TED:睡眠不足会发生什么?
In1965,17year-oldhighschoolstudentRandyGardnerstayawakefor264hours,that's11days,toehowhe'
hree,Gardnerwasmoodyand
ndoftheexperiment,hewasstrugglingtoconcentrate,hadtroublewithshorttermmemory,becameparanoidand
ghGardnerrecoveredwithoutlongtermpsychologicalorphysicaldamage,forotherslosingshut-eyecan
resultinhormoneimbalance,illness,andextremecas,'reonlybeginningtounderstandwhywesleeptobeginwith,butwedo
knowit'need7to8hourssleepatnight,andadolescentsneedabout10.
1965年,17岁的高中生兰迪加纳德持续264小时,也就是11天不睡觉,想看看会发生什么。在持续不睡的第二天,他的眼睛停止了聚焦。随
后,他丧失了通过触摸鉴别事物的能力。到了第三天,加纳德变得焦躁且笨拙。实验结束时,他已经不能集中注意力。短期记忆力出现问题,变得偏执
且开始出现幻觉。虽然实验并未对加纳德造成任何心理或生理上的长期损伤,但对有些人来说,不睡觉会导致激素分泌失调,疾病甚至死亡。一开始我
们只是意识到人类需要睡眠。却不知道其根本原因。成年人每晚需要7至8小时的睡眠,青少年则需要10小时。
Wegrowsleepyduethesignalsfromourbodytellingourbrainwearetired,andsignalsfromtheenvironmenttellingusit'sdarkoutside.
Theriinsleepinducingchemicals,likeadenosineandmelatonin,ourbreathingand
nREMsleepiswhenDNAisrepairedandourbodiesreplenishthemlvesfortheday
nitedStates,it'stimatedthat30%ofadultsand66%n'tjust
losleep,learning,memory,mood,andreactiontimeare
essnessmayalsocauinflammation,hallucinations,highbloodpressure,andit'venbeenlinkedtodiabetesandobesity,
in2014,aisuntimelydeathwasduetoastroke,
studiesshowthatchronicallysleepingfewerthan6hoursanightincreasingstrokeriskby4.5times,comparedtothogettingconsistent7
ndfulofpeopleontheplanetwhocarryarareinheritedgeneticmutation,
hebodyinanightmirrorstateofwakefulness,forbiddingitfromentering
monthsforyears,thisprogressivelyworningconditionleadstodementiaanddeath.
我们觉得困倦时因为身体向大脑发出了疲倦的信号。也因为外界环境给予了我们天黑的信号。人体则加量分泌能增进睡意的化学物质,如腺苷和
褪黑激素。让我们的呼吸和心跳频率降低并使肌肉放松。这种非快速眼动睡眠发生在DNA修复以及身体自我补给时。调查发现美国30%的成年人与66%
的青少年睡眠不足。可别小看了睡眠不足的后果。一直不睡觉会严重损害身体健康。当我们长时间不睡觉时,学习能力、记忆力、情绪以及反应能力将
受到影响。缺乏睡眠也可能导致炎症、幻觉、高血压,甚至糖尿病和肥胖都与睡眠不足有关。2014年就有一位足球死忠粉在持续48小时观看世界杯后
死亡。虽说他的早逝归根结底是因为中风,但研究表明夜间睡眠少于6小时的人同长期保持7-8小时睡眠的人相比,中风的风险会增加4.5倍。对那些
携带罕见病变遗传基因的人来说失眠是常事。这种被称作致命性家族性失眠的现象,能让身体在夜里处于清醒状态,禁止其入睡。不出数年这种逐渐恶
化的症状会导致精神错乱和死亡。
Howcansleepdeprivationcausuchimmensuffering?Scientiststhinktheanswerlieswiththeaccumulationofwasteproductsinthe
ourwakinghours,ourcellsarebusyusingupourday'nergysources,whichgetbrokendownintovariousby-products,
osinebuildsup,itincreastheurgetosleep,,caffeineworks
asteproductsalsobuildupinthebrain,andifthey'renotclearedaway,theycollectively
overloadthebrai'shappeninginourbrainwhenwe
sleep,topreventthis?ScientistsfoundsomethingcalledtheGlymphaticSystem,aclean-upmechanismthatremovesthisbuildupandis
muchmoreactivewhenwe'sbyusingcerebrospinalfluidtoflushawaytoxicby-productsthataccumulatebetween
ticvesls,withrveaspathwaysforimmunecellshaverecentlybeendiscoveredinthebrain,andtheymayalsoplayarolein
clearingoutthebrain'cientistscontinueexploringtherestorativemechanismsbehindsleep,wecanbesure
thatsleepingintoslumberisanecessity,ifwewannamaintainourhealthandoursanity.
