emperor什么意思

故宫俄语导游词

【篇一：北京故宫俄语导游词】

【篇二：故宫导游词】

首先我来介绍故宫的概况。

故宫过去叫紫禁城，它是明清两代的皇宫。紫禁城始建于明朝永乐

四年（1406年）永乐十八年建成，占地面积72万多平方米，距今

已有600年的历史。在这里曾居住了明清两朝24位皇帝。紫禁城的

建筑是依据我国古代的《周礼.考工记》中“前朝、后市、左祖、右社”

的原则建造的。

那么为什么叫“紫禁城”呢？这里面有很深的文化内涵。咱们中国是

一个天文学非常发达的国家，早在3000多年前的甲骨文中就有许多

关于天象的记载。在古代的天象观测中，人们发现，有一颗星的位

臵是不变的，始终居于天空的正中，它是紫微星，也就是大家熟悉

的北极星。人们认为那是天帝居住的宫殿，称它为“紫宫”。皇帝称

自己为天子，就是天帝的儿子，他所居住的宫殿就叫“紫宫”，这是

其一，其二呢，皇帝居住的宫院，对寻常老百姓来说，是绝对的禁

忌之地。于是两层含义合起来，所以就叫“紫禁城”

紫禁城是明朝的第三个皇帝朱棣，也就是永乐皇帝在1406年开始

营建的，用了14年的时间才全部建成，1421年正式迁都北京。从

明朝永乐到清朝宣统，共有24位皇帝在这儿居住过，统治中国达

491年。相传紫禁城有宫殿9999间半，实际上是8700多间，是我

国也是世界上目前规模最大、保存最完整的宫殿建筑群。这些宫殿

沿中轴线排列，并向两边展开，左右对称，格局严正，气魄雄伟，

极为壮观。当我们漫步在这些宫殿之间时，不仅仅可以亲身接触到

它的一砖一瓦，还会欣赏到青铜、玉器、书画、珠宝等珍贵的文物。

要知道，这些文物都是从故

宫博物院150多万件藏品中精心挑选出来的，您定会爱不够，也看

不够。再者说，在那些文物的背后，在眼前这些殿宇之中曾经发生

过许许多多令人荡气回肠的故事，足以让您听不够、想不够。简单

一句话，您今天走进了这明清两代的皇宫，就是走进了中华文明的

宝库。

故宫的全称是“故宫博物院”，因为它是在明清两朝的皇宫和宫廷旧

藏文物的基础上，建立起来的综合性国家级博物馆。说到这儿您可

能会问了，那故宫博物院是什么时候成立的呢？不要着急，这还要

从末代皇帝溥仪的退位说起。1911年，辛亥革命推翻了清王朝的统

治，1912年溥仪正式宣布退位。按说，这座宫殿应该收归国有。可

是，按照当时的规定，溥仪却被允许居住在后宫部分，长达十几年。

在1924年冬季的一天，冯玉祥将军的手下鹿钟麟，将溥仪和他的

后妃逐出了皇宫，同时成立“清室善后委员会”，接管故宫，并对皇

宫中的文物进行了清点。又经过一年的紧张筹备，1925年10月10

日在乾清门前广场举行了盛大的建院典礼。那天，为了争先目睹这

座神秘的皇宫和宫殿里珍藏的宝贝，许多人拥向故宫，北京城万人

空巷、交通堵塞，这件事成了当天各大报纸的重要新闻。

故宫在开放的第一天，到底接待了多少游客，我们不知道。可这几

年，每年都有近1000万中外游客到故宫参观游览。因为故宫是全年

365天开放的，算起来，每天平均要接待将近3万人呢。

故宫博物院已经有80多年的历史了，在这么长的时间，尤其是新中

国成立后，故宫在古建筑保护、文物收藏、研究和展览方面，取得

了巨大的进步。您知道吗？目前故宫珍藏的文物有150多万件，占

全国文物

馆藏总量的十分之一，其中一级文物占全国文物的五分之一还多呢？

那故宫的文物都有哪些品种呢？这150多万件文物种类齐全，包括

玉器、陶瓷、书画、珐琅、漆器、金银器，以及大量帝后、妃嫔服

饰、衣料和家具等十多个门类。

这些年来，故宫博物院除了保存和复原三大殿、后三宫和西六宫外，

又开辟了青铜、陶瓷、书画、珍宝、钟表等专馆，并经常举办各种

临时的主题性展览。另外，你还可以到故宫的网站上看看，网址是：

.（d是英文digital数字的意思；pm是palace

muum，故宫的意思。中文意思就是数字故宫。

城池

午门是皇宫的正门，因其位于紫禁城的午位（正南方）故称午门。

“五凤楼”；在明清两朝，它的地位非常重要，许多重大仪式都是在

这里举行的。比如：每年农历十月，皇帝要亲自到这儿来颁布下一

年的历书。另外，打完仗，将士得胜回朝后，要在午门前举行隆重

的献俘礼。午门有时也会作为举行喜庆活动的场所。每年农历正月

十五的元宵节，这儿要张灯结彩、“放灯”三天，而且允许平民百姓

