bureaucratic

雅思（阅读）历年真题试卷汇编17(题后含答案及解析)

题型有：1.

Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions1-13,whicharebadon

FYINGSOCIETIESAlthoughhumanshave

establishedmanytypesofsocietiesthroughouthistory,sociologistsand

anthropologiststendtoclassifydifferentsocietiesaccordingtothedegreetowhich

differentgroupswithinasocietyhaveunequalaccesstoadvantagessuchasresources,

prestigeorpower,asttomost

sociallycomplextheyareclans,tribes,eare

small-scalesocietiesofhuntersandgatherers,generallyoffewerthan100people,

whomoveasonallytoexploitwild(undomesticated)rviving

hunter-gatherergroupsareofthiskind,suchastheHadzaofTanzaniaortheSanof

bersaregenerallykinsfolk,relatedbydescentormarriage.

Clanslackformalleaders,sotherearenomarkedeconomicdifferencesordisparities

eclansarecompodofmobilegroupsof

hunter-gatherers,theirsitesconsistmainlyofasonallyoccupiedcamps,andother

helatterarekillorbutcherysites—

locationswherelargemammalsarekilledandsometimesbutchered—andworksites,

ecampofsucha

groupmaygiveevidenceofratherinsubstantialdwellingsortemporaryshelters,

hearegenerallylargerthan

mobilehunter-gatherergroups,butrarelynumbermorethanafewthousand,andtheir

dietorsubsistenceisbadlargelyoncultivatedplantsanddomesticatedanimals.

Typically,theyarettledfarmers,buttheymaybenomadicwithaverydifferent,

regenerally

multi-communitysocieties,withtheindividualcommunitiesintegratedintothelarger

ghsometribeshaveofficialsandevena“capital”

oratofgovernment,suchofficialslacktheeconomicbanecessaryforeffective

icalttlementpatternfortribesisoneofttledagricultural

teristically,noonettlementdominatesanyofthe

d,thearchaeologistfindvidenceforisolated,

llagesmaybemade

upofacollectionoffree-standinghous,likethoofthefirstfarmsoftheDanube

maybeclustersofbuildingsgroupedtogether,forexample,

thepueblosoftheAmericanSouthwest,andtheearlyfarmingvillageorsmalltown

omTheoperateontheprincipleofranking—differences

entlineages(alineageisagroupclaiming

descentfromacommonancestor)aregradedonascaleofprestige,andthenior

lineage,andhencethesocietyasawhole,geandrank

aredeterminedbyhowclolyrelatedoneistothechief,andthereisnotrue

,thereislocal

specialisationincraftproducts,andsurplusoftheandoffoodstuffsare

thetomaintainhisretainers,

efdomgenerallyhasa

centerofpower,oftenwithtemples,residencesofthechiefandhisretainers,andcraft

omsvarygreatlyinsize,buttherangeisgenerallybetweenabout

5000and20,tateTheprervemanyofthefeaturesof

chiefdoms,buttheruler(perhapsakingorsometimesaqueen)haxplicitauthorityto

yno

longerdependstotallyuponkinrelationships:itisnowstratifiedintodifferentclass.

Agriculturalworkersandthepoorerurbandwellersformthelowestclass,withthe

craftspecialistsabove,

functionsoftherulerareoftenparatedfromthoofthepriest:palaceis

ietyisviewedasaterritoryownedbytheruling

tral

capitalhousabureaucraticadministrationofofficials;oneoftheirprincipal

purposistocollectrevenue(oftenintheformoftaxesandtolls)anddistributeitto

government,rlystatesdevelopedcomplex

thersimplesocial

typologytoutbyElmanServiceandelaboratedbyWilliamSandersandJoph

Marino,canbecriticid,heless,ifwe

areekingtotalkaboutearlysocieties,wemustuwordsandhenceconceptstodo

e’scategoriesprovideagoodframeworktohelporganiour

ons1-7Dothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiven

inReadingPassage1?Inboxes1-7onyouranswersheet,writeTRUEifthestatement

agreeswiththeinformationFALSEifthestatementcontradictstheinformationNOT

GIVENifthereisnoinformationonthis

1．There’slittleeconomicdifferencebetweenmembersofaclan.

A．真

B．假

C．NotGiven

正确答案：A

解析：利用细节信息“clan”和“economicdifference”定位于原文Clan部

分的第一个分段落的最后一句话“therearenomarkedeconomicdifferencesor

disparitiesinstatusamongtheirmembers”。原文在这里清楚地提及氏族成员间不存

在明显的经济差异或地位的不同。题目信息与原文信息一致，所以正确答案为

True。

2．Thefarmersofatribegrowawiderangeofplants.

A．真

B．假

C．NotGiven

正确答案：C

解析：利用细节信息“farmersofatribe”和所种植的“plants”定位于原文

Tribe部分的第一个分段落。虽然这里提及部落的食物主要来源于耕种的作物和

驯化的牲畜(theirdietorsubsistenceisbadlargelyoncultivatedplantsand

domesticatedanimals)，但是并未提及农民种植的作物种类或者是否种植了各种不

同的作物。题目信息在原文信息的基础上无法判断，所以正确答案为NotGiven。

3．Onettlementismoreimportantthananyotherttlementsinatribe.

