbitrationshallbeheldinBeijingorsomeotherplacewithin

ChinabyChinaInternationalEconomicandTradeArbitration

Committee(CIETAC)accordingtoitsarbitrationrulesand

wherebothsidesotherwiagree,theofficial

languageforarbitrationshallbeEnglish.7.3仲裁裁决应为最终裁

决,对双方均具有约束力。

Thearbitrationawardshallbefinalandhaslegalbinding

forcestobothsides.7.4仲裁费除仲裁机关另有裁决外均应由败诉方

负担。

Thecostforarbitrationshallbebornebythelosingpartyif

itisnototherwiruledbythearbitrationauthority.7.5在仲裁期

间,除正在进行仲裁的部分外,本合同其它部分应继续执行。

Duringarbitration,exceptforthepartsoftheContractthat

isunderarbitration,otherpartsoftheContractshallcontinueto

rule.8.合同语言Contractlanguages

8.1除非双方另行同意,本合同语言为中文和英文,以中文为准。

双方交换的与合同有关的信函应用合同语言书写。Exceptwhereboth

sidesotherwiagree,theContractlanguagesshallbeChine

andEnglish,andtheChineversionshall

pondencesbetweenbothsidesconcerningthe

ContractshallbewrittenintheContractlanguages.9.适用法律

Applicablelaw

本合同应按照中华人民共和国的法律进行解释。

TheContractshallbeconstruedaccordingtolawsofthe

People‟sRepublicofChina

标书翻译类常用词汇:

