conrvation

Wildlifeconrvation

Wildlifeconrvationisthepracticeofprotectingwildplantandanimalspeciesand

hegoalsofwildlifeconrvationaretoensurethatnaturewillbe

aroundforfuturegenerationstoenjoyandtorecognizetheimportance

ofwildlifeandwildernesslandstohumans.[1]Manynationshavegovernment

agenciesdedicatedtowildlifeconrvation,whichhelptoimplementpoliciesdesignedto

usindependentnon-profitorganizationsalsopromotevarious

wildlifeconrvationcaus.[2]

Wildlifeconrvationhasbecomeanincreasinglyimportantpracticeduetothenegative

endangeredspeciesisdefinedasapopulationofalivingbeingthatisatthedangerof

sonscanincludethatthespecies

hasaverylowpopulationoristhreatenedbythevaryingenvironmentalorprepositional

parameters.

Majorthreatstowildlife[edit]

er,thehabitatthatremains

hasoftenbeendegradedtobearlittleremblancetothewildareaswhichexistedinthe

tloss—duetodestruction,fragmentationordegradationofhabitat—isthe

ecosystemhas

beendramaticallychangedbyhumanactivities—suchasagriculture,oilandgas

exploration,commercialdevelopmentorwaterdiversion—itmaynolongerbeableto

providethefood,water,cover,aytherearefewer

placesleftthatwildlifecancallhome.

Therearethreemajorkindsofhabitatloss:

Habitatdestruction:Abulldozerpushingdowntreesistheiconicimageofhabitat

aysthatpeoplearedirectlydestroyinghabitat,includefillingin

wetlands,dredgingrivers,mowingfields,andcuttingdowntrees.

Habitatfragmentation:MuchoftheremainingterrestrialwildlifehabitatintheU.S.

cspecies’habitat

ragmentsofhabitatmay

notbelargeorconnectedenoughtosupportspeciesthatneedalargeterritoryin

sandfragmentationofhabitatmakeitdifficultfor

migratoryspeciestofindplacestorestandfeedalongtheirmigrationroutes.

Habitatdegradation:Pollution,invasivespeciesanddisruption

ofecosystemprocess(suchaschangingtheintensityoffiresinanecosystem)are

someofthewayshabitatscanbecomesodegradedthattheynolongersupport

nativewildlife.

Climatechange:Globalwarmingismakinghotdayshotter,rainfalland

floodingheavier,

intensificationofweatherandclimateextremeswillbethemostvisibleimpact

socausingdangerouschangesto

thelandscapeofourworld,addingstresstowildlifespeciesandtheirhabitat.

Sincemanytypesofplantsandanimalshavespecifichabitatrequirements,

tdropor

riinaveragerainfallwilltranslateintolargeasonal

atingmammals,reptiles,amphibiansandinctsareharmedand

andwildlifearensitivetomoisturechangeso,theywillbe

lphenomena

likefloods,earthquakes,volcanoes,lightning,forestfires.[3][4]

UnregulatedHuntingandpoaching:Unregulatedhunting

iththis,mismanagement

offorestdepartmentandforestguardstriggersthisproblem.

Pollution:Pollutantsreleadintotheenvironmentareingestedbyawide

idesandtoxicchemicalbeingwidelyud,makingthe

environmenttoxictocertainplants,incts,androdents.

Perhapsthelargestthreatistheextremegrowingindifferenceofthepublic

towildlife,conrvationandenvironmentalissuesingeneral.[5]Over-exploitation

ofresources,i.e.,exploitationofwildpopulationsforfoodhasresultedin

populationcrashes(over-fishingandover-grazingforexample).

