insomnia什么意思

更新时间:2022-12-26 14:13:54 阅读: 评论:0


2022年12月26日发(作者:天堂蒜薹之歌)

TED:睡眠不足会发生什么?

In1965,17year-oldhighschoolstudentRandyGardnerstayawakefor264hours,that's11days,toehowhe'

hree,Gardnerwasmoodyand

ndoftheexperiment,hewasstrugglingtoconcentrate,hadtroublewithshorttermmemory,becameparanoidand

ghGardnerrecoveredwithoutlongtermpsychologicalorphysicaldamage,forotherslosingshut-eyecan

resultinhormoneimbalance,illness,andextremecas,'reonlybeginningtounderstandwhywesleeptobeginwith,butwedo

knowit'need7to8hourssleepatnight,andadolescentsneedabout10.

1965年,17岁的高中生兰迪加纳德持续264小时,也就是11天不睡觉,想看看会发生什么。在持续不睡的第二天,他的眼睛停止了聚焦。随

后,他丧失了通过触摸鉴别事物的能力。到了第三天,加纳德变得焦躁且笨拙。实验结束时,他已经不能集中注意力。短期记忆力出现问题,变得偏执

且开始出现幻觉。虽然实验并未对加纳德造成任何心理或生理上的长期损伤,但对有些人来说,不睡觉会导致激素分泌失调,疾病甚至死亡。一开始我

们只是意识到人类需要睡眠。却不知道其根本原因。成年人每晚需要7至8小时的睡眠,青少年则需要10小时。

Wegrowsleepyduethesignalsfromourbodytellingourbrainwearetired,andsignalsfromtheenvironmenttellingusit'sdarkoutside.

Theriinsleepinducingchemicals,likeadenosineandmelatonin,ourbreathingand

nREMsleepiswhenDNAisrepairedandourbodiesreplenishthemlvesfortheday

nitedStates,it'stimatedthat30%ofadultsand66%n'tjust

losleep,learning,memory,mood,andreactiontimeare

essnessmayalsocauinflammation,hallucinations,highbloodpressure,andit'venbeenlinkedtodiabetesandobesity,

in2014,aisuntimelydeathwasduetoastroke,

studiesshowthatchronicallysleepingfewerthan6hoursanightincreasingstrokeriskby4.5times,comparedtothogettingconsistent7

ndfulofpeopleontheplanetwhocarryarareinheritedgeneticmutation,

hebodyinanightmirrorstateofwakefulness,forbiddingitfromentering

monthsforyears,thisprogressivelyworningconditionleadstodementiaanddeath.

我们觉得困倦时因为身体向大脑发出了疲倦的信号。也因为外界环境给予了我们天黑的信号。人体则加量分泌能增进睡意的化学物质,如腺苷和

褪黑激素。让我们的呼吸和心跳频率降低并使肌肉放松。这种非快速眼动睡眠发生在DNA修复以及身体自我补给时。调查发现美国30%的成年人与66%

的青少年睡眠不足。可别小看了睡眠不足的后果。一直不睡觉会严重损害身体健康。当我们长时间不睡觉时,学习能力、记忆力、情绪以及反应能力将

受到影响。缺乏睡眠也可能导致炎症、幻觉、高血压,甚至糖尿病和肥胖都与睡眠不足有关。2014年就有一位足球死忠粉在持续48小时观看世界杯后

死亡。虽说他的早逝归根结底是因为中风,但研究表明夜间睡眠少于6小时的人同长期保持7-8小时睡眠的人相比,中风的风险会增加4.5倍。对那些

携带罕见病变遗传基因的人来说失眠是常事。这种被称作致命性家族性失眠的现象,能让身体在夜里处于清醒状态,禁止其入睡。不出数年这种逐渐恶

化的症状会导致精神错乱和死亡。

Howcansleepdeprivationcausuchimmensuffering?Scientiststhinktheanswerlieswiththeaccumulationofwasteproductsinthe

ourwakinghours,ourcellsarebusyusingupourday'nergysources,whichgetbrokendownintovariousby-products,

osinebuildsup,itincreastheurgetosleep,,caffeineworks

asteproductsalsobuildupinthebrain,andifthey'renotclearedaway,theycollectively

overloadthebrai'shappeninginourbrainwhenwe

sleep,topreventthis?ScientistsfoundsomethingcalledtheGlymphaticSystem,aclean-upmechanismthatremovesthisbuildupandis

muchmoreactivewhenwe'sbyusingcerebrospinalfluidtoflushawaytoxicby-productsthataccumulatebetween

ticvesls,withrveaspathwaysforimmunecellshaverecentlybeendiscoveredinthebrain,andtheymayalsoplayarolein

clearingoutthebrain'cientistscontinueexploringtherestorativemechanismsbehindsleep,wecanbesure

thatsleepingintoslumberisanecessity,ifwewannamaintainourhealthandoursanity.