A．真

B．假

C．NotGiven

正确答案：B

解析：利用细节信息“ttlement”和“tribe”以及顺序性原则定位于原文

Tribe部分的第二个分段落的第二句话“Characteristically,noonettlement

dominatesanyoftheothersintheregion”。原文明显提及没有任何一种定居形式比

其他定居形式更重要，而题目却说有一种定居形式比其他任何形式都重要。题目

信息与原文信息明显相反，所以正确答案为Fal。

4．Amember’sstatusinachiefdomisdeterminedbyhowmuchlandheowns.

A．真

B．假

C．NotGiven

正确答案：B

解析：利用细节信息“chiefdom”和“status”定位于原文Chiefdom部分的

第一个分段落的第三句话”Prestigeandrankaredeterminedbyhowclolyrelmed

oneistothechief．．．”。这里原文明显提及地位(原文的“rank”对应题目的“status”)

是由个人与酋长(chief)的亲近程度或关系所决定的，而题目却说是由成员所拥有

的土地数量决定的(howmuchlandheowns)。题目信息与原文信息不相符，所以

正确答案为Fal。

5．Therearepeoplewhocraftgoodsinchiefdoms.

A．真

B．假

C．NotGiven

正确答案：A

解析：利用细节信息“chiefdom”和“craftgoods”以及顺序性原则定位于

原文Chiefdom部分的第二个分段落的第一句话“Often，thereislocalspecialisation

incraftproducts…”。原文的“localspecialisation”就是指专门生产“craftproducts”

的职业或人员。题目信息与原文信息一致，所以正确答案为True。

6．Thekingkeepstheorderofastatebyusinganarmy,

A．真

B．假

C．NotGiven

正确答案：A

解析：利用细节信息“king”、“state”和“army”定位于原文EarlyState部

分的第一个分段落的第一句话“theruler(perhapsakingorsometimesaqueen)has

explicitauthoritytoestablishlawsandalsotoenforcethembytheuofastanding

army”。这里的“establishlaws”以及“enforcethem”对应题目中的“keepstheorder”，

而且都是通过利用“army”来实现。题目信息与原文信息一致，所以正确答案为

True。

7．Bureaucraticofficersreceivehighersalariesthanothermembers.

A．真

B．假

C．NotGiven

正确答案：C

解析：利用细节信息“Bureaucraticofficers”和“salaries”以及顺序性原则

定位于原文EarlyState部分的第一个分段落，但是这里并没有提及“Bureaucratic

officers”的收入情况，而只是提到“Thecentralcapitalhousabureaucratic

administrationofofficials；oneoftheirprincipalpurposistocollectrevenue…”，

也就是他们的职能。题目信息在原文信息的基础上无法判断，所以正确答案为

NotGiven。

NOMORETHANTWOWORDSfromthe

ouranswersinboxes8-13onyouranswersheet.

8．Whataremadeattheclanworksites?

正确答案：tools

解析：利用细节信息“clan”和“worksites”定位于原文Clan部分的第二

个分段落的第二句话“…worksites，wheretoolsaremadeorotherspecificactivities

carriedout”。原文这里明显提到在“clanworksites”中制作的东西是tools，所以

正确答案是tools。

9．Whatistheotherwayoflifefortribesbesidesttledfarming?

正确答案：nomadic

解析：利用细节信息“tribes”和“ttledfarming”定位于原文Tribe部分的

第一个分段落的第二句话“Typically,theyarettledfarmers，buttheymaybe

nomadicwithaverydifferent，mobileeconomy…”。原文这里提到部落中最典型的

生活方式是固定的农耕，除此以外也可以是游牧的(nomadic)的生活，所以正确

答案为nomadic。

10．Howare’shousingunitsarranged?

正确答案：grouped/groupedtogether

解析：利用细节信息“”和顺序性原则定位于原文Tribe部分的第二个分段

落的最后一句话“Ortheymaybeclustersofbuildingsgroupedtogether,for

example…theearlyfarmingvillageorsmalltownofinmodernTurkey”。原文这里明

显提及的房子是“groupedtogether”，所以正确答案为grouped／groupedtogether。

11．Whatdoesachiefgivetohissubjectsasrewardsbesidescraftedgoods?

正确答案：foodstuffs

解析：利用细节信息“chief”和“craftedgoods”定位于原文Chiefdom部分

的第二个分段落的前两句话“Often，thereislocalspecialisationincraftproducts，

andsurplusoftheandoffoodstuffsareperiodicallypaidasobligationtothe

chief．Heusthetomaintainhisretainers，andmayuthemforredistributionto

hissubjects”。原文这里明显提及多余的(surplus)“craftproducts”和“foodstuffs”

被定期地进贡给酋长，而酋长可能再把这些东西分发给自己的臣民(uthemfor

redistributiontohissubjects)，所以正确答案为foodstuffs。

12．Whatisthelargestpossiblepopulationofachiefdom?

正确答案：20000

解析：利用细节信息“population”和顺序性原则定位于原文Chiefdom部分

的第二个分段落的最后一句话“Chiefdomsvarygreatlyinsize，buttherangeis

generallybetweenabout5000and20，000persons”。原文提及人口规模在5000到

20，000之间，所以正确答案为20，000。

13．Whichgroupofpeopleisatthebottomofanearlystatebuthigherthanthe

farmers?