Overexploitationistheoveruofwildlifeandplantspeciesbypeoplefor

food,clothing,pets,medicine,have

alwaysdependedonwildlifeandplantsforfood,clothing,medicine,shelterand

aywearetakingmorethanthenaturalworldcan

geristhatifwetaketoomanyindividualsofaspeciesfromtheir

naturalenvironment,sof

ting,

trapping,collectingandfishingofwildlifeatunsustainablelevelsisnotsomething

ngerpigeonwashuntedtoextinctionearlyinthelastcentury,and

over-huntingnearlycaudtheextinctionoftheAmericanbisonandveral

speciesofwhales.

Today,the[EndangeredSpeciesAct]sthatwereindanger

fromoverexploitation,andtheConventiononInternationalTradeinEndangeredSpecies

ofFaunaandFlora(CITES)reare

manyspeciesthatarenotprotectedfrombeingillegallytradedorover-harvested.

NorthAmericanModelofWildlifeConrvation[edit]

Mainarticle:NorthAmericanModelofWildlifeConrvation

TheNorthAmericanModelofWildlifeConrvationisatofprinciplesthathasguided

managementandconrvationdecisionsintheUnitedStatesandCanada.[6]Althoughnot

formallyarticulateduntil2001,[7]themodelhasitsoriginsin19thcenturyconrvation

movements,thenearextinctionofveralspeciesofwildlife(includingtheAmerican

Bison)andtheriofsportsmenwiththemiddleclass.[8][9]Beginninginthe1860s

sportsmenbegantoorganizeandadvocatefortheprervationofwildernessareasand

thAmericanModelofWildlifeConrvationrestsontwobasicprinciples–

fishandwildlifeareforthenon-commercialuofcitizens,andshouldbemanagedsuch

oreprinciplesare

elaborateduponinthevenmajortenetsofthemodel:

feasPublicTrustResources.

ationofMarketsforGame.

tionofWildlifebyLaw

feShouldOnlybeKilledforaLegitimatePurpo

feisConsideredanInternationalResource

eistheProperToolforDischargeofWildlifePolicy

acyofHunting

Wildlifeconrvationasagovernment

involvement[edit]

In1972,

afterenactment,atrendemergedwherebypolicymakernactedregulationson

ndnon-stateactorsbegantofollowadetailed"framework"towork

ldConrvationStrategywasdevelopedin1980

bythe"InternationalUnionforConrvationofNatureandNaturalResources"(IUCN)

withadvice,cooperationandfinancialassistanceoftheUnitedNationsEnvironment

Programme(UNEP)andtheWorldWildlifeFundandincollaborationwiththeFoodand

AgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations(FAO)andtheUnitedNationsEducational,

ScientificandCulturalOrganization(Unesco)"[10]Thestrategyaimsto"providean

intellectualframeworkandpracticalguidanceforconrvationactions."[10]Thisthorough

guidebookcoververythingfromtheintended"urs"ofthestrategytoitsverypriorities.

Itevenincludesamapctioncontainingareasthathavelargeafoodconsumptionand

nctionsareasfollows:

ria,FL.2012.

Theobjectivesofconrvationandrequirementsfortheirachievement:

nanceofesntialecologicalprocessandlife-supportsystems.

vationofgeneticdiversitythatisfloraandfauna.

nableutilizationofspeciesandecosystems.

Prioritiesfornationalaction:

workfornationalandsub-nationalconrvationstrategies.

makingandtheintegrationofconrvationanddevelopment.

nmentalplanningandrationaluallocation.

Prioritiesforinternationalaction:

ationalaction:lawandassistance.

alforestsanddrylands.

lprogrammefortheprotectionofgeneticresourceareas.

Mapctions:

alforests

sandareassubjecttodertification.