报价quotation、采购procurement、撤标withdrawalofbid、

承包商contractor、澄清要求requestsofclarification、迟到的标书

latebid、采购代理procurementagent、采购公告procurement

notice、采购计划procurementplan、采购决定procurement

decision、付款方式methodsofpayment、工程范围scopeof

works、工程量清单billofquantities、工程量清单报价pricedbillof

quantities、工期daysforconstruction、公开招标opentendering、

固定总价fixedlumpsum、分包商subcontractor、封标alingof

bid、货物清单listofgoods、计划完工日期intendedcompletion

date、每投标人一标onebidperbidder、评标标准evaluation

criteria、潜在的投标人potentialbidder、施工机械construction

equipment,constructionplant、实质性响应substantialrespon,

besubstantiallyresponsiveto、事后情况说明debriefing、事后审

查postreview、事前审查priorreview、适用法律applicablelaw、

授予合同awardofcontract、替代方案alternativesolution、替代

建议alternativeproposal、两步法招标two-stagebidding、履约保

证金performancecurity、合格标准eligibilitycriteria、合格的投

标人eligiblebidder、合同价格contractprice、合同金额contract

amount、核标examinationofbid、初步描述preliminary

description、初步设计preliminarydesign、错误纠正correctionof

error、单一招标或局限性招标singleorrestrictedtendering、通用

条款generaltermsandconditions、土建承包商civilconstruction

contractor、完工日期dateofcompletion,completiondate、完税

后交货DeliveredDutyPaid,DDP、违约赔偿liquidateddamages、

现场参观sitevisit、现场查勘sitesurvey、现场管理人员site

managementpersonnel、现场技术人员sitetechnicalpersonnel、

响应性responsiveness、项目评估文件ProjectAppraisal

Document,PAD、项目时间表,项目计划projectschedule、修改标

书modificationofbid、选择性招标lectivetendering、询价采购

shopping、银行保函bankguarantee、应标respontothe

biddingdocuments、有限国际招标LimitedInternationalBidding,

LIB、招标代理biddingagency、招标附录appendixtotender、招

标公告notificationofbidding,tendernotice、招标号biddingno.,

tenderingno、招标文件澄清clarificationofbiddingdocuments、

招标文件修改amendmentofbiddingdocuments、招标资料表

biddingdatasheet,tenderingdatasheet、招投标范围scopeof

bid、争端解决ttlementofdispute、政府采购法government

procurementlaw、政府采购协议governmentprocurement

agreement、政府采购指令governmentprocurementdirectives、

直接签订合同directcontracting、中标标准awardcriteria、中标通

知notificationofaward,awardoftender、注册地点placeof

registration、专用条款specialtermsandconditions、准备投标书

preparationofbid,preparationoftender、资金来源sourceof

fund、资质信息qualificationinformation、自营工程force

accounting、技术规范specifications、监理supervisor、建筑工程

constructionworks、交货时间deliverytime、接受函letterof

acceptance、截止时间deadline、截至日期deadline、解释要求

requestsofexplanation、局限性招标limitedtendering、开标bid

opening,tenderopening,openingoftender、开标地点placeof

bidopening、开工日期dateofcommence、联营体jointventure、

投标保证金bidcurity,tendercurity、投标保证金bidcurity、

投标费用costofbidding、投标函bidletter、投标价格bidprice、

投标书澄清clarificationofbid、投标书的提交submissionofbid,

submissionoftender、投标书有效期validityofbid、投标书有效期

延长extensionofvalidityofbid、投标书语言languageofbid、投

标书组成documentscomprisingthebid、投标邀请invitationfor

bids,invitationtotenders、投标有效性bidavailability、投标人合

格性eligibilityofbidder、投标人须知instructiontobidders,

instructiontotenderers、投标人资质qualificationsofthebidder、

投标书bid,tender

第四篇:外交专用词汇

专业词汇

Diplomacy外交常用专业词汇:MinistryofForeignAffairs外

交部

ProtocolDepartment礼宾司InformationDepartment新闻司

diplomaticmission外交代表机构

embassy大使馆legation公使馆consulate-general总领事馆

consulate领事馆

officeofthechargéd'affaires代办处militaryattaché'soffice

武官处commercialcounllor'soffice商务处pressction,in

formationrvice新闻处

liaisonoffice联络处diplomat外交官/外交家diplomaticrank

外交官衔diplomaticreprentative外交代表

membersoftheadministrativeandtechnicalstaff行政技术人

ambassador大使