正确答案：craftspecialists

解析：利用细节信息“earlystate”和“farmers”定位于原文EarlyState部分

的第一个分段落的第三句话“Agriculturalworkersandthepoorerurbandwellers

formthelowestclass，withthecraftspecialistsabove…”。原文这里很明显地可以

看出，农民和贫困的市民构成最低阶层，在他们上面的是“craftspecialists”，所

以正确答案为craftspecialists。

Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions14-26,whicharebadon

ianTigerAlthoughitwascalledtiger,itlookedlikea

dogwithblackstripesonitsbackanditwasthelargestknowncarnivorousmarsupial

,despiteitsfameforbeingoneofthemostfabledanimalsinthe

world,itisoneoftheleastunderstoodofTasmania’entific

namefortheTasmaniantigerisThylacineanditisbelievedthattheyhavebecome

softhylacinesdatingfromaboutalmost12million

yearsagohavebeendugupatvariousplacesinVictoria,SouthAustraliaandWestern

rewidespreadinAustralia7,000yearsago,buthaveprobablybeen

extinctonthecontinentfor2,believedtobebecauofthe

introductionofdingoesaround8,eofdia,thylacine

numbersmayhavebeendeclininginTasmaniaatthetimeofEuropeanttlement200

yearsago,t

knownTasmanianTigerdiedinHobartZooin1936andtheanimalisofficially

cally,thismeansthatithasnotbeenofficiallysightedin

r,therearestillunsubstantiated

arding,whostudyofanimalshadtakenhimaroundtheworld,

sawthat

nightisnowregardedasthemostcrediblesightingrecordedofthylacinethatmany

believehasbeenextinctformorethan70years.”Ihadtoworkatnight,”Naarding

takesupthestory.“

beamfellonananimalinfrontofthevehicle,dofrisking

movementbygrabbingforacamera,IdecidedtoregisterverycarefullywhatIwas

malwasaboutthesizeofasmallshepherddog,averyhealthymalein

titapartfromadog,though,wasaslightlysloping

hindquarter,withafairlythicktailbeingastraightcontinuationofthebacklineofthe

12distinctstripesonitsback,erfectly

asIreachedforthecamera,itdisappearedintothe

tea-treeundergrowthandscrub.”ThedirectorofTasmania’sNationalParksatthetime,

PeterMorrow,decidedinhiswisdomtokeepNaarding’ssightingofthethylacine

enewsfinallybroke,itwasaccompaniedby

pandemonium.“Iwasbesiegedbytelevisioncrews,includingfourtofivefromJapan,

andothersfromtheUnitedKingdom,Germany,NewZealandandSouthAmerica,”

mentandprivatearchpartiescombedtheregion,butno

er,asalways,hadescapedtoitslair,aplacemany

cethen,thethylacinehasstaged

somethingofacomeback,avebeen

morethan4,000claimedsightingsofthebeastsinceitsuppodlydiedout,andthe

ateprofessor

ofzoologyattheUniversityofTasmania,RandolphRo,hassaidhedreamsof

e,whoinhis35yearsinTasmanianacademiahasfielded

countlessreportsofthylacinesightings,isnowconvincedthathisdreamwillgo

unfulfilled.”Theconnsusamongconrvationistsisthat,usually,anyanimalwitha

populationbaoflessthan1,000isheadedforextinctionwithin60years,”saysRo.

“Sixtyyearsago,therewasonlyonethylacinethatweknowof,andthatwasin

HobartZoo,”emberton,curatorofzoologyattheTasmanian

MuumandArtGallery,whoPhDthesiswasonthethylacine,saysthatdespite

scientificthinkingthat500animalsarerequiredtosustainapopulation,theFlorida

pantherisdowntoadozenorsoanimalsand,whileitdoeshavesomeinbreeding

problems,isstilltickingalong.“I’lltakeapuntandsaythat,ifwemanagetofinda

thylacineinthescrub,itmeansthatthereare50-plusanimalsoutthere.”Afterall,

angefishknownasthecoelacanth,withits

“proto-legs”,wasthoughttohavediedoutalongwiththedinosaurs700millionyears

agountilaspecimenwasdraggedtothesurfaceinasharknetoffthesouth-eastcoast

febiologistNickMooneyhastheunenviabletaskof

investigatingall“sightings”ofthetigertotalling4,000sincethemid-1930s,and

ooneywhowasfirstconsultedlatelastmonth

abouttheauthenticityofdigitalphotographicimagespurportedlytakenbyaGerman

value,Mooneysays,the

accountofthesighting,andthetwophotographssubmittedasproof,amounttooneof

themostconvincingcasforthespecies’neyhasen

itall—themistakes,thehoaxes,theillusionsandtheplausibleaccountsofsightings.

Hoaxersaside,mostpeoplewhoreportsightingndupbelievingtheyhaveena

thy-lacine,andarethemlvesbelievabletothepointtheycouldpassalie-detector

test,,havingtabledacreditablereport,thenbecome

utterlyobsdliketheTasmanianwhohasregistered99thylacinesightingstodate.