睡眠不足为何如此痛苦呢?科学家们认为其原因为大脑中废物的累积。当我们清醒时,细胞正忙于消耗我们一天中产生的能量。而这些能量的产
生会分解出各种副产品,例如腺苷。腺苷的不断产生会使睡眠欲望增加。这样的欲望也被称作睡眠压力。事实上,咖啡因就是通过阻碍腺苷的接收途径
来发挥作用的。其它的垃圾产物也会在大脑中堆积。而如果它们不被清理掉,大脑将超负荷运转。同时可能引起许多睡眠不足的不良症状。所以当我们
睡着时,大脑是如何防止这种情况发生的呢?科学家们发现了脑部的类淋巴系统。它是一种可以清除这些垃圾产物的清洁机制。并且在我们睡眠时比较
活跃。这种机制利用脑脊髓液将细胞间积累的有毒副产品冲刷掉。最后研究员发现在大脑中作为免疫细胞通道的淋巴血管。这些血管可能也起到了清理
大脑日常垃圾的作用。尽管科学家们还在继续探索人睡着后的修复机制,我们可以肯定的是,如果我们想保持健康的身心良好的睡眠是非常必要的。
序号生词音标词性Definition中文解释
1paranoid/'perə.nɔɪd/adj
Characterizedbyorsufferingfromthementalc
onditionofparanoia
多疑的;恐惧的;患偏执症的;
有妄想狂的
2hallucinate/həˈluːsɪneɪt/
VERB
[NOOBJECT]
Experienceaeminglyrealperceptionofsome
thingnotactuallyprent,typicallyasaresulto
famentaldisorderoroftakingdrugs
vt.使产生幻觉
3psychological/sʌɪkəˈlɒdʒɪk(ə)l/adj
Of,affecting,orarisinginthemind;relatedtot
hementalandemotionalstateofaperson
adj.心理的;精神上的,精神
(现象)的;心理学(上)的;
关于心理学的
4hormone/ˈhɔːməʊn/n
Aregulatory/ˈrɛɡjʊlət(ə)ri/调整的;监管的substa
nceproducedinanorganismandtransportedi
ntissuefluids组织液suchasbloodorsap/sæp/
(植物体内运送养分的)液,汁tostimulatespecific
cellsortissuesintoaction.
n.荷尔蒙;激素
5adolescent/.ædə'les(ə)nt/nAnadolescentboyorgirl青少年
6adenosine/əˈdɛnə(ʊ)siːn/
NOUN
[MASSNOUN]
Biochemistry
Acompoundconsistingofadeninecombinedwi
thribo,prentinalllivingtissueincombine
dformasnucleotides.
n.腺苷
7melatonin/ˌmɛləˈtəʊnɪn/
NOUN
[MASSNOUN]
Biochemistry
Ahormonecretedbythepinealglandwhich
inhibitsmelaninformationandisthoughttobe
concernedwithregulatingthereproductivecycl
e.
