tiredness

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suffixes

-ment,-tion,-sion,-ion:beaddedtoverbs

toformnouns.

Eg.

manage-management,commit-commitment,ap

point-appointment;

inform-information,civilize-civilization,acquir

e-acquisition,explain-explanation,congratulate

-cong

ratulation,

consider-consideration,produce-production,

educate-education,compo-composition

decide-decision,confu-confusion,

impress-impression,depress-depression

-able:beaddedtoverbstoformadjectives

meaning“abletobeV+ed”,“worthyof

beingV+ed”,or“thatoughttobeV+ed”

-adivisable;desire-desirable;

2

favor-favorable;consider-considerable;

remark-remarkable;prefer-preferable;

drink-drinkable;accept-acceptable

-er,-or:beaddedtoaverbtoformanoun

whichreferstothepersonwhoperforms

mesanoun

formedinthiswayreferstoanobject

insteadofaperson.

-singer:onewhosings;cook-cooker:a

deviceudforcooking;teach-teacher;

visit-visitor;

ski-skier;report-reporter

-ous:beaddedtonounstoformadjectives

withthemeaning“havingmuch”,“fullof”

or“causing”

in-mountainous:havingalotof

mountain;danger-dangerous

joy-joyous:fullofjoy

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-al:beaddedtonounstoformadjrctives

withthemeaning“relatedto”or“of”

culture-cultural;tradition-traditional;

tropic-tropical;music-musical;

occasion-occasional;

globe-global;nature-natural;

-al;-ing;-age:beaddedtoverbstoform

nouns

refu-refusal;arrive-arrival;

remoove-removal;

build-building;shop-shopping;end-ending;

begin-beginning

waste-wastage;store-storage;marry-marriage,

pass-passage

-hood,-ship,-dom:beaddedtonounsor

occasionallytoadjectivestoformabstract

nouns

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-childhood,fal-falhood,boy-

boyhood,adult-adulthood,brother-

brotherhood,

neighbor-neighborhood,lively-livelihood;

friend-friendship,hard-hardship,

leader-leadership,relation-relationship,

citizen-citizenship,

author-authorship,owner-ownership;

king-kingdom,free-freedom,wi-widom

-ness:beaddedtoadjectivestoformnouns

withthemeaningof“thequality”or

“conditionofbeing”.

greatness,coldness,weakness,kindness,

happiness,sadness,strangeness,illness,

easiness,

tiredness,darkness,laziness,nervousness,

careless

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-en:beaddedtosomeadjectivesandsome

nounstoformverbswiththemeaningof

“cometobe”or“cautobe”.

sharp+en→sharpen:comeorcautobe

sharp(er)

heighten,harden,weaken,broaden,lighten,

-ance,-ence:beaddedtosomeverbsto

formnounsmeaningtheactofdoing

somethingorsomethingthatisdone

-allowance,endure-endurance,

appear-appearance,attend-attendance,

hinder-hindrance,

utter-utterance,maintain-maintenance,

accept-acceptance,perform-performance,

resist-resistance

refer-reference,prefer-preference,

occur-occurrence,exist-existence

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-ic:beaddedtoanountoformanadjective

organ-organic,pessimist-pessimistic,

energy-energetic,atom-atomic,hero-heroic,

optimist-optimistic,economy-economic,

history-historic

-ity:beaddedtoanadjectivetoforman

abstractnoun

able-ability,capable-capability,

curious-curiosity,public-publicity,

responsible-responsibility,

rapid-rapidity,mobile-mobility,

complex-complexity

-th:beaddedtoverbsoradjectivestoform

nounstoshowbehavior,quality,state,

situation,etc.

steal-stealth,strong-strength,grow-growth,

warm-warmth,deep-deepth,true-treth,

long-length,

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broad-breadth,wide-width,die-death

-ure:beaddedtoverbsandadjectivesto

formnounstoshowbehavior,resultof

behavior,state,situation,etc.

depart-departure:theactofleavingaplace

moist-moisture:dampness,wetness,humidity

Moreexamples:closure,failure,izure,

pressure,disclosure,exposure

-eer:beaddedtonounstoformagent

nouns-namesofpersonswhoarespecially

engagedinacertainkindofactivity,work

oroccupationthatisrelatedtothenoun.

-engineer:apersonwhodesignsor

buildsmachines,engines,roads,etc.

Moreexamples:mountain-mountaineer,

profit-profiteer

-ward:beaddedtonounsandadverbsto

formadjectivesandadverbswiththe

meaningof“towards”,“facing”,and“to”.

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upward:towardorinahigherplaceor

condition

downward,backward,southward,homeward,

inward

-ward(s):beaddedtonounsorprepositions

toformadverbswiththemeaningof

“towardaparticulardirectionorplace”.

home-homeward(s):toward(s)home;

outwards:towardstheoutside

-an:beaddedto1)thenameofaplacein

ordertoformanadjectiveornounthat

describesorreferstosomeonefromthat

place,or2)thenameofafamouspersonin

ordertoformanadjectiveornounthat

describesorreferstosomethingorsomeone

thatisconnectedwithortypicalofthat

person’sworkorthetimeatwhichthey

lived.