Mooneyhasenindividualsbankruptedbytheobssion,andfamiliesdestroyed.“It

isablindoptimismthatsomethingis,ratherthanacynicismthatsometiiingisn’t,”

Mooneysays.“Ifsometiiingcrosstheroad,it’snotacaof‘Iwonderwhatthat

was?’Rather,itisacaof‘that’satiiylacine!’Itisabitlikeagoldprospector’sblind

faith,‘ithasgottobethere’.”However,Mooneytreatsallreportsonfacevalue.“I

nevertrytoembarrasspeople,factthatIdon’tpack

ivecharactersget

iratethatsomeoneinmypositionisnotouttherewhentheythinkthethylacineis

there.”ButHansNaarding,whosightingofastripedanimaltwodecadesagowas

thehighlightof“alifeofanimalspotting”,remainsbemudbythetimeandmoney

resourceswouldbebetterappliedtosaving

theTasmaniandevil,andhelpingmigratorybirdpopulationstiiataredecliningasa

hethylacinestillbeoutthere?

“Sure,”lsosaysanydiscoveryofsurvivingthylacineswould

be“ratherpointless”.“Howdoyousaveaspeciesfromextinction?Whatcouldyou

dowithit?Iftherearethylacinesoutthere,theyarebetteroffrightwherethey

are.”NOMORETHANTWOWORDSfrom

ouranswersinboxes14-17onyouranswer

maniantiger,alsocalledthylacine,remblesthelookofadogandhas

【R1】______ssilshavebeenfound,showingthatthy-lacines

hadexistedaarlyas【R2】______vedthroughout【R3】

______nafterthe【R4】______

ttlersarrivedthesizeofthylacinepopulationinTasmaniashrunkatahigherspeed.

14．【R1】

正确答案：blackstripes

解析：利用细节信息“dog”和“furcoat”定位于原文第一段第一句话“Although

itwascalledtiger,itlookedlikeadogwithblackstripesonitsback…”。这里的

“lookedlike”对应题目信息“rembles”，所以正确答案是blackstripes。

15．【R2】

正确答案：12million

解析：利用细节信息“fossils”定位于原文第二段第一句话“Fossilsof

thylacinesdatingfromaboutalmost12millionyearsagohavebeendugupatvarious

places…”，意思是说发现的这些化石年代可以追溯到一千两百万年前，等同于说

一千两百万年前就有袋狼了，所以正确答案为12million。

16．【R3】

正确答案：Australia

解析：利用细节信息“disappearingfromthemainland”定位于原文第二段第

二句话“TheywerewidespreadinAustralia7,000yearsago，buthaveprobablybeen

extinctontheconti-nentfor2,000years”。这里的“extinctonthecontinent”对应题

目信息“disappearingfromthemainland”，“widespread”对应题目信息“throughout”，

所以正确答案为Australia。

17．【R4】

正确答案：European

解析：利用细节信息“ttlers”和“populationinTasmaniashrunkatahigher

speed”定位于原文第二段第四句话“Becauofdia，thylacinenumbersmay

havebeendeclin—inginTasmaniaatthetimeofEuropeanttlement200yearsago，

butthedeclinewascer-tainlyacceleratedbythenewarrivals”。这里的“ttlement”

对应题目中的“ttlers”，“accelerated”对应题目中的”atahigherspeed”，所以

正确答案为European。

Lookatthefollowingstatements(Questions18-23)andthelistofpeoplebelow.

Matcheachstatementwiththecorrectperson,A,B,hecorrectletter,A,

B,CorD,ayuanylettermorethan

PeopleAHansNaardingBRandolphRoCDavidPembertonDNick

Mooney

18．Hisreportofeingalivethylacineinthewildattractedinternational

interest.

正确答案：A

解析：利用细节信息“attractedinternationalinterest”定位于原文第五段最后

两句话“Whenthenewsfinallybroke…‘Iwasbesiegedbytelevisioncrews，including

fourtofivefromJapan,andothersfromtheUnitedKingdom，Germany,NewZealand

andSouthAmerica’”。这里的“news”指的就是Naarding看到袋狼的事情，对应

题目中的“reportofeingalivethylacine”，原文里的来自各个国家的“television

crews”对应题目中的“attractedinternationalinterest”，所以正确答案为A。

19．Manyeye-witness’reportsarenottrustworthy.

正确答案：D

解析：利用细节信息“reportsarenottrustworthy”定位于原文倒数第四段第

一句话“AndMooneyhasenitall-themistakes，thehoaxes，theillusionsandthe

plausibleaccountsofsightings”，该段落最后也提到了Mooney认为“reportsarenot

trustworthy”的原因，所以正确答案为D。

20．Itdoesn’trequireacertainnumberofanimalstoensurethesurvivalofa

species.

正确答案：C

解析：利用细节信息“acertainnumberofanimals”和“ensurethesurvivalof

aspecies”可以发现原文中有两处(第七段和第八段)提及了需要一定数量的个体

才能保证物种存活的信息，但是题目中的“doesn’trequireacertainnumber”只

有在原文第八段DavidPemberton提到的“despitescientificthinkingthat500

animalsarerequiredtosustainapopulation,theFloridapantherisdowntoadozenor

soanimalsand,whileitdoeshavesomeinbreedingproblems，isstilltickingalong”中

有所体现，所以正确答案为C。

21．ThereisnohopeoffindingasurvivingTasmaniantiger.

正确答案：B

解析：利用细节信息“nohopeoffindingasurvivingTasmaniantiger”定位于

原文第六段最后关于RandolphRo的内容“Ro…isnowconvincedthathis

dreamwillgounfulfilled”，而Ro的“dream”就是前一句话中所提及的“hedreams

ofeingathylacine”。这里的信息对应题目信息“Thereisnohopeoffindinga

survivingTasmaniantiger”，所以正确答案为B。

22．DonotdisturbthemifthereareanyTasmaniantigersstilllivingtoday.