来赏灯游玩，显示皇家于民同乐、普天同庆的太平景象。然而，说

到这午门，大家都会想到“退出午门斩首”这句话吧。其实，这句话

纯属误传，北京当时的刑场在南城的菜市口。那这句话是怎么传出

来的呢？过去大臣们和皇帝在朝堂上议政，经常出现意见不和的情

况。在明朝时，皇帝就可以把触犯他的大臣拉到午门外用竹子打屁

股。这叫廷杖。千万不要小看这竹子，它是一种碗口粗的毛竹，里

面还要灌上水银，据说是为了加大杀伤力，几杖下

去就能皮开肉绽。被打的人不死也要终生残疾。这种恐怖的事情从

皇宫传到民间，就逐渐变成“推出午门斩首”了。

神武门故宫的北门。这座门故去除了供帝后妃嫔、太监、宫女们进

进出出外，还是击鼓报时的场地。当年这门楼上有一支大鼓和一口

大钟，每夜有专人值班击鼓报更。这里说的更，是过去人们对夜间

的计时方法，一更约为两个小时，一夜分五更。夜里11点到第二天

1点，正是三更的时候，所以就有了“三更半夜”或“半夜三更”的说法。

每天夜幕降临后，在击鼓报初更之前，先要敲钟108响。楼高夜静，

紫禁城里的人们，都能听到这钟鼓声。

东华门是整个明代皇宫的东门，与西华门一东一西，遥相对应。东

华门与西华门不像午门与神武门那样处于正南正北方为，而是处于

靠近东南、西南方位。

西华门是紫禁城的西门，门外与东华门一样矗立着一块下马石碑。

这个门的职能与东华门相同，是大臣们上朝进宫出入的必经之地，

或许因为出入东华门要经过一大片马厩的缘故，大多数朝臣一般进

出皇宫都走西华门。清代皇帝和太后平时出宫游玩也多走西华门。

角楼在紫禁城高高的城墙上，有四座小巧别致、精美无比的角楼。

它们像四颗明珠，镶嵌在高大的城墙上，它们不仅是我国，也是世

界上的建筑精品。这角楼的建筑十分复杂，它一共有三层檐。关于

这角楼的建造，还有一个故事呢，我来说说吧。相传，明朝的永乐

皇帝在修建皇宫时，特意指定要在紫禁城的死角，各建造一座“九梁

十八柱七十二脊”的角楼，并且限期100天，盖不好要杀头。谁也没

有见过这么复杂

的建筑阿，这可难坏了全国各地的能工巧匠。眼看皇帝的限期就要

到了，工匠们愁的都吃不下饭。这是，来了一个卖蝈蝈的老头儿。

他那蝈蝈笼子非常精致漂亮，大家都为过去看那巧夺天工的笼子。

有个工匠不自觉的数起笼子上的玉米秸，“一根梁，两根梁…..”一数，

一共是九根横粱、十八根柱子、七十二个脊。哎，这部正式咱们要

盖的角楼吗！大家非常兴奋，突然想起卖蝈蝈的老头儿，可一看，

老头儿不见了。工匠们七嘴八舌的说，这是鲁班爷显灵，来救我们

了。于是，工匠们如期建好了角楼。

护城河和金水河紫禁城城垣的外围围绕着一条宽52米，深6米的

护城河，河岸陡直，由条石砌成，俗称筒子河。清代护城河的北、

东、西三面内侧建有守卫围房732间，戒备森严。护城河水的源头

是京西的玉泉山，玉泉山水经过颐和园、运河、西直门的高梁桥，

流到市中心的后海，然后从地安门的步梁桥下分出支流，经景山西

门的地道进入护城河。从康熙朝开始在护城河中种莲藕，农历七月，

荷花盛开，十分壮观。收获的莲子和莲藕除交给宫中食用外，剩余

的拿到市场上卖，所得银子作为小花销。嘉庆以后开始出租给人养

荷收取租金。故宫周围有两条金水河，一条是内金水河，一条是外

金水河。外金水河在天安门前，其水系来自护城河西边的河段，护

城河河水到达宫墙西南角后，进入地道，在从织女桥流出，绕过社

稷坛，从外金水桥流过，经牛郎桥向东过天妃闸，流出皇城。内金

水河的水是从神武门西边的地道引入的护城河河水，河水沿内廷西

区供电墙外向南流，在慈宁花园墙外向东南转，蜿蜒经武英殿，在

太和门前广场形成一个优美的拱形渠，然后转向北流经文渊阁，

【篇三：北京-故宫英文导游词】

北京-故宫英文导游词-导游英语

forbiddencity(紫禁城)

(infrontofthemeridiangate)

ladiesandgentlemen:

iampleadtorveasyourguidetoday.

thisisthepalacemuum;alsoknowasthepurpleforbidden

elargestandmostwellrervedimperialresidence

ingemperoryongle,construction

fivecenturiesthereafter,itcontinuedtobetheresidenceof23