ambassadorextraordinaryandplenipotentiary特命全权大使

nuncio教廷大使internuncio教廷公使

counllorwiththerankofminister,minister-counllor公使

衔参赞chargéd'affaires代办

chargéd'affasireadinterim临时代办

counllor参赞firstcretary一等秘书condcretary二等

秘书thirdcretary三等秘书

attaché随员

commercialcretary商务参赞culturalcretary文化参赞

commercialattaché商务专员culturalattaché文化专员

militaryattaché武官navalattaché海军武官airattaché空军

武官consul-general总领事

consul领事

doyenofthediplomaticcorps,deanofthediplomaticcorps

外交使团团长

rovingambassador巡回大使ambassador-at-large无任所大使

specialenvoy特使accreditedto...向…派遣的

foreignaffairs外交,外事memorandum,aidememoire备忘

录personanon-grat不受欢迎的人dejurerecognition法律承认

commnique公报announcement公告,通告

letterofcredence,credentials国书

mutualrecognition互相承认

establishmentofdiplomaticrelations建立外交关系

letterofintroduction介绍书duringone'sabnce离任期间

identificationcard身份证

statement声明

defactorecognition事实上承认

personagrata受欢迎的人diplomaticpractice外交惯例

diplomaticimmunities外交豁免diplomaticprivileges外交特权

diplomaticchannels外交途径diplomaticcourier外交信使

diplomaticbag,diplomaticpouch外交邮袋

letterofappointment委任书certificateofappointment委任

证书

exequatur许可证书declaration,manifesto宣扬

letterofrecall召回公文

note照会verbalnote普通照会circularnote通知照会formal

note正式照会normalization正常化

beappointedambassadorto...被任命为驻…大使

toexpressregret表示遗憾

toverdiplomaticrelations断绝外交关系

toresumechargeoftheoffice,toreturntoone'spost返任

toproceedtotakeupone'spost赴任toprentone's

credentials递交国书toexchangeambassadors互派大使to

resumediplomaticrelations恢复外交关系

toestablishdiplomaticrelationsatambassadoriallevel建立

大使级外交关系

toestablishconsularrelations建立领事关系

toassumeone'spost就任

totakeexceptionto;toobjectto提出异议toupgrade

diplomaticrelations外交关系升格

tomakereprentationsto,totakeupa(the)matterwith向…

交涉

tolodgeaprotestwith向…提出抗议torequesttheconnt

of...征求…的同意

tosuspenddiplomaticrelations中断外交关系teaparty茶会

anatmosphereofcordialityandfriendship诚挚友好的气氛

reciprocalbanquet答谢宴会

delegation代表团

headofthedelegation,leaderofthedelegation团长

deputyheadofthedelegation,deputyleaderofthe

delegation副团长

memberofthedelegation代表团成员

memorialspeech悼词

todeveloptherelationsoffriendshipandcooperation发展

友好合作关系

prosperityandstrength繁荣富强

visit访问

friendlyvisit,goodwillvisit友好访问

informalvisit非正式访问officialvisit正式访问

privatevisit私人访问statevisit国事访问

obituary讣告

questionsofcommoninterest;questionofcommonconcern

共同关心的问题

statebanquet国宴

messageofgreeting,messageofcongratulation贺电

speechofwelcome欢迎词welcomingbanquet欢迎宴会

cocktailparty鸡尾酒会

goodhealthandalonglife健康长寿

profoundcondolence深切哀悼cordialhospitality盛情接待

thetwosides,thetwoparties双方

luncheon午宴

messageofcondolence唁电

reception招待会toast祝酒词memorialmeeting追悼会to

conveyone'ssympathy表示慰问

tomeetwith会见

toreviewtheguardofhonour检阅仪仗队

toexchangeviews交换意见

toreceive接见

tobeshockedtolearnof惊悉

beoftheopinion,tohold,toconsider,tomaintain认为

topropoatoastto...提议为…干杯

onthehappyoccasionof欣逢onlearningwithgreatjoy欣

悉togiveabanquetinhonourof...宴请…oninvitation,upon

invitation应邀attheinvitationof...应…邀请

inthecompanyof...,accompaniedby...在…陪同下

expressone'ssincerecongratulationsandbestwishes致以衷

心的祝贺和最好的愿望wishprosperitytoacountryandwell-being

toitspeople祝(某国)国家繁荣人民

幸福

takenoteof...注意到

His(Her,Your)Majesty陛下His(Her,Your)RoyalHighness殿下

His(Her,Your)Excellency阁下

entandMme...…总统先生阁下和夫人

Internationalrelations(国际关系):