正确答案：A

解析：利用细节信息“Donotdisturbthem”定位于原文最后一段最后一句话

“Iftherearethylacinesoutthere，theyarebeaeroffrightwheretheyare”。这里的

“theyarebetterofffightwheretheyare”对应题目信息“Donotdisturbthem”，所

以正确答案为A。

23．Theinterpretationofevidencecanbeaffectedbypeople’sbeliefs.

正确答案：D

解析：利用细节信息“interpretationofevidence”和“affectedbypeople’s

beliefs”定位于原文倒数第四段最后几句话。这里NickMooney讲到“Itisablind

optimismthatsomethingis，ratherthanacynicismthatsomethingisn’t…Itisabit

likeagoldprospector’sblindfaith…”，这都是在说人们倾向于相信自己想要相信

的事物，容易受到自己信念的影响，对应题目信息，所以正确答案为D。

Choothecorrectletter,A,B,hecorrectletterinboxes24-26on

youranswersheet.

24．HansNaarding’ssightinghasresultedin

A．governmentandorganisations’cooperativeeffortstoprotectthylacine.

B．extensiveintereststofindalivingthylacine.

C．increaofthenumberofreportsofthylacineworldwide.

D．growthofpopularityofthylacineinliterature.

正确答案：B

解析：该题目仅凭“HansNaarding’ssighting”不好定位，需要结合题目选

项信息排除、判断。选项A“governmentandorganisations’cooperativeeffortsto

protectthylacine”，利用这里的“governmentandorganisations”可定位于原文第

六段第一句话“Governmentandprivatearchpartiescombedtheregion，butno

furthersightingsweremade”，这里明显提及的是政府和私人团体都去搜寻袋狼，

而非一起保护袋狼，所以排除选项A。关于选项C“increaofthenumberofreports

ofthylacineworldwide”，虽然在第六段中间确实提及“thethylacinehasstaged

somethingofacomeback”，后面也提及报告的数量很多，但是说的都是澳大利亚

的报告，而非“reportsofthylacineworldwide”，所以应该排除选项C。关于选项

D“growthofpopularityofthylacineinliterature”，虽然在第六段中提及袋狼

“becomingpartofAustralianmythology”，但是这并不是说袋狼在文学中的流行

度上升，而是一种形象的说法，表达了发现或观察到袋狼的种种报告大多数只不

过是传说，所以应该排除选项D。选项B“extensiveintereststofindaliving

thylacine”是对原文第六段整个段落的总结，既包含了政府和私人组织的努力搜

寻，也包含了报告的增多等等，所以综上所述，正确答案为B。

25．Theexampleofcoelacanthistoillustrate

A．itlivedinthesameperiodwithdinosaurs.

B．howdinosaurvolvedlegs.

C．someanimalsaredifficulttocatchinthewild.

D．extinctionofcertainspeciescanbemistaken.

正确答案：D

解析：利用细节信息“coelacanth”很容易定位到原文倒数第六段。原文开

头明显提及“animalscanbenotoriouslyelusive”，然后讲到人们最初认为这个物种

已经灭绝，直到后来又在南非某海域捕获一只，这一切都是为了说明某些物种并

不一定像大家所想的那样已经灭绝，对应选项D“extinctionofcertainspeciescan

bemistaken”，所以正确答案为D。

26．Mooneybelievesthatallsightingreportsshouldbe

A．givensomecreditastheyclaimeveniftheyareuntrue.

B．acteduponimmediately.

C．viewedaquallyuntrustworthy.

D．questionedandcarefullyinvestigated.

正确答案：A

解析：利用细节信息“Mooney”和顺序性原则定位于原文倒数第三段。原

文在这里说道“Mooneytreatsallreportsonfacevalue”，“onfacevalue”的意思是

“就表面意思来说”，也就是指Mooney暂且相信每一个报告所说的东西，因为

他“nevertrytoembarrasspeople，ormakefoolsofthem”，但是后面又隐晦地提及

他也不会听到什么就立刻行动。选项A“givensomecreditastheyclaimevenifthey

areuntrue”与原文信息一致，所以正确答案为A。

Accide

youknowjustwhatyouarelookingfor,findingitcanhardlycountasadiscovery,

,ontheotherhand,youhavenonotionofwhat

youarelookingfor,youcannotknowwhenyouhavefoundit,anddiscovery,assuch,

hilosophyofscience,theextremesmapontothepurist

formsofdeductivismandinductivism:Intheformer,theoutcomeissuppodtobe

logicallycontainedinthepremisyoustartwith;inthelatter,youarerecommended

omanythings,

theidealpositioniswidelysuppodtoresidesomewhereinbetweenthetwo

ttohaveagoodenoughideaofwhatyouare

lookingfortobesurpridwhenyoufindsomethingelofvalue,andyouwanttobe

ignorantenoughofyourendpointthatyoucanentertainalternativeoutcomes.