睡眠不足为何如此痛苦呢?科学家们认为其原因为大脑中废物的累积。当我们清醒时,细胞正忙于消耗我们一天中产生的能量。而这些能量的产

生会分解出各种副产品,例如腺苷。腺苷的不断产生会使睡眠欲望增加。这样的欲望也被称作睡眠压力。事实上,咖啡因就是通过阻碍腺苷的接收途径

来发挥作用的。其它的垃圾产物也会在大脑中堆积。而如果它们不被清理掉,大脑将超负荷运转。同时可能引起许多睡眠不足的不良症状。所以当我们

睡着时,大脑是如何防止这种情况发生的呢?科学家们发现了脑部的类淋巴系统。它是一种可以清除这些垃圾产物的清洁机制。并且在我们睡眠时比较

活跃。这种机制利用脑脊髓液将细胞间积累的有毒副产品冲刷掉。最后研究员发现在大脑中作为免疫细胞通道的淋巴血管。这些血管可能也起到了清理

大脑日常垃圾的作用。尽管科学家们还在继续探索人睡着后的修复机制,我们可以肯定的是,如果我们想保持健康的身心良好的睡眠是非常必要的。

序号生词音标词性Definition中文解释

1paranoid/'perə.nɔɪd/adj

Characterizedbyorsufferingfromthementalc

onditionofparanoia

多疑的;恐惧的;患偏执症的;

有妄想狂的

2hallucinate/həˈluːsɪneɪt/

VERB

[NOOBJECT]

Experienceaeminglyrealperceptionofsome

thingnotactuallyprent,typicallyasaresulto

famentaldisorderoroftakingdrugs

vt.使产生幻觉

3psychological/sʌɪkəˈlɒdʒɪk(ə)l/adj

Of,affecting,orarisinginthemind;relatedtot

hementalandemotionalstateofaperson

adj.心理的;精神上的,精神

(现象)的;心理学(上)的;

关于心理学的

4hormone/ˈhɔːməʊn/n

Aregulatory/ˈrɛɡjʊlət(ə)ri/调整的;监管的substa

nceproducedinanorganismandtransportedi

ntissuefluids组织液suchasbloodorsap/sæp/

(植物体内运送养分的)液,汁tostimulatespecific

cellsortissuesintoaction.

n.荷尔蒙;激素

5adolescent/.ædə'les(ə)nt/nAnadolescentboyorgirl青少年

6adenosine/əˈdɛnə(ʊ)siːn/

NOUN

[MASSNOUN]

Biochemistry

Acompoundconsistingofadeninecombinedwi

thribo,prentinalllivingtissueincombine

dformasnucleotides.

n.腺苷

7melatonin/ˌmɛləˈtəʊnɪn/

NOUN

[MASSNOUN]

Biochemistry

Ahormonecretedbythepinealglandwhich

inhibitsmelaninformationandisthoughttobe

concernedwithregulatingthereproductivecycl

e.

松果体分泌的一种激素,抑制黑色素的形成,被认为与

调节生殖周期有关。

n.褪黑激素

8replenish/rɪˈplɛnɪʃ/

VERB

[WITHOBJECT]

(something)upagain:

1.1Restore(astockorsupply)toaformerleve

vt.补充;重新装满;把…装

满;

lorcondition:

9

sleep-deprive

d

ADJECTIVESufferingfromalackofsleep:

睡眠不足的;睡眠严重不足的;

剥夺了睡眠的

10deprived/dɪˈprʌɪvd/ADJECTIVE

Sufferingavereanddamaginglackofbasic

materialandculturalbenefits

11minor/ˈmʌɪnə/ADJECTIVE

Lesrinimportance,riousness,orsignificanc

e:

adj.较小的,少数的

12inconvenience/ɪnkənˈviːnɪəns/

NOUN

[MASSNOUN]