protectorate(被)保护国

asylum庇护;避难

forntierregion,borderregion边界地区

boundarynegotiation边界谈判statusquooftheboundary

边界现状nevertoattachanyconditions不附带任何条件

non-alignedcountries不结盟国家

patrimoniala承袭海consultations磋商thethirdworld第

三世界imperialism帝国主义

200-nauticalmilemaritimerights二百海里海洋权

developingcountries发展中国家

dependency附庸国plebiscite公民投票

generally-acceptedprinciplesofinternationalrelations公认

的国际关系原则

jointaction共同行动

normalizationofrelations关系正常化

anestablishedprincipleofinternationallaw国际法准则

rudimentarycodeofinternationalrelations国际关系中最起码的准

internationalwaters国际水域internationalsituation国际形势

mergerofstates国家合并nationalboundary国界maritime

resources海洋资源

mutualunderstandingandmutualaccommodation互谅互让

exchangeofneededgoods互通有无

détente,缓和

fundamentalrights基本权利

reductionorcancellationofdebts减轻债务负担

NearEast近东

rightofresidence居留权armsdealer,merchantofdeath军

火商

territoriala领海

limitsofterritoriala领海范围breadthofterritoriala领海

宽度

territorialair领空territorialwaters领水

inalienabilityofterritory领土的不可割让性

territorialjurisdiction领土管辖权territorialcontiguity领土毗

连territorialintegrity领土完整

refugeecamp难民营

countryofone'sresidence侨居国

completeprohibitionandthoroughdestructionofnuclear

weapons全面禁止和彻底

销毁核武器

people-to-peoplecontactsandexchanges人民之间的联系和

交流

sacredandinviolable神圣不可侵犯

ecocide生态灭绝

practical,efficient,economicalandconvenientforu实用,

有效,廉价,方便

bilateralandmultilateraleconomiccooperation双边和多边经

济合作

bilateraltrade双边贸易dualnationality双重国籍trusteeship

托管制度outerspace外层空间

solelegalgovernment唯一合法政府loanswithnoorlow

interest无息和低息贷款colonialismandneo-colonialism新老殖民

主义delayedrepaymentofcapitalandinterest延期还本付息

extradition引渡Zionism犹太复国主义friendlyexchanges友

好往来disputedareas有争议的地区fisheryresources渔业资源

politicaloffender政治犯politicalfugitive政治逃犯MiddleEast,

Mideast中东

neutralstate,neutralcountry中立国

neutralizedstate永久中立国apartheid,racialgregation种

族隔离

genocide种族灭绝sovereignstate主权国家exclusive

economiczone专属经济区suzerainstate,metropolitanstate宗

主国

suzerainty宗主权

tomaintainneutrality保持中立

tosafeguardnationalsovereigntyandnationalresources保

卫国家主权和民族资源

totakeconcertedsteps采取协调行动

toundertakeobligationsinrespectofthenuclear-freezone

对无核区承担义务todeveloprelationsofpeaceandfriendship,

equalityandmutualbenefit,andprolongedstability发展和平友

好、平等互利、长期稳定的关系

todevelopthenationaleconomy发展民族经济

topeddlemunitions贩卖军火

Allcountries,bigorsmall,shouldbeequal.国家不分大小,应

该一律平等

toestablishnormalstaterelations建立正常的国家关系toek

afairandreasonablesolution求得公平合理的解决

tomakeupforeachother'sdeficiencies取长补短to

negotiatethroughdiplomaticchannels通过外交途径进行谈判to

safeguardnationalindependenceandtheintegrityof

sovereignty

维护国家独立和主权完整

tosafeguardworldpeace维护世界和平

tosolvedisputesbypeacefulmeans用和平手段解决争端in

considerationoftheactualconditions照顾现实情况theFive

PrinciplesofPeacefulCoexistence和平共处五项原则mutual

respectforsovereigntyandterritorialintegrity

互相尊重主权和领土完整mutualnon-aggression互不侵犯

non-interferenceineachother'sinternalaffairs互不干涉内政

equalityandmutualbenefit平等互利

peacefulcoexistence和平共处

第五篇:常用外交口译词汇

常用外交口译词汇

MinistryofForeignAffairs外交部ProtocolDepartment礼宾

司InformationDepartment新闻司diplomaticmission外交代表机

embassy大使馆legation公使馆

consulate-general总领事馆consulate领事馆

officeofthechargéd'affaires,代办处militaryattaché'soffice,

武官处

commercialcounllor'soffice商务处

pressction,informationrvice新闻处

liaisonoffice联络处

diplomat外交家,外交官diplomaticrank外交官衔diplomatic

reprentative外交代表

