baths

古罗马建筑特色赏析（Appreciationofarchitecturalfeaturesin

ancientRome）

TakingtheEtruscanarchRomemillionTemple

ltstructure

relativelyclodfromtheappearance,infact,theinterior

chis

compodoftworowsofkoeslingstylepillars1.5triangular

frontalwall,33.5meterswide,18metersdeep,thebackisa

largecirculartemple,43.2metersindiameter,wallthickness

igdomehasbeenthatbrickandconcrete

ismade,

thiscentury30storepairthetemple,thelastjudgmentis

wrong,infactthebigdomethereisnobrickskeleton,thedome

isnotrestingonthecondfloor,butinthethirdlayer,it

eoftheappearance

decorationandmeticulous,framebetweenthetwoorthree

layersisverytight,onlytogivetheillusionofthelarge

obold,inwesternarchitecturecanbesaidtobe

themostwonderfulmi-circulartoppartofthe

building,theroomisopen,thetopandalmostverticalcircular

roundthewindow,

ore,peopleinthis

domelikeinathickwallsurroundedbypeoplewithaconstant

ndherecanbebumpedinto

eachother,closure

ofspace,causingthetranscendentpowerbelievestheheart,

itisakindofstaticforce,butalsocanletapersonfeel

thepressurecontinued.

ThePantheonartinteriorcanbesaidtobeverysuccessful,

althoughitsinternalspaceisasingle,limited,butvery

complete,clearandsimplegeometryofharmonious,cheerful,

ectural

historianssayitis"theancientGreekcorridorintothe

interior",thisistheimperialstyleoftypicalRometemple

in.

hsofCaracalla

RomanBathiswashandsteaming,steamingandwashing,and

especiallypayattentiontomassage,wheretheyconquered,put

ellenisticperiod,onlybeach

perialemperorsbuiltlarge

nationalbeachinsidepromotelecturehall,musichall,library,

recreationroom,chessroom,rowofgalleries,shops,snack

shop,gymetc..TheruinsofthebathsofCaracalla

ThebathsofCaracalla(TermediCaracalla)theconstruction

beganintheyear206,until217yearsfromthetimeofthe

emperorCaracallaopened,canaccommodate1500peopletoenjoy,

forRomecondbeach,condinsizeonlytoDiAuclairCiano

hsofCaracallathantheformerbuildingabout

onehundredyearslater,butthebathsofCaracallaisamost

375meterslong,363meterswide,onboth

sidesofthecondhalfof1.5circularprotrusion,andinside

thelecturehall,llainternalspace

organizationsimpleandchangeable,creatingariesof

th,waterbathandhotwater

baththreeHallSeriesinthecentralaxis,andtheendofit

sidesof

thelockerroomandsoonwhichthehorizontalaxisandminor

naxisinterctinthelargestwarmbathinthe

hall,xisofspacesize,

height,aspect,

changesofdifferentvaultsanddomeshapedspaceandcau.

Thebeachoftheinteriorspaceandchangecirculationthrough

rich,mainlytoforma

balancebetweensystemtogetridofthevault,bearingwall

structure.

Two,technicalfeatures:theuoftechnology,volcanoash

concretearch.

chnology:

Thearchtechniqueisthelargestconstructionachievementof

Romecharacteristics,thelargest,isitsgreatest

contributiontoEuropeanarchitecture.

Thelayoutmethod,thetypicalRomebuildingspacecombination,

artformandstyleandcertainarchitecturalfeaturesandscale

andsoon,cellent

archtechnologythatmakesRomeverygrandbuildingshavethe

possibility,theRomebuildingthatanunprecedentedbold

ans

inheritedtheGreekarchitecturalheritage,buttheheritage

afterthetransformationoftechnologyhaschangedtheshape

ofthearch,andtheformandstyleofconstruction,ensurethe

Romanswon'htechnologyinthe

handsoftheRomansandmature,makingsomerelyonthebeam

columnstructureoftheancientarchitecturalandarthasbeen

hustructuremaynotcreate

spaciousinteriorspace,whilethelargespanofthevaultand

domecancoveralargearea,formingawideinteriorspace,so

thatmanypeoplecanshiftfromoutdooractivitiestoindoor.

000templeisthedomecoveredbythecentralismform,itis

reprentativeofasinglespace,thecentralizedcomposition

theonbodyplaneisround,domediameter

of43.3meters,topheightis43.3meters,accordingtothe

conceptoftime,thedomeisasymbolofthesky,soinits

centralopenedaroundhole8.9metersindiameter,meaning

God'eofthe

Pantheontocreatethehighestrecord,itsappearancehasnot

formagood,iscanhardlybeavoided.

Crossarchandarchbalancesystemismature,theRome

constructiononestepfurther,crossarchisactuallyinorder

togetridoftheload-bearingwalls,andthepropodscheme.