松果体分泌的一种激素,抑制黑色素的形成,被认为与
调节生殖周期有关。
n.褪黑激素
8replenish/rɪˈplɛnɪʃ/
VERB
[WITHOBJECT]
(something)upagain:
1.1Restore(astockorsupply)toaformerleve
vt.补充;重新装满;把…装
满;
lorcondition:
9
sleep-deprive
d
ADJECTIVESufferingfromalackofsleep:
睡眠不足的;睡眠严重不足的;
剥夺了睡眠的
10deprived/dɪˈprʌɪvd/ADJECTIVE
Sufferingavereanddamaginglackofbasic
materialandculturalbenefits
11minor/ˈmʌɪnə/ADJECTIVE
Lesrinimportance,riousness,orsignificanc
e:
adj.较小的,少数的
12inconvenience/ɪnkənˈviːnɪəns/
NOUN
[MASSNOUN]
Thestateorfactofbeingtroublesomeordiffic
ultwithregardtoone’spersonalrequirements
orcomfort:
n.不方便;麻烦;为难之处;
麻烦事
13Sleeplessness/ˈsliːpləsnəs/
NOUN
[MASSNOUN]
Inabilitytosleep;insomnian.失眠,警觉
14inflammation/ɪnfləˈmeɪʃ(ə)n/
NOUN
[MASSNOUN]
Alocalizedphysicalconditioninwhichpartoft
hebodybecomesreddened,swollen,hot,and
oftenpainful,especiallyasareactiontoinjury
orinfection
n.[医]炎症;燃烧;发火
15hallucination/həˌluːsɪˈneɪʃ(ə)n/n
Anexperienceinvolvingtheapparentperception
ofsomethingnotprent
n.幻觉,幻想;错觉
16diabetes/dʌɪəˈbiːtiːz/
NOUN
[MASSNOUN]
(alsodiabetesmellitus/dʌɪəˌbiːtiːzmɪˈlʌɪtəs/)
Adiainwhichthebody’sabilitytoproduc
eorrespondtothehormoneinsulinisimpaire
d,resultinginabnormalmetabolismofcarbohy
dratesandelevatedlevelsofglucointheblo
od.
1diabetes,thebodylacksthecellswhichprod
2diabetes
(whichismorecommon,andoftendevelopslat
erinlife)thecellsofthebodyfailtorespond
toinsulinnormallyandthepancreasdoesnot
odiabetesinsipi
dus
n.<医>糖尿病;
17obesity/ə(ʊ)ˈbiːsɪti/
NOUN
[MASSNOUN]
Thestateofbeinggrosslyfatoroverweightn.肥胖,过胖;肥胖症
18stroke/strəʊk/n
Asuddendisablingattackorlossofconsciousn
esscaudbyaninterruptionintheflowofblo
n.中风;一击;击球;划水动作;
odtothebrain,especiallythroughthrombosis
19chronically/ˈkrɒnɪk(ə)li/
ADVERB
[USUALLYASS
UBMODIFIER]
(Inrelationtoillness)inapersistentandrecurri
ngway
(关于疾病)是一个持久的和经常性的方式
次修饰语,就是强调副词,用在形容词前面修饰形容词的.
adv.慢性地,习惯性地,长期
地
20mutation/mjuːˈteɪʃ(ə)n/
NOUN
[MASSNOUN]
n.变化;转变;突变;变异
21insomnia/ɪnˈsɒmnɪə/
NOUN
[MASSNOUN]
Habitualsleeplessness;inabilitytosleep.n.[医]失眠,失眠症
22sanctuary/ˈsaŋ(k)tjʊəri/n
Refugeorsafetyfrompursuit,percution,oro
therdanger
n.避难所;庇护所;圣所;庇
护
23dementia/dɪˈmɛnʃə/
NOUN
[MASSNOUN]
Medicine
Achronicorpersistentdisorderofthementalp
rocesscaudbybraindiaorinjuryand
markedbymemorydisorders,personalitychang
es,andimpairedreasoning.
大脑疾病或损伤引起的精神过程的一种慢性或持续性的
紊乱,并有记忆障碍、人格改变、推理障碍。
n.[医]痴呆,精神混乱
24deprivation/dɛprɪˈveɪʃ(ə)n/n
Thedamaginglackofmaterialbenefitsconsider
edtobebasicnecessitiesinasociety
n.剥夺;丧失;免职,废止
25immen/ɪˈmɛns/adj
Extremelylargeorgreat,especiallyinscaleord
egree
adj.极大的,巨大的;浩瀚的,
无边际的;〈口〉非常好的;弘
道
26by-productsn
n.副产品(by-product的名
词复数);意外结果,副作用
27caffeine/ˈkæfiːn/
NOUN
[MASSNOUN]
Analkaloidcompoundwhichisfoundespecially
inteaandcoffeeplantsandisastimulantof
thecentralnervoussystem.