Scientificdiscoveryshould,therefore,haveanaccidentalaspect,butnottoomuchof

’sa

fascinatingword,KingMerton—”thefatherofthesociologyof

science”—likeditwellenoughtocompoitsbiography,assistedbytheFrench

rddidnotappearinthepublishedliterature

untiltheearly19thcenturyanddidnotbecomewellenoughknowntouwithout

ipitymeansa

“happyaccident”or“pleasantsurpri”,specifically,theaccidentoffinding

stnoteduof“rendipity”

ainedthatitcamefromthe

fairytale,calledTheThreePrincesofSerendip(theancientnameforCeylon,or

prentdaySriLanka),whoheroes“werealwaysmakingdiscoveries,byaccidents

andsagacity,uarians,following

Walpole,founduforit,astheywerealwaysrummagingaboutforcuriosities,and

oplejust

emedtohaveaknackforthatsortofthing,andrendipitywasudtoexpressthat

ercommunitythatcametodwellonrendipitytosay

somethingimportantabouttheirpracticewasthatofscientists,andhereusagescutto

ientists,including

theHarvardphysiologistWalterCannonand,later,theBritishimmunologistPeter

Medawar,likedtoemphasihowmuchofscientificdiscoverywasunplannedand

heexamplesisHansChristianrsted’sdiscoveryof

electromagnetismwhenheunintentionallybroughtacurrent-carryingwireparallelto

icaboutthesufficiencyofrationalmethodwassomuchhot

,asMedawarinsisted,“ThereisnosuchthingasTheScientificMethod,”

importantdiscoveries

hadawayofshowingupwhentheyhadamindtodosoandnotwhenyouwere

omescientists,likesomebookcollectors,hadahappy

knack;mayberendipitydescribedthesituationratherthanapersonalskillor

cientistsusingthewordmeanttostressthoaccidentsbelongingto

thesituation;sometreatedrendipityasapersonalcapacity;manyotherxploited

tCannonandMedawartookasabenign

no-thumbingatDreamsofMethod,hat

sciencehadasignificantrendipitousaspectwastakenbysomeasdangerous

ntificdiscoverywerereallyaccidental,thenwhatwasthespecial

basisofexpertauthority?Inthisconnection,theaphorismofchoicecamefromno

lessanauthorityonscientificdiscoverythanLouisPasteur:“Chancefavorsthe

preparedmind.”Accidentsmayhappen,andthingsmayturnupunplannedand

unforeen,asoneislookingforsomethingel,buttheabilitytonoticesuchevents,

toetheirpotentialbearingandmeaning,toexploittheiroccurrenceandmake

constructiveuofthem—thearetheresultsofsystematicmentalpreparation.

erinspection,it

isinsisted,ntextinwhichscientific

rendipitywasmostcontestedandhaditsgreatestresonancewasthatconnectedwith

endipitistswerenotallinhabitantsofacademic

onandBarbernote,twoofthegreatearly-20th-century

Americanpioneersofindustrialrearch—WillisWhitneyandIrvingLangmuir,both

ofGeneralElectric—mademuchplayofrendipity,inthecourofarguingagainst

irthoughtthatmisconceptionsaboutthe

certaintyandrationalityoftherearchprocessdidmuchharmandthatamature

acceptanceofuncertaintywasfarmorelikelytoresultinproductiverearchpolicies.

Forhisownpart,Langmuirsaidthatsatisfactoryoutcomes“occurredasthoughwe

hingscameaboutbyaccident.”Ifthereisno

verydeterminaterelationshipbetweencauandeffectinrearch,hesaid,“men

planningdoesnotgetusveryfar.”So,fromwithinthebowelsofcorporatecapitalism

camepowerfularguments,bywayofrendipity,forscientificspontaneityand

ionthatindustrywasinvariablycommittedtotheregimentationof

scientificrearchjustdoesn’rtonhimlf—whoonesupposmust

havebeentheniorauthor—rendipityreprentedthekeystoneinthearchofhis

1936,asaveryyoungman,Mertonwroteaminalessayon

“TheUnanticipatedConquencesofPurposiveSocialAction.”Itis,heargued,the

natureofsocialactionthatwhatoneintendsisrarelywhatonegets:Intendingto

provideresourcesforbuttressingChristianreligion,thenaturalphilosophersofthe

ScientificRevolutionlaidthegroundworkforcularism;peoplewantingtobealone

don’tknow

enough—andwecanneverknowenoughs—toensurethatthepastisanadequate

guidetothefuture:Uncertaintyaboutoutcomes,evenofourbest-laidplans,is

ialaction,includingthatundertakenwiththebestevidenceand

formulatedaccordingtothemostrationalcriteria,isuncertaininits

uldspendabout20minutesonQuestions27-40,whichare

ons27-32ReadingPassage

3hasvenparagraphs,themostsuitableheadingforparagraphsA-G

heappropriatenumber,i-x,inboxes27-32on

HeadingsiExamplesofsomescientificdiscoveriesiiHorace

Walpole’sfairytaleiiiResolvingthecontradictionivWhatistheScientificMethodv

ThecontradictionofviewsonscientificdiscoveryviSomemisunderstandingsof

rendipityviiOpponentsofauthorityviiiRealitydoesn’talwaysmatchexpectationix

HowthewordcameintobeingxIllustrationofrendipityinthebusiness

ctorExampleAnswerParagraphBiii

27．ParagraphA

正确答案：v

解析：该段落主要介绍了科学发现的两种方式“deductivism”和

“inductivism”，同时段落中有多处提及两者之间的对立(contradiction)关系，从

开始的“paradox”、“…ontheotherhand”到后来的“theextremes”等。与该段

落相关的标题只有iii．Resolvingthecontradiction和v．Thecontradictionofviews

onscientificdiscovery。但iii并没有提及解决问题(Resolving)的相关内容，而且

iii还是段落B的对应标题，理应排除，所以正确答案为v.