membersoftheadministrativeandtechnicalstaff行政技术人

员ambassador大使

ambassadorextraordinaryandplenipotentiary特

命全权大使nuncio教廷大使internuncio教廷公使

counllorwiththerankofminister,minister-counllor公使

衔参赞

chargéd'affaires,代办

chargéd'affasireadinterim,临时代办

counllor参赞

firstcretary一等秘书condcretary二等秘书third

cretary三等秘书attaché,随员

commercialcretary商务参赞culturalcretary文化参赞

commercialattaché,商务专员culturalattaché,文化专员

militaryattaché,武官navalattaché,海军武官airattaché,空军武官

consul-general总领事consul领事

doyenofthediplomaticcorps,deanofthediplomaticcorps

外交使团团长rovingambassador巡回大使ambassador-at-large

无任所大使specialenvoy特使accreditedto...向…派遣的foreign

affairs外交

memorandum,aidememoire备忘录personanon-grat不受欢

迎的人dejurerecognition法律承认commnique公报

announcement公告,通告letterofcredence,credentials国书

mutualrecognition互相承认

establishmentofdiplomaticrelations建立外交关系

letterofintroduction介绍书

duringone'sabnce离任期间identificationcard身份证

statement声明

defactorecognition事实上承认personagrata受欢迎的人

diplomaticpractice外交惯例diplomaticimmunities外交豁免

diplomaticprivileges外交特权diplomaticchannels外交途径

diplomaticcourier外交信使

diplomaticbag,diplomaticpouch外交邮袋letterof

appointment委任书

certificateofappointment委任证书

exequatur许可证书

declaration,manifesto宣扬letterofrecall召回公文note照会

verbalnote普通照会circularnote通知照会formalnote正式

照会normalization正常化

beappointedambassadorto...被任命为驻…大使toexpress

regret表示遗憾

toverdiplomaticrelations断绝外交关系toresumecharge

oftheoffice,toreturntoone'spost返任

toproceedtotakeupone'spost赴任

toprentone'scredentials递交国书

toexchangeambassadors互派大使

toresumediplomaticrelations恢复外交关系toestablish

diplomaticrelationsatambassadoriallevel建立大使级外交关系

toestablishconsularrelations建立领事关系toassumeone's

post就任

totakeexceptionto;toobjectto提出异议

toupgradediplomaticrelations外交关系升格tomake

reprentationsto,totakeupa(the)matterwith向…交涉

tolodgeaprotestwith向…提出抗议

torequesttheconntof...征求…的同意

tosuspenddiplomaticrelations中断外交关系teaparty茶会

anatmosphereofcordialityandfriendship诚挚友好的气氛

reciprocalbanquet答谢宴会

delegation代表团

headofthedelegation,leaderofthedelegation团长

deputyheadofthedelegation,deputyleaderofthe

delegation副团长

memberofthedelegation代表团成员

memorialspeech悼词

todeveloptherelationsoffriendshipandcooperation发展友

好合作关系prosperityandstrength繁荣富强

visit访问

friendlyvisit,goodwillvisit友好访问

informalvisit非正式访问

officialvisit正式访问

privatevisit私人访问

statevisit国事访问obituary讣告

questionsofcommoninterest;questionofcommonconcern

共同关心的问题statebanquet国宴

messageofgreeting,messageofcongratulation贺电

speechofwelcome欢迎词welcomingbanquet欢迎宴会

cocktailparty鸡尾酒会

goodhealthandalonglife健康长寿profoundcondolence深

切哀悼

cordialhospitality盛情接待

thetwosides,thetwoparties双方

luncheon午宴messageofcondolence唁电reception招待会

toast祝酒词

memorialmeeting追悼会

toconveyone'ssympathy表示慰问tomeetwith会见

toreviewtheguardofhonour检阅仪仗队toexchangeviews

交换意见

toreceive接见

tobeshockedtolearnof惊悉

beoftheopinion,tohold,toconsider,tomaintain认为

topropoatoastto...提议为…干杯onthehappyoccasionof

欣逢

onlearningwithgreatjoy欣悉

togiveabanquetinhonourof...宴请…

oninvitation,uponinvitation应邀attheinvitationof...应…邀

inthecompanyof...,accompaniedby...在…陪同下

toexpressone'ssincerecongratulationsandbestwishes致

以衷心的祝贺和最好的愿望

towishprosperitytoacountryandwell-beingtoitspeople

祝(某国)国家繁荣人民幸福totakenoteof...注意到

His(Her,Your)Majesty陛下

His(Her,Your)RoyalHighness殿下

His(Her,Your)Excellency阁下

entandMme...…总统先生阁下和夫人

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