n.[药]咖啡因;咖啡碱;茶精
(兴奋剂)
28blocking/blɒkɪŋ/
NOUN
[MASSNOUN]
Theactionorfactofblockingorobstructingso
meoneorsomething
堵塞(block的现在分词);阻
碍
29receptor/rɪˈsɛptə/
NOUN
Physiology
生理学
Anorganorcellabletorespondtolight,heat,
orotherexternalstimulusandtransmitasigna
ltoansorynerve
n.[生]感受器,受体;[电]感受
器,接收器;[化]接受器;感觉
器官
30symptoms/ˈsɪm(p)təm/n
Aphysicalormentalfeaturewhichisregardedn.症状(symptom的名词复
asindicatingaconditionofdia,particularly
suchafeaturethatisapparenttothepatient:
数);征兆
31
Glymphatics
ystem
n
afunctionalwasteclearancepathwayfortheve
rtebratecentralnervoussystem(CNS)
脊椎动物中枢神经系统的功能性废物清除途径
32Lymphatic/lɪm'fætɪk/adjPhysiologyRelatingtolymphoritscretion:
adj.淋巴的;分泌淋巴的;输
送淋巴的;(指人)苍白无力的
33cerebrospinal
/ˌsɛrɪbrə(ʊ)ˈspʌɪn
(ə)l/
ADJECTIVE
Anatomy
.脑脊髓的
34toxic/ˈtɒksɪk/adjPoisonous
adj.有毒的;中毒的;因中毒
引起的
35vesl/ˈvɛs(ə)l/n
Anatomy&ZoologyAductorcanalholdingor
oblood
vesl.
解剖及动物管或管有或输送血液或其他液体。又见血管。
[医][血]管,脉管
36restorative/rɪˈstɒrətɪv/adj
theabilitytorestorehealth,strength,
orwell-being:
adj.有恢复健康作用的,滋补
y&DentistryRelatingtotherestoratio
nofformorfunctiontoadamagedtoothoro
therpartofthebody.
的
37slumber/ˈslʌmbə/nAsleepn.微睡,安眠,熟睡;蛰伏
38sanity/'sænəti/
NOUN
[MASSNOUN]
Theabilitytothinkandbehaveinanormalan
drationalmanner;soundmentalhealth
n.神志正常;心智健康;头脑
清楚;通情达理
39paranoia/ˌparəˈnɔɪə/n
Amentalconditioncharacterizedbydelusionso
fpercution,unwarrantedjealousy,orexaggera
tedlf-importance,typicallyworkedintoanor
eanaspectofchronic
personalitydisorder,ofdrugabu,orofar
iousconditionsuchasschizophreniainwhicht
hepersonlostouchwithreality.
<医>妄想狂;偏执狂;(对别
人的)瞎猜疑;疑神疑鬼
40delusions/dɪˈluːʒ(ə)n/nn.欺骗;谬见;错觉;妄想
41percution/pəːsɪˈkjuːʃn/n
Hostilityandill-treatment,especiallybecauof
raceorpoliticalorreligiousbeliefs;oppression:
n.迫害或受迫害,烦扰;苛求,
困扰
42Hostility/hɒˈstɪlɪti/nHostilebehaviour;unfriendlinessoropposition:
n.敌意,敌对状态;战争行动;
愤怒反对,愤怒反抗
43oppression/əˈprɛʃ(ə)n/n
Prolongedcruelorunjusttreatmentorexerci
ofauthority/ɔːˈθɒrɪti/当权者
n.压迫;被压迫的状态;压迫
物;沉闷,苦恼
44Prolonged/prəˈlɒŋd/adj
Continuingforalongtimeorlongerthanusua
l;lengthy:
adj.持续很久的;延长的;拖
延的;
45schizophrenia[ˌskɪtsəˈfri:niə]n
Along-termmentaldisorderofatypeinvolving
abreakdownintherelationbetweenthought,
emotion,andbehaviour,leadingtofaultyperce
ption,inappropriateactionsandfeelings,withdr
awalfromrealityandpersonalrelationshipsinto
fantasyanddelusion,andanofmentalfr
agmentation.
[医]精神分裂症;矛盾
46adenine/ˈadɪniːn/
NOUN
[MASSNOUN]
Biochemistry
(biochemistry)purinebafoundinDNAandR
NA;pairswiththymineinDNAandwithuracili
nRNA
拓展:
Therearejustfourkinds:adenine,thymine,gua
nineandcytosine.
n.腺嘌呤
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