28．ParagraphC

正确答案：ix

解析：该段落开头第一句话便提及“Theworddidnotappearinthe

publishedliteratureuntiltheearly19thcentury…”，这里明显是在讲“rendipity”

一词的来源，与标题ix．Howthewordcameintobeing相对应。虽然该段落后部

分提及了“HoraceWalpole”和“fairytale”，但是并没有具体讲述该童话的情节

内容或以该童话为核心，而是讲述HoraceWalpole对“rendipity”的使用来源

于一个童话，所以ii明显是一个干扰选项，应该排除。同时其他标题的信息也都

未被提及。综上所述，正确答案为ix。

29．ParagraphD

正确答案：i

解析：该段落前半部分讲到古文物研究者(antiquarians)的工作具有

“rendipity”的性质。然后作者又提到，科学家也认为“rendipity”很重要(The

othercommunitythatcametodwellonrendipitytosaysomethingimportantabout

theirprac-ticewasthatofscientists).在后半部分，作者又提及具体的科学家“Walter

Cannon”和“PeterMedawar”来说明“howmuchofscientificdiscoverywas

unplannedandevenaccidental”，之后又讲到HansChristianOrsted的例子。与这些

信息相关的标题为i．Examplesofsomescientificdiscoveries。尽管段落中也提及

标题iv．WhatistheScientificMethod中的“TheScientificMethod”，但是该段落

明显不是在解释说明ScientificMethod是什么，所以该标题应该被排除。综上所

述，正确答案为i。

30．ParagraphE

正确答案：vi

解析：段落开头第一句话的“Some…；some…；manyothers…”讲述了人

们对rendipity的不同误解，对应标题vi．Somemisunderstandingsofrendipity。

而其后出现的“…otherscientistsfoundincendiary…takenbysomeasdangerous

denigration”和反问句“Ifscientificdiscoverywerereallyaccidental，thenwhatwas

thespecialbasisofexpertauthority?”也许会让有些考生认为该段落应该对应标题

vii．Opponentsofauthority，但是这里并未讲述反抗权威的人有哪些或者他们是如

何反抗权威的，而是讲述众多科学家对“rendipity”的误用或滥用的憎恶，所

以应当排除。综上所述，正确答案为vi。

31．ParagraphF

正确答案：x

解析：段落第三句话所提到的“twoofthegreatearly-20th—century

AmericanpioneersofindustrialrearchWillisWhitneyandIrvingLangmuir，bothof

GeneralElectric--mademuchplayofrendipity…”以及段落最后两句话“So，from

withinthebowelsofcorporatecapitalism…Thenotionthatindustrywasinvariably

committedto…”都对应标题x．Illustrationofrendipityinthebusinessctor，其

他标题的信息都未被提及，所以正确答案为x。

32．ParagraphG

正确答案：viii

解析：该段落从第三句话“…whatoneintendsisrarelywhatonegets”开始就

可以很明显地看出其与标题viii．Realitydoesn’talwaysmatchexpectation的对

应关系。段落中间和后面又讲到诸多“UnanticipatedConquencesofPurposive

SocialAction”的例子，同时其他标题的信息也都未被提及。综上所述，正确答

案为viii。

Choothecorrectletter,A,B,hecorrectletterinboxes33-37on

youranswersheet.

33．InparagraphA,theword“inductivism”means

A．anticipateresultsinthebeginning.

B．workwithpreparedpremis.

C．acceptchancediscoveries.

D．lookforwhatyouwant.

正确答案：C

解析：原文中作者对“inductivism”的定义是“youarerecommendedtostart

withnoexpectationswhatsoeverandewhatturnsup”，也就是说开始时不加任何

期待，接受出现的任何结果。选项A的“anticipateresultsinthebeginning”明显

与“startwithnoexpec—tations”相反，所以排除。选项B的“workwithprepared

premis”所提及的“要有一个前提假设”明显是“deductivism”的研究方法，

所以也排除。选项D的“lookforwhatyouwant”也等同于寻找期待的结果，应

该排除。选项C的“acceptchancediscoveries”就对应“inductivism”的“ewhat

turnsup”，所以正确答案为C。

34．Medawarsays“thereisnosuchthingasTheScientificMethod”becau

A．discoveriesaremadebypeoplewithdeterminedmind.

B．discoveriestendtohappenunplanned.

C．theprocessofdiscoveryisunpleasant.

D．rendipityisnotaskill.

正确答案：B

解析：利用细节信息“Medawar”和他的那句话很容易定位到原文段落D。

如果稍微往前多看一两句话的话，很容易看出作者在这里使用了诸多例子来说明

科学中偶然的重要性(Manyscientists，includingtheHarvardphysiologistWalter

Cannonand,later,theBritishimmunologistPeterMedawar,likedtoemphasihow

muchofscientificdiscoverywasunplannedandevenaccidental)，然后又提到了Hans

Christianrsted的例子。正是在这些的基础上，作者写到“Indeed,asMedawarinsisted,

‘ThereisnosuchthingasTheScientificMethod,’nowayatallofsystematisingthe

processofdiscovery”。这里作者用到的“insisted”这个单词也说明了Medawar

在这里要表达的意思和前面是一致的。选项A的“discoveriesaremadebypeople

withdeterminedmind(科学发现和决心的关系)”在原文这里明显没有提及，所以

排除。选项B的“discoveriestendtohappenunplanned”完全对应原文意思。选

项C的“theprocessofdiscoveryisunpleasant”所表达的“科学发现过程的不愉

快”在原文中也没有被提及，应该排除。选项D的“rendipityisnotaskill”是

一个高难度的干扰选项，因为段落D开头提及“Somepeoplejustemedtohavea

knackforthatsortofthing，andrendipitywasudtoexpressthatspecial

capacity”，最后也有提到“rendipitydescribedthesituationratherthanapersonal

skillorcapacity”，但是根据前面的分析，Medawar讲这句话的目的与“rendipity”