successiveemperorsuntil1911whenqingemperorpuyiwas

1987,theunitednations

educational,scientificandculturalorganizationrecognizedthe

forbiddencitywasaworldculturallegacy.

itisbelievedthatthepalacemuum,orzijincheng(purple

forbiddencity),gotitsnamefromastronomyfolklore,the

ancientastronomersdividedtheconstellationsintogroups

andcenteredthemaroundtheziweiyuan(northstar).the

constellationcontainingthenorthstarwascalledthe

constellationofheavenlygodandstaritlfwascall

etheemperorwassuppodlythe

sonoftheheavenlygods,hiscentralanddominantposition

wouldbefurtherhighlightedtheuofthewordpurpleinthe

lore,theterm‖aneasternpurple

cloudisdrifting‖becameametaphorforauspiciouvents

afterapurplecloudwasendriftingeastwardimmediately

beforethearrivalofanancientphilosopher,laozi,tothe

,purpleisassociatedwithauspicious

djin(forbidden)islf-explanatoryas

theimperialpalacewasheavilyguardedandoff-explanatoryas

theimperialpalacewasheavilyguardedandoff-limitsto

ordinarypeople.

theredandyellowudonthepalacewallsandroofsarealso

rentshappiness,goodfortuneandwealth.

yellowisthecoloroftheearthontheloessplateau,the

becamean

imperialcolorduringthetangdynasty,whenonlymembersof

theroyalfamilywereallowedtowearitanduitintheir

architecture.

960meterslong

9,900roomsunderatotalroofarea150,000squaremeters.a

52-meter-wide-moatencirclesa9.9-meter—highwallwhich

n—shapedturretsrestonthe

refourentrancesintothecity:

themeridiangatetothesouth,theshenwugate(gateof

militaryprowess)tothenorth,andthexihuagate(gateof

militaryprowess)tothenorth,andthexihuagate(western

flowerygate)tothewest,thedonghua(easternflowerygate)to

theeast.

manpowerandmaterialsthroughoutthecountrywereudto

of230,000artisansandone

wasquarriedfrom

fangshancountrymountpaninjixiancountyinhebeiprovince.

granitewasquarriedinquyangcountyinhebeiprovince.

pavingblockswerefiredinkilnsinsuzhouinsouthernchina.