Non-governmentinvolvement[edit]

As―majordevelopmentagencies‖became―discouragedwiththepublicctor‖of

environmentalconrvationinthelate1980s,theagenciesbegantoleantheirsupport

towardsthe―privatector‖ornon-governmentorganizations(NGOs).[11]InaWorldBank

DiscussionPaperitismadeapparentthat―theexplosiveemergenceofnongovernmental

organizations‖thisriinNGO

support,ssmadeamendmentstotheForeignAssistanceActin1979and

1986―forInternationalDevelopment(USAID)funds

forbiodiversity‖.[11]From1990movingthroughrecentyearnvironmentalconrvationin

theNGOctorhasbecomeincreasinglymorefocudonthepoliticalandeconomic

impactofUSAIDgiventowardsthe―EnvironmentandNaturalResources‖.[12]Afterthe

terrorattacksontheWorldTradeCentersonSeptember11,2001andthestartofformer

PresidentBush’sWaronTerror,maintainingandimprovingthequalityoftheenvironment

andnaturalresourcesbecamea―priority‖to―preventinternationaltensions‖accordingto

theLegislationonForeignRelationsThrough2002[12]andction117ofthe1961Foreign

AssistanceAct.[12]ssmodifiedthectionon

endangeredspeciesofthepreviouslyamendedForeignAssistanceAct.

Sec.119.100EndangeredSpecies:

(a)TheCongressfindsthesurvivalofmanyanimalsandplantspeciesindangeredbyover

hunting,bytheprenceoftoxicchemicalsinwater,airandsoil,andbythedestructionof

gressfurtherfindsthattheextinctionofanimalandplantspeciesisan

irreparablelosswithpotentiallyriounvironmentalandeconomicconquencesfor

ingly,theprervationofanimalandplant

speciesthroughtheregulationofthehuntingandtradeinendangeredspecies,through

limitationsonthepollutionofnaturalecosystems,andthroughtheprotectionofwildlife

habitatsshouldbeanimportantobjectiveoftheUnitedStatesdevelopmentassistance.

(b)100Inordertoprervebiologicaldiversity,thePresidentisauthorizedtofurnish

assistanceunderthispart,notwithstandingction660,101toassistcountriesinprotecting

andmaintainingwildlifehabitatsandindevelopingsoundwildlifemanagementandplant

leffortsshouldbemadetoestablishandmaintainwildlife

sanctuaries,rerves,andparks;toenactandenforceanti-poachingmeasures;andtoidentify,

study,andcataloganimalandplantspecies,especiallyintropicalenvironments.[12]

Theamendmentstothectionalsoincludedmodificationsonthectionconcerning

"PVOsandotherNongovernmentalOrganizations."[12]ThectionrequiresthatPVOsand

NGOs"tothefullestextentpossibleinvolvelocalpeoplewithallstagesofdesignand

implementation."[12]TheamendmentstotheForeignAssistanceActandthe

recent[when?]riinUSAIDfundingtowardsforeignenvironmentalconrvationhaveledto

veraldisagreementsintermsofNGOs'roleinforeigndevelopment.

Activenon-governmentorganizations[edit]

ManyNGOxisttoactivelypromote,orbeinvolvedwithwildlifeconrvation:

TheNatureConrvancyisaUScharitableenvironmentalorganizationthatworks

toprervetheplants,animals,andnaturalcommunitiesthatreprentthediversity

oflifeonEarthbyprotectingthelandsandwaterstheyneedtosurvive.[13]

WorldWideFundforNature(WWF)isaninternationalnon-governmental

organizationworkingonissuesregardingtheconrvation,rearchandrestoration

oftheenvironment,formerlynamedtheWorldWildlifeFund,whichremainsitsofficial

eworld'slargestindependent

conrvationorganizationwithover5millionsupportersworldwide,workinginmore

than90countries,supportingaround1300[4]conrvationandenvironmental

harity,withapproximately60%ofitsfundingcoming

fromvoluntarydonationsbyprivateindividuals.45%ofthefund'sincomecomesfrom

theNetherlands,theUnitedKingdomandtheUnitedStates.[14]

WildTeam

WildlifeConrvationSociety

AudubonSociety

Traffic(conrvationprogramme)

SafariClubInternational

WildEarthGuardians