Thestateorfactofbeingtroublesomeordiffic

ultwithregardtoone’spersonalrequirements

orcomfort:

n.不方便;麻烦;为难之处;

麻烦事

13Sleeplessness/ˈsliːpləsnəs/

NOUN

[MASSNOUN]

Inabilitytosleep;insomnian.失眠,警觉

14inflammation/ɪnfləˈmeɪʃ(ə)n/

NOUN

[MASSNOUN]

Alocalizedphysicalconditioninwhichpartoft

hebodybecomesreddened,swollen,hot,and

oftenpainful,especiallyasareactiontoinjury

orinfection

n.[医]炎症;燃烧;发火

15hallucination/həˌluːsɪˈneɪʃ(ə)n/n

Anexperienceinvolvingtheapparentperception

ofsomethingnotprent

n.幻觉,幻想;错觉

16diabetes/dʌɪəˈbiːtiːz/

NOUN

[MASSNOUN]

(alsodiabetesmellitus/dʌɪəˌbiːtiːzmɪˈlʌɪtəs/)

Adiainwhichthebody’sabilitytoproduc

eorrespondtothehormoneinsulinisimpaire

d,resultinginabnormalmetabolismofcarbohy

dratesandelevatedlevelsofglucointheblo

od.

1diabetes,thebodylacksthecellswhichprod

2diabetes

(whichismorecommon,andoftendevelopslat

erinlife)thecellsofthebodyfailtorespond

toinsulinnormallyandthepancreasdoesnot

odiabetesinsipi

dus

n.<医>糖尿病;

17obesity/ə(ʊ)ˈbiːsɪti/

NOUN

[MASSNOUN]

Thestateofbeinggrosslyfatoroverweightn.肥胖,过胖;肥胖症

18stroke/strəʊk/n

Asuddendisablingattackorlossofconsciousn

esscaudbyaninterruptionintheflowofblo

n.中风;一击;击球;划水动作;

odtothebrain,especiallythroughthrombosis

19chronically/ˈkrɒnɪk(ə)li/

ADVERB

[USUALLYASS

UBMODIFIER]

(Inrelationtoillness)inapersistentandrecurri

ngway

(关于疾病)是一个持久的和经常性的方式

次修饰语,就是强调副词,用在形容词前面修饰形容词的.

adv.慢性地,习惯性地,长期

20mutation/mjuːˈteɪʃ(ə)n/

NOUN

[MASSNOUN]

n.变化;转变;突变;变异

21insomnia/ɪnˈsɒmnɪə/

NOUN

[MASSNOUN]

Habitualsleeplessness;inabilitytosleep.n.[医]失眠,失眠症

22sanctuary/ˈsaŋ(k)tjʊəri/n

Refugeorsafetyfrompursuit,percution,oro

therdanger

n.避难所;庇护所;圣所;庇

23dementia/dɪˈmɛnʃə/

NOUN

[MASSNOUN]

Medicine

Achronicorpersistentdisorderofthementalp

rocesscaudbybraindiaorinjuryand

markedbymemorydisorders,personalitychang

es,andimpairedreasoning.

大脑疾病或损伤引起的精神过程的一种慢性或持续性的

紊乱,并有记忆障碍、人格改变、推理障碍。

n.[医]痴呆,精神混乱

24deprivation/dɛprɪˈveɪʃ(ə)n/n

Thedamaginglackofmaterialbenefitsconsider

edtobebasicnecessitiesinasociety

n.剥夺;丧失;免职,废止

25immen/ɪˈmɛns/adj

Extremelylargeorgreat,especiallyinscaleord

egree

adj.极大的,巨大的;浩瀚的,

无边际的;〈口〉非常好的;弘

26by-productsn

n.副产品(by-product的名

词复数);意外结果,副作用

27caffeine/ˈkæfiːn/

NOUN

[MASSNOUN]

Analkaloidcompoundwhichisfoundespecially

inteaandcoffeeplantsandisastimulantof

thecentralnervoussystem.

n.[药]咖啡因;咖啡碱;茶精

(兴奋剂)

28blocking/blɒkɪŋ/

NOUN

[MASSNOUN]