bricksandscarletpigmentationudonthepalatialwalls

was

cut,procesdandhauledfromthenorthwesternand

southernregions.

emain

soknowsas

wufenglou(five-phoenixtower).mingemperorsheldlavish

banquetshereonthe15thdayofthefirstmonthofthechine

soudthisplace

forpunishingofficalsbyfloggingthemwithsticks.

qingemperorsudthisbuildingtoannouncethebeginningof

perorqianglongchangedtheoriginal

nameofthisannouncementceremonyfromban

li(announcementofcalendar)tobanshou(announcementof

newmoon)toavoidcoincidentalassociationwithanother

emperor`sname,hongli,whichwasconsideredatabooatthat

nastyemperorsalsoudthisplacetohold

example,whentheimperialarmyreturnedvictoriouslyfromthe

battlefield,itwasherethattheemperorpresidedoverthe

ceremonytoacceptprisonersofwar.

(afterenteringthemeridiangateandstandinginfrontofthe

fivemarblebridgesongoldenwaterriver)

westartourtour,i

wouldliketobrieflyintroduceyoutothearchitecturalpatterns

letethissolemn,magnificentandpalatial

complex,avarietyofbuildingswerearrangedonanorth-south

axis,and8-kilometer-longinvisiblelinethathasbecomean

biddencitycovers

roughlyone–theimportant

buildingintheforbiddencitywereearrangedalongthisline.

thedesignandarrangementofthepalacesreflectthesolemn

dignityoftheroyalcourtandrigidly–stratifiedfeudalsystem.

theforbiddencityisdividedintoanouterandaninner

owstandingonthesouthernmostpartofthe

tofusliesthegateofsupreme

eisguardedbyapairofbronze

lions,nswere

ontheeast

playingwithaballisamale,andballissaidtoreprentstate

eathoneofitsfore

clawsisacubthatisconsideredtobeasymbolofperpetual

dingbrookbeforeusisthegolden

fivebridgesspanningtheriverreprentthefivevirtues

preachedbyconfucius:benevolence,righteousness,rites,

ertakestheshapeofabowand

smeanttoshowthat

theemperorsruledthecountryonbehalfofgod.

(infrontofthegateofsupremeharmony)

theforbiddencityconsistsofanoutercountyardandaninner

countyardcoversavastspacelying

betweenthemeridiangateandthegateofheavenlypurity.

the―threebighalls‖ofsupremeharmony,completeharmony

andprervingharmonyconstitutethecenterofthisbuilding

ngtheminbilateralsymmetryaretwogroupsof

palaces:wenhua(prominentscholars)andwuying(brave

warriors).thethreegreathallsarebuiltonaspacious―h‖-

shaped,8-meter-high,triplemarbleterrace,eachlevelofthe

tripleterraceistallerthantheonbelowandallareencircledby

marblebalustradescarvedwithdragonandphoenixdesigns.

therearethreecarvedstonestaircaslinkingthethree

lofsupremeharmonyisalsothetallest

andmostexquisiteancientwooden-structuredmansioninall

epalaceofheavenlypurithnorthwardiswhat

isknownastheinnercourt,whichisalsobuiltinbilaterally

enterarethepalaceofheavenly

purity,thehallofunionandpeaceandpalaceofearthly

tranquility,aplacewheretheemperorslivedwiththeirfamilies

ngthestructuresare

arealsothreebotanicalgardenswithintheinnercount,namely,

theimperialgarden,

innergoldenwaterriverflowastwardlywithintheinnercourt.

thebrookwindsthroughthreeminorhallsorpalacesand

annedbythewhitejade

erislinedwithwinding,marble

–thestructureswithinthe

romgiving

prominencetothenorth-southaxis,otherarchitectural

methodswereappliedtomakeeverygroupofpalatial

structuresuniqueintermsofterraces,roofs,mythical

monstersperchingontheroofsandcolored,drawingpatterns.

withthe,thegrandcontouranddifferenthierarchic

rehasit

thattherearealtogether9,999room-unitsintheforbiddencity.

sinceparadionlyhas10,000rooms,thesonofheavenon

sorumouredthat

thishalf

–roomislocatedtothewestofthewenyuangepavilion

(imperiallibrary).asamatteroffact,althoughtheforbidden

cityhasmorethan9,000room-units,thishalf-roomis

yuangepavilionisalibrarywhere―siku

quanshu‖-china`sfirstcomprehensiveanthology-wasstored.