America-American,Africa-African,Europe-

European,Asia-Asian,Italy-Italian

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Shakespeare-Shakespearean,Victoria-

Victorian,Elizabeth-Elizabethan,

Hollywood-Hollywoodian

-ify:beaddedtoadjectivesornounstoform

verbsthatdescribetheprocessbywhicha

state,quality,orconditionisbroughtabout.

simplify:makesomethingsimple

beauty-beautify,pure-purify,just-justify,

inten-intensify,terrible-terrify,glory-glorify,

identity-identify,example-exemplify

-ery/ry:beaddedtonounsoradjectivesto

formnewnounswiththemeaningof“a

grouporcollectionof”or“thestateor

characterof”.Itcanalsobeaddedtoverbs

ornounstoformnewnounswiththe

meaningof“aplacewheresomething

happensorismade”orreferringtoan

action.

brave-bravery,machine-machinery,bake-

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bakery,rob-robbery,deliver-delivery,

discover-

discovery,nur-nurry,scene-scenery,

jewel-jewelry

-ist:beaddedtonounsoradjectivestoform

newnounswiththemeaningof“aperson

believinginpracticing,concernedwith,or

doingthespecifiedaction”.

Marx-Marxist:apersonbelievinginMarxism

violin-violinist:apersonwhoplaysviolin

active-activist,terror-terrorist,ideal-idealist,

capital-capitalist,art-artist,novel-novelist,

tour-

tourist,biology-biologist

-like:beaddedtonounstoformadjectives

withthemeaningof“beingsimilar”or

“rembling”.

-ish:beaddedtonounstoformadjectives

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withthemeaningof“ofthenatureof”or

“rembling”.

Thetwosuffixescanalsobeaddedto

adjectivestoformnewadjectiveswiththe

meaningof“havingasmallamountofthe

characteristicsorquality”describedbythe

originaladjective.

child-childlike,lady-ladylike,child-childish,

fool-foolish

-cy:beaddedtoadjectivesandoccasionally

tonounstoformnounswiththemeaningof

“thestateorqualityofbeing…”.Notethat

thefinal“t”or“te”ofadjectivesis,inmost

cas,replacedby“cy”.

pregnant-pregnancy:thestateofbeing

pregnant,

accurate-accuracy:thequalityofbeing

accurate

dependent-dependency,frequent-frequency,

cret-crecy,urgent-urgency,

private-privacy,

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intimate-intimacy,fluent-fluency,

consistent-consistency

-ologyand–icsoccurinnounswiththe

meaningof“thestudyorscienceof”.

biology:thestudyoflivingthingssuchas

plantsandanimals

methodology:asystemofmethodsor

principlesfordoingaparticularthing

physics:thescientificstudyofphysicalobjects

andsubstances,andofnaturalforces

politics:thestudyofpoliticalpowerand

systemsofgovernment

technology,psychology,economics,classics

ee-:beaddedtosomeverbstorefertothe

persontowhomtheactionisbeingdone.

employ-employee:apersonwhoimployed

train-trainee:apersonwhoisbeingtrainedto

doaparticularjob

Interviewee,addrese,divorcee

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ee-:canalsobeaddedtosomeverbstoform

nounstorefertosomeonewhohas

performedaparticularaction.

escape+-ee→escapee:someonewhohas

escapedfromcaptivity

devote+-ee→devotee:someonewhoisvery

enthusiasticaboutasubjectoranactivity

Retiree

-ance:beaddedtosomeverbstoform

nounswhichrefertotheaction,process,or

stateindicatedbetheverbs.

attend→attendance,endure→endurance,

accept→acceptance,rely→reliance

admit→admittance,defy→defiance,obrve

→obrvance,tolerate→tolerance

-ful:beaddedtonounstoformadjectives

withthemeaningof“fullof”,“giving”,

“having”.

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u-uful,delight-delightful,hope-hopeful,

help-helpful,success-successful,

beauty-beautiful,

harm-harmful,doubt-doubtful,

-less:beaddedtonounstoformadjectives

withthemeaningof“without”,“not

giving”.

child-childless,doubt-doubtless,care-careless,

speech-speechless,harm-harmless,rest-

restless

-ze(-i):beaddedtoadjectivesornounsto

formverbswiththemeaningof“causing”,

“making”

morden-mordenize(mordeni),

apology-apologize(apologi),real-realize,

social-socialize,

normal-normalize,,national-nationalize,

organ-organize

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-ly:beaddedtoadjectivestoformadverbs

withthemeaningof“ina…manner”.

happy-happily:inahappymanner,

strange-strangely:inastrangemanner,

sad-sadly,original-originally

Somesuffixesof:“-ly”areudtoform

adjectives:

friend-friendly,dead-deadly,cost-costly,

week-weekly,world-worldly,man-manly,

order-orderly,

sick-sickly,earth-earthly,

-ive:formadjectives

act-active,attract-attractive,protect-

protective,progreess-progreessive,

-ary:formadjectives

element-ary,cond-condary,custom-

customary,moment-momentary,

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-some:formadjectiveswiththemeaningof

“producing;likelyto”;

Fearsome可怕的quarrelsome爱吵架的

wholesome，wearisome，troublesome，

lonesome