是否是一个“skill”完全不相关，所以必须排除。综上所述，正确答案为B。

35．Manyscientistsdisliketheideaofrendipitybecau

A．itiasilymisunderstoodandabud.

B．itistoounpredictable.

C．itisbeyondtheircomprehension.

D．itdevaluestheirscientificexperti.

正确答案：D

解析：该题目细节词不明显，但是可以根据顺序性原则定位于原文段落E

的第二、三句话“…otherscientistsfoundincendiary．Tosaythatsciencehada

significantrendipitousaspectwastakenbysomeasdangerousdenigration”，这里的

“incendiary”和“denigration”都对应题目中的“dislike”。其中原因，作者在下

一句话中做出了解释，即“Ifscientificdiscoverywerereallyaccidental，thenwhat

wasthespecialbasisofexpertauthority”，言外之意就是“这诋毁了很多科学家的

权威”，对应选项D的“itdevaluestheirscien-tificexperti”，所以正确答案为D。

36．ThewritermentionsIrvingLangmuirtoillustrate

A．plannedscienceshouldbeavoided.

B．industrialdevelopmentneedsuncertainty.

C．peopletendtomisunderstandtherelationshipbetweencauandeffect.

D．acceptinguncertaintycanhelpproducepositiveresults.

正确答案：D

解析：利用细节信息“IrvingLangmuir”很容易定位到原文段落F的第三句

话“AsMertonandBarbernote，twoofthegreatearly一20th-centuryAmerican

pioneersofindustrialrearch—WillisWhitneyandIrvingLangmuir,bothofGeneral

Electric—mademuchplayofrendipity,inthecourofarguingagainstoverlyrigid

rearchplanning”，这里作者明显提及IrvingLangmuir“mademuchplayof

rendipity”，而且还反对“rigidrearchplanning”。其后Langmuir又提到“amature

acceptanceofuncertaintywasfarmorelikelytoresultinproductiverearch

policies”。其实，作者还是想用IrvingLangmuir的例子来说明rendipity的重要

性。选项A的“plannedscienceshouldbeavoided”容易被误选。原文虽然提及“rigid

rearchplanning”不好，而且“miscon—ceptionsaboutthecertaintyandrationality

oftherearchprocessdidmuchharm”，但是并没有说planning应该被避免。况且

“thenplanningdoesnotgetusveryfar”也是建立在“Ifthereisnoverydeterminate

relationshipbetweencauandeffectinrearch”的条件之上。再者，作者在这里

提及Langmuir是为了说明“rendipity”和“matureacceptanceofuncertainty”的

重要性，所以选项A可以排除。选项B的“industrialdevelopmentneedsuncertainty”

虽然肯定了“uncertainty”，与原文内容有所呼应，但是原文中并未讲到工业发展

的任何内容，所以排除。选项C的“peopletendtomisunderstandtherelationship

betweencauandeffect”中的“therelationshipbetweencauandeffect”在原文

中虽有提及，但是并未讲人们误解因果关系的内容，所以也应该排除。综上所述，

正确答案为D。

37．TheexampleofYomiteistoshow

A．theconflictbetweenrealityandexpectation.

B．theimportanceofsystematicplanning.

C．theintentionofsocialaction.

D．thepowerofanticipation.

正确答案：A

解析：利用细节信息“Yomite”很容易定位到原文段落G的第三句话“Itis，

heargued,thenatureofsocialactionthatwhatoneintendsisrarelywhatonegets：…

peoplewantingtobealonewithnatureinYomiteValleywindupcrowdingone

another”，从这里不难看出，作者提到Yomite的目的是为了说明冒号前面的内

容“whatoneintendsisrarelywhatonegets”，也就是说现实往往和期望不一致，

直接对应选项A的“theconflictbetweenrealityandexpectation”，所以正确答案为

A。

NOMORETHANTWOWORDSfromthe

ouranswersinboxes38-40onyouranswersheet.

38．Whoisthepersonthatfirstudtheword“rendipity”?

正确答案：HoraceWalpole

解析：该题目对应原文段落C的第三句话“Thefirstnoteduof‘rendipity’

intheEnglishlanguagewasbyHoraceWalpole”，所以正确答案为HoraceWalpole。

39．Whatkindofstorydoesthewordcomefrom?

正确答案：fairytale

解析：该题目对应原文段落C的最后一句话“Heexplainedthatitcamefrom

thefairytale…”，所以正确答案为fairytale。

40．Whatistheprentnameofrendip?

正确答案：SriLanka

解析：该题目对应原文段落C的最后一句话“…TheThreePrincesof

Serendip(theancientnameforCeylon，orprentdaySriLanka)”，所以正确答案为

SriLanka。