Crossarchcoveredinparallelbetween,needonlyfourcorner

pillars,andtheydon'tneedtohaveacontinuousbearingwall,

ra

areais55.8metersby24.1meters,itisthecoreofwaterbath

hallisthreehorizontalcrossarch,itsweightisconcentrated

inthe8pillar,thelateralblockhasatransverwallto

resistthelateralthrust,transverwallbetweenthecross

cylindricalarch,canenhancetheintegrity,andincreathe

terbathisbehindthehotbathhall,thedome

diameterof35meters,whichisrareinRome.

oashconcrete:

GreatlypromotethedevelopmentofRomeancientarchstructure

iddevelopmentofconcrete

conditions,itisaminingandtransportationofrawmaterials

arecheapandconvenientthanthestone;twoisitinstoneas

aggregate,savingstoneorotherlight;withpumicestoneas

aggregate,canreducetheweightofthestructure;thethree

isinadditiontoasmallnumberofskilledcraftsmen,itcan

ne

econdCentury

BC,volcanobegantobecomeindependentofbuildingmaterials,

tothefirstCenturyBC,alreadyudintheconstructionof

arch,cretesurfacelayerud

asquaretaperedprotectionstoneortriangularbrick,then

ivematerialudin

ancientRomeconcreteisakindofnaturalvolcanoash,itis

equivalenttothecementhydrationandsolidification,after

mixup,ndof

concretewithdifferentaggregate,canbemadeofdifferent

templatepouringconcrete,archanddomewoodtemplatetemplate

withbrickwall,andafterwardsisnotremoved,sothatthewall

isverythick.

TheColosumisacircleoftheaudienceasthebasicmaterial

forconcrete,itisatruemasterpieceofthewholebuilding

,theunderlyingaudiencehas7ringtufastone

blocks,eachlap80,betweenthe3ringbaidunziisoutsidethe

tworingcorridor,andbetweenthirdandfourth,fourthand

sixthringblockmasonrywalls,concretearchwallshelvesare

ondlayerontheexternalwallsof

twoHuanlang,atofspatial

relationsisresponsibleforthearchfoundationconcretewith

hardvolcanostoneastheaggregate,andthewallsaremadeof

tuffandtufastonedo,

Theconcretewithpumicestone,thewholestructureisarranged

ingoodorder,neatandconci.

Three,buildingonthebrandofthetimes:abrutal,bloody,

voluptuous.

osum

TheColosumtodesignitsmagnificentarchitectureand

magnificentscalebecomebrilliantancientRomeEmpire

Yearsofthewitness,butsuchagrandbuilding,writinginthe

historyofhumancivilizationisabrutal,

arenaafterthecompletionofthe300years,theRomenobles

lappedinluxurytoenjoythebrutalfightbetweenbeastand

beast,beastandman,uelofpeople,

mostofthemaretimeconsideredanimalslavesandprisoners

ofwar,theyarecalledGladiator,runbyaristocratsand

l,slavesorprisonersfromtimetotime

bythebeastbiteandtear,killthescene,thesceneisvery

tweenslaves

orprisonersofwartofightandfightatoutrance,atleast

fiercestruggle,isoftenastandingovation,

thumbsdown,shouting"killhim,killhim!"Pushonthespot.

Thewinnerlor,insuchawayastosatisfythenoblesof

bloodthirstylust.

TheancientRomansofthisinhumangamethisway,inan,

theexistenceofthearenahasactuallyspurredtheonce

slaveclasxtremedissatisfactionwiththebloodygame,

finallybrokeoutthroughouttheancientworldshockedSpartak

ingclassofslaveownerswillownfleshso

lifehappinessbadonslavesorprisonersofwar,themodern

peopleinthisarenatour,imaginethosceneswillstillfeel

shiveralloverthoughnotcold.

baths

TheEmpire,slaveryincreasinglydeveloped,alargenumberof

FreePeasantsbankrupt,yare

citizensorveterans,thisgroupofthewilloftheemperorof

wastehasplayedanimportantrole,astheemperorfortheir

lifetobuypolicies,subsidiesandkilltheboring

,publicbathsbuiltthroughout

Rome,andincreasinglylargescalefacilitiesaremoreandmore

abundant,or

andwallsareplasteredwithDalistone,mosaic,paintedmurals,

decorativealcoveandbypillarsonwallisfurnishedwitha

icketpriceisverylow,anordinarycitizen

canbuyaticket,,idle

peoplehavegoodplacetopassthetime,theyareinthebeach

party,chat,talkaboutbusiness,dobusiness,hawkershere

storemoney,prostitutesarealsolookingfortargetsinhere.

AncientRomehistorianTacitusdescribesaRomanlife:"sleep

duringtheday,nighttowork,ssis

hishobby,plewanttoworkhard

toachieve,hehasavoluptuousjoytocomplete."Thisisaday

ofpublicbathsandplaces.

InsixthCentury,thesiegeofRomeGothsdestroyedthepipeline,

betterprervation

ofthebathsofCaracallaisaruin,ahotbathhallinthecenter

allwallarchonmanydangerous

residues,itcanexperiencetheluxurystyle,butalsofeelthe

breathoflife--rottensmokeaday.

AncientRome'sachievementsintheconstructioncanbesaidto

beverybrilliant,althoughtherehavebeensomearchitects

thinkitistoocrowded,mple,

Corbusierinhisbook"towardthenewbuilding"wrote:"think

oftheGreeksRomansfeltbadtaste","ancientRomeisalways

inthenarrowcircleofthecitycrowded,crowdedcityisnot

beautiful".However,weshouldethattheancientbuildings

inRomeandthedevelopmentofarchitecturalheritagein

ancientGreeceonthebreakthrough,especiallytheirattention

tointeriorspaceandcreation,aswellastheirconstruction

technologyinnovationandtry,

,ithasits

limitationsandnarrow,andperhapssomeutilitarian,butit

isstillagreatchapterinarchitecturalhistory.