(afterwalkingpastthegateofsupremeharmony)

ladiesandgentlemen,thegreathallweareapproachingisthe

hallofsupremeharmony,thebiggestandtallestofitskingin

ructurecoversatotalbuildingspace

of2,377squaremeters,andisknowforitsupturned,multiple

lofsupremeharmonysitsona

triple―h‖-shapedmarbleterracetheis8metershighand

ircaonthegroundfloorhas21

burneddownthreetimesandwasverelydamagedonce

stingarchitecturewasbuiltduringthe

ornersoftheeavesalineofanimal-nails

nimal-nailswerelater

re

bernine

wasregardedbytheancientstobethelargestnumeral

accessibletomanandtowhichonlytheemperorswere

entitled.

therewasatotalof24successiveemperorsduringtheming

lwasalso

udforceremonieswhichmarkedothergreatoccasions:the

wintersolstice,thechinelunarnewyear,theemperor`s

birthday,conferralofthetitleofempress,theannouncement

ofnewlawsandpolicies,anddispatchesofgeneralsto

occasions,theemperorwouldholdaudiencefor

hiscourtofficialsandreceivetheirtributes.

thisareaiscalledthehallofsupremeharmonysquare,which

coversatotalof30,000squaremeters,withoutasingletreeor

plantgrowinghere,thisplaceinspiresvisitorstofeelits

iddleofthesquarethereisa

sides

oftheroadthegroudbrickswerelaidinaspecialwayven

layerslengthwiandeightlayerscrosswi,makingup

poofthiswastopreventanyone

ountyardthere

hole

ertime,

charcoalwasburnedunderneaththevatstokeepthewater

astasquare?itwasdesignedto

impresspeoplewiththehall`sgrandeurandvastness.

heclearbluesky,the

yellowglazedtilesshimmeredasthecloud-likelayersof

terrace,coupledwiththecurlingveilofburningincen,

transformedthehallofsupremeharmonyintoafairyland.

whenevermajorceremonieswereheld,theglazed,crane-

shapedcandleholdersinsidethehallwouldbeit,andincen

eemperor

appeared,drumswerebeatenandmusicalinstrumentplayed.

civilianofficialsandgeneralswouldkneelknowinsubmission.

thelastqingemperorpuyiassumedthethronein1908,atthe

ageofthree,tartof

thecoronation,thesuddendrum-beatingandloudmusic

oscaredthat

hekeptcryingandshouting,‖idon’

togohome.‖hisfathertriedtosoothehim,saying,‖it`allsoon

`allsoonbefinished‖theministersprentat

dentally,

theqingdynastycollapdthreeyearslaterandtherewith

concludedchina`sfeudalsystemthathadlastedformorethan

2,000years.

(onthestoneterraceofthehallofsupremeharmony)

cenmadeof

re

altogether18incenburners,reprentingallofthe

erside

ofthehall,4bronzewater-filledvatswereplacedincaoffire.

nexttotheterraceoneitherside,thereisabronzecraneand

tortoi,pper-castgrainmeasure

iscalled‖jialiang.‖itrvedasthenationalstandardduring

eanttoshowthattheimperialruler

thersidethereisa

stonesundial,liangandthe

sundialwereprobablymeanttoshowwhattheemperor

reprented:thathewastheonlypersonwhoshouldposss

thestandardsofbothmeasureandtime.

intheveryforefrontofthehallofsupremeharmony,thereare

12scarlet,lis63

metersfromeasttowestand37metersfromnorthtosouth,it

tofthisarchitechture,there

standsatripleterracewithfivestaircasleadinguptothe

40golddoorsand16gold-keywindows

iddle

ofthehall,athrounecarvedwith9dragonssitsona2-meter-

thethronethereisagoldenscreenand

infrontofit,nksaredecorated

withelephants,luduan(alegendarybeast),cranes,andincen

phantcarriesavaonitsbackthatholdsfive

cereals(,twokindsofmillet,wheatandbeans),which

entlegendhas

itthatluduancantravel18,000li(9,000kilometers)inoneday

awiadjust

monarchwillthisbeastbeaguardian.

thehallofsupremeharmonyisalsopopularlyknownas

jinluandian(goldbellhallorthethronehall).thefloorofthe

hallislaidwithbricksthatturnitintoasmooth,finesurfaceas

-calledgoldenbrick,in

fact,edexclusivelyforthe

constructionoftheroyalcourt,itwasmadeinacretive,and

complexway,and,whenstruck,soundsliketheclinkofagold

ickwasworththemarketpriceofonedan(orone

hectoliter)ofrice.

e,6

arecarvedindragonpatternsandpaintedwithgoldand

heverycenterofthishallthereis

azaojing,orcoveredceiling,whichisoneofthespecialitiesof

china`iddleoftheceilingisa

copperball,hollowinsideandcoveredwithmercury,isknown

asthexuanyuanmirrorandisthoughttobemadexuanyuan,a

placingofthecaissonabovethethroneismeanttosuggest

thatallofchina`ssuccessiveemperorsarezuanyuan`s

mighthavenoticed

?

itisrumoredthatyuanshikai,alf-acclaimedwarlord-turned

emperormovedthethronefurtherbackbecauhewasafraid

1916whenyuan

shikaibecameemperor,heremovedtheoriginalthronewitha

western-style,hefoundationofthe

people`srepublicofchinain1949thethronewasfoundina

iredandreturnedtothe

hall.

(leadingthetouristtothebronzevatitherontheeastorthe

west)

thewatervatsinfrontofthepalacesorhouwere

called―menhai,‖orabeforethedoorbytheancient

lievedthatwithaabythedoor,firecould

srvedbothasadecorationandasa

rekeptfullofwaterallyearround.

duringtheqingdynasty,theywerealtogether308vatsinthe

cou,e

alliedforces(britain,germany,france,russia,theunitedstates,

italy,japanandaustria)invadedbeijingin1900underthe

pretextofsuppressingtheboxerrebellion,the

invadersransackedtheimperialcompoundandscrapedand

thejapane

occupationofbeijing,manyvatsweretruckedawaybythe

japanetobemadeintobullets.

(infrontofthehallofcompleteharmony)

thesquarearchitecturebeforeusiscalledthehallofcomplete

erorcamehere

tomeetwithhiscountiersandaddhisfinaltouchestothe

ds,

snowersandprayerintendedforspringsowingwerealso

qingdanchairshereondisplaywere

udfortravelingwithinthepalaceduringthereignof

emperorqianlong.

(infrontofthehallfprervingharmony)

theqingdynasty,

banquetswereheldhereonnewyear`veinhonourof

mongolianandnorthwesternchina`sxingjiangprincesand

eroralsodinnedherewithhisnew

alexaminationswere

themingand

qingdynasties,therewerethreelevelsofexams:thecounty

andprefecturallevel,

il

rviceexaminancientchinastartedduringthehandynasty.

itrvedthepurpoofrecruitingconfucianscholarstothe

thetangandqing

erythree

years,threehundredscholarsfromalloverthecountrycame

stem

wasabolishedin1905.

(behindthehallofprervingharmony)

16.73

meterslong,hs

ckwasquarriedinfangshancounty,

sportsuchahugeblockto

beijing,laborersdugwellsalongtheroadsidehalfakilometer

apart,andudthegroundwatertomakearoadoficeinthe

1760,

emperorqianlongoftheqingdynastyorderedthecarvingof

theexistingcloudanddragondesigninplaceoftheoldone

:fromhere,the

tourcanbeconductedviathreedifferentroutes:awestern

route(routea),acentralroute(routeb)oraneasternroute

(routec).

ladiesandgentlemen:

`dliketoshowyouaroundthehallofmentalcultivationand

l

ofmentalcultivationissituatedisinthewesternpartofthe

innermostenclosureandissymmetrical