Theactionorfactofblockingorobstructingso

meoneorsomething

堵塞(block的现在分词);阻

29receptor/rɪˈsɛptə/

NOUN

Physiology

生理学

Anorganorcellabletorespondtolight,heat,

orotherexternalstimulusandtransmitasigna

ltoansorynerve

n.[生]感受器,受体;[电]感受

器,接收器;[化]接受器;感觉

器官

30symptoms/ˈsɪm(p)təm/n

Aphysicalormentalfeaturewhichisregardedn.症状(symptom的名词复

asindicatingaconditionofdia,particularly

suchafeaturethatisapparenttothepatient:

数);征兆

31

Glymphatics

ystem

n

afunctionalwasteclearancepathwayfortheve

rtebratecentralnervoussystem(CNS)

脊椎动物中枢神经系统的功能性废物清除途径

32Lymphatic/lɪm'fætɪk/adjPhysiologyRelatingtolymphoritscretion:

adj.淋巴的;分泌淋巴的;输

送淋巴的;(指人)苍白无力的

33cerebrospinal

/ˌsɛrɪbrə(ʊ)ˈspʌɪn

(ə)l/

ADJECTIVE

Anatomy

.脑脊髓的

34toxic/ˈtɒksɪk/adjPoisonous

adj.有毒的;中毒的;因中毒

引起的

35vesl/ˈvɛs(ə)l/n

Anatomy&ZoologyAductorcanalholdingor

oblood

vesl.

解剖及动物管或管有或输送血液或其他液体。又见血管。

[医][血]管,脉管

36restorative/rɪˈstɒrətɪv/adj

theabilitytorestorehealth,strength,

orwell-being:

adj.有恢复健康作用的,滋补

y&DentistryRelatingtotherestoratio

nofformorfunctiontoadamagedtoothoro

therpartofthebody.

37slumber/ˈslʌmbə/nAsleepn.微睡,安眠,熟睡;蛰伏

38sanity/'sænəti/

NOUN

[MASSNOUN]

Theabilitytothinkandbehaveinanormalan

drationalmanner;soundmentalhealth

n.神志正常;心智健康;头脑

清楚;通情达理

39paranoia/ˌparəˈnɔɪə/n

Amentalconditioncharacterizedbydelusionso

fpercution,unwarrantedjealousy,orexaggera

tedlf-importance,typicallyworkedintoanor

eanaspectofchronic

personalitydisorder,ofdrugabu,orofar

iousconditionsuchasschizophreniainwhicht

hepersonlostouchwithreality.

<医>妄想狂;偏执狂;(对别

人的)瞎猜疑;疑神疑鬼

40delusions/dɪˈluːʒ(ə)n/nn.欺骗;谬见;错觉;妄想

41percution/pəːsɪˈkjuːʃn/n

Hostilityandill-treatment,especiallybecauof

raceorpoliticalorreligiousbeliefs;oppression:

n.迫害或受迫害,烦扰;苛求,

困扰

42Hostility/hɒˈstɪlɪti/nHostilebehaviour;unfriendlinessoropposition:

n.敌意,敌对状态;战争行动;

愤怒反对,愤怒反抗

43oppression/əˈprɛʃ(ə)n/n

Prolongedcruelorunjusttreatmentorexerci

ofauthority/ɔːˈθɒrɪti/当权者

n.压迫;被压迫的状态;压迫

物;沉闷,苦恼

44Prolonged/prəˈlɒŋd/adj

Continuingforalongtimeorlongerthanusua

l;lengthy:

adj.持续很久的;延长的;拖

延的;

45schizophrenia[ˌskɪtsəˈfri:niə]n

Along-termmentaldisorderofatypeinvolving

abreakdownintherelationbetweenthought,

emotion,andbehaviour,leadingtofaultyperce

ption,inappropriateactionsandfeelings,withdr

awalfromrealityandpersonalrelationshipsinto

fantasyanddelusion,andanofmentalfr

agmentation.

[医]精神分裂症;矛盾

46adenine/ˈadɪniːn/

NOUN

[MASSNOUN]

Biochemistry

(biochemistry)purinebafoundinDNAandR

NA;pairswiththymineinDNAandwithuracili

nRNA

拓展:

Therearejustfourkinds:adenine,thymine,gua

nineandcytosine.

n.腺